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References
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Objectives
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Introduction
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Definitions:
Leonhard F.
The basic idea of prestressing is that the concrete should,before
external loading is applied, be put under compression in all parts
where the loading produces tensile stresses, so that on the tensile side
these compressive prestresses will first have to be cancelled before any
tension actually occurs in the concrete.
Naaman A.E.
Prestressing is the deliberate creation of permanent internal stresses in
a structure or system in order to improve its performance. Such
stresses are designed to counteract those induced by external loading.
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Definitions:(cont.)
Abeles,P.W. ;Bardhan-Roy,B.K; Turner,F.H.
Prestressing may be defined as the purposeful creation and controlled
creation of permanent stresses in a structures member, before the full
dead and live loads are opplied, so as to counteract all of part of these
loads. It serves two main purposes: to inprove the resistence of the
member to the dead load and live loads(service load) and to modify
the behavior of the members or structure in such a way as to make it
more suitable for its intended purpose.
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Concept
Basic Concept
Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a
suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses
resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
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History
The application of pre-stressing in concrete structures is not the only
instance. There were some earlier attempts made.Two of the instances
are provided below
Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden
barrels.
The metal bands around the barrel induce a
state of initial hoop compression to
counteract the hoop tension caused by filling
of liquid in the barrels.
Pre-tensioning of spokes in a bicycle wheel.
The pre-tension is applied in the spoke to
such an extent that there will always be a
residual tension in the spoke
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Prestressed History
1886
1888
1908
1923
1924
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1925
1926
1938
1940
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MATERIAL
RESISTING
TENSION
STONES
BRICKS
BAMBOOS
ROPES
CONCRETE
IRON BAR
STEEL WIRE
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONCRETE
HIGH
STRENGTH
STEEL
ACTIVE
COMBINATION
Reference:
TIMBER
REINFORCED
PASSIVE
COMBINATION
HIGH
STRENGTH
CONCRETE
MATERIAL
RESISTING TENSION
AND COMPRESSION
PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
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First Patent
Steel is Prestressed
lengthening of steel
= 0.00062L
Prestressed is Lost
Shrinkage and creep
of concrete
= -0.00062L
124
f
=
= 0.00062
E
200000
Shrinkage and creep of concrete induce comparable amount of
shortening in concrete.
=
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Modern Prestressed
Steel is Prestressed
lengthening of steel
= 0.0050L
100
f
=
= 0.005
E
200000
Assuming the total lost due to shrinkage and creep is 0.0008, the net
strain of 0.0050-0.0008=0.0042 would still be left in the wires, which is
equaivalent to a stress of:
Prestressed is Lost
effective strain in
steel = 0.0042L
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General Principles
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My
I
F
A
F
A
Mc
I
Mc
I
Mc
I
F
A
Mc
I
F
My
A
I
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concentric tendon
(Force F )
-4
Stress due to F
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-3
Stress due to M
Stress combination
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c.g.s
h = 300
e = 100
b = 200
f=
F
A
FIey MI y
F
A
F ey
I
-4
MDL y
I
8
f=
F
A
F ey
I
My
I
MLL = f yI = 8 12
2003003
150
MLL = 24kN.m or
-1
qLL = 3 kN/m
4
F
A
F ey
I
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-3
MDL y
I
7
f=
F
A
F ey
I
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My
I
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Parabolic tendon
The ideal tendon geometry is the same shape of the moment diagram,
which is:
1
1
1
Mx =
qL x qx2 or Mx = q(l x2 )
2
2
2
The ideal curve set by parabolic equation:
y = ax2 + bx + c
by finding a, b, and c we get:
y=
4fh(l x)
l2
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Fec
240 103 75 150
=
= 6 MPa.
1
3
I
12 200 300
F
A
F ey
I
-3
MDL y
I
7
f=
F
A
F ey
I
My
I
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M
e
T
from figure:
ft =
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Ce0 ct
C
Ce0 ct
C
+
and fb =
Ac
Ic
Ac
Ic
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w=0
w=0
C=0
e
T =p C=p
T =0
l/2
l/2
(a)
a=0
(b)
w = w1
w = w1
C = C1
C=p
a = a1 = e
T =p
T = T1
l/2
w=w
l/2
(c)
w=w
(d)
C = C2
C=p
0
e
e
T =p
T = T2
l/2
l/2
(e)
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(f)
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ft =
fb =
Fe0 ct
240 103
240 103 50 150
F
=
=0
1
3
A
Ic
200 300
200
300
12
F
Fe0 cb
240 103
240 103 50 150
+
=
+
=8
1
3
A
Ic
200 300
12 200 300
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w
F
wb
(b)
(a)
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C=0
B=0
for x = l/2,
y = a,
A=
4a
l2
2 y
x2
wb =
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8Fa
l2
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8Fa
8 240 0.1
=
= 3 kN/m
l2
82
This upward balancing load will hold the dead load from structure,
the balancing load it self have twice the value of dead load (1.5kN/m).
The unbalance load (reserved capacity):
wub = 1.5 3 = 1.5 kN/m
or equivalent to:
1
1.5 82 = 12 kN.m
8
This potentially used to carry live load and supper imposed dead load.
M=
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Based on method of
prestressing
Based on concreting
In-situ
Precast
pre-tensioning
Post-tensioning
Self stressing
Bonded
Unbonded
Linear
Circular
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Stages of Loading
Initial stage
Before Prestressing:
Support yield should be prevented,
Controlled curing is important,
Shrinkage crack should be prevented.
At transfer of Prestress:
Maximum tendon stress is limited (0.8fpu or 0.95fpy )
Crushing of concrete at the anchorage is prevented
Decentering and Retensioning:
False work maybe removed after prestressing
The stresses at various stages of tensioning must be studied
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Stages of Loading
Intermediate stage
This is the stage during transportation and erection. It is occur only for
precast member when they are transported to the site and erected in
position. It highly important to ensure
The member are properly supported
The member are properly handled
proper support condition and loading.
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Stages of Loading
Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on stuuctures.
Sustained load
Control of camber and deflection.
Working Load
Check for excessive stresses and strins.
Cracking Load
Investigate the cracking load due to use of structures.
Ultimate Load
For code requirement, ultimate load should be calculated using
load factor and strength reduction factor.
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Cracked with
deflection under
deadload and
full service load
Reinforced
Concrete
Reinforcing bar
Dead Load
Prestressed
Concrete
Prestressing Tendon
Uncracked with
likely camber
under dead load
and prestressed
Dead Load
Partial
Prestressed
Concrete
Uncracked under
dead load
Cracked under
Service Load
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Terminology
Tendon:
stretched element used in a concrete member of structure to
impart prestress to the concrete.
Anchorage:
A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and
maintain prestress in concrete.
Pretensioning:
A method of prestressing concrete in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the
concrete is introduced by bond between steel & concrete.
Post-tensioning:
A method of prestressing concrete by tensioning the tendons
against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is
imparted to concrete by bearing.
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Posttensioned Beam
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Pretensioned Beam
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External Prestressing
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Home Work
Find the prestressed structures that you think it is most attractive and
most innovative use of prestressing.
Pictures/ figures/ skets is good.
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