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1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the break-off
number of hardened concrete in test specimens or structures,
by measuring the force required to cause failure of a pre-cast or
drilled core specimen loaded as a cantilever.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations3
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials4
C 823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
Concrete in Constructions4
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The principle of the break-off test is illustrated in Fig. 1.
A plastic sleeve with an annular seating ring is inserted in fresh
concrete to form a cylindrical test specimen and a counter bore.
After the concrete has hardened, the sleeve is removed and a
force is applied at the uppermost section of the cylinder so as
to break the cylindrical test specimen from the concrete mass.
The test result is reported as a break-off number, which is the
maximum pressure recorded by the gage measuring the hydraulic pressure in the loading mechanism. In hardened concrete, in cases where the plastic sleeve has not been installed,
a concrete coring machine with a specially shaped coring drill
bit may be used to drill a similarly shaped test specimen.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.64on
Nondestructive Testing of Concrete.
Current edition approved May 10, 1996. Published July 1996. Originally
published as C 1150 90. Last previous edition C 1150 90e1
2
The break-off method is covered by a patent held by SINTEF, Norwegian
Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Interested parties are invited to submit
information regarding the identification of acceptable alternatives to this patented
item to The Committee on Standards, ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Your comments will receive careful consideration
at a meeting of the responsible technical committee which you may attend.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1150
relationship must be established for each new combination of
concrete-making materials. In developing such relationships,
care must be taken to ensure that the break-off specimens and
the strength test specimens undergo similar curing histories up
to the time of the test.
NOTE 1Published reports (1-8)5 by different researchers present their
experience in the use and evaluation of the break-off test equipment and
in establishing break-off strength correlation with compressive strength of
concrete.
5. Apparatus
5.1 The apparatus consists of a loading mechanism, a load
generating device, a load measuring instrument, a tubular
sleeve and seating ring of the dimensions shown in Fig. 2, a
tubular sleeve remover, and a gage for calibrating or adjusting
the loading system. The tubular sleeve shall be of a material
that is resistant to chemical attack by concrete. It shall be rigid
enough to maintain a reproducible size of test specimen. It
shall be coated with a release agent that is not reactive with
concrete prior to inserting it in the concrete. Plastic is an
acceptable sleeve material and automotive grease is a suitable
release agent.
5.2 For applications where tests are to be performed in
already hardened concrete, a diamond tipped drill bit is used,
5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to
this test method.
C 1150
is uniformly seated in the counterbore. Set the maximum
pressure indicator on the pressure gage to its zero value. Apply
a gradual force to the specimen by means of the hydraulic
pump until the core breaks off. Use a loading rate that causes
a break-off within 60 6 15 s from the start of loading. On the
pressure gage dial, read the maximum pressure required to
break off the core and record the maximum reading as the
break-off number for the test specimen. In reading the maximum pressure, estimate to the nearest 0.1 MPa (1 bar).
7.3.2 Record the nature of the break at the base of the core.
Note whether the fracture surface includes the presence of
large aggregate particles, reinforcing steel, and other abnormalities, such as foreign inclusions, soft aggregate particles, or
excessive air pockets (honeycombing). Measure the diameter
(to the nearest 1 mm) at the base of the core in directions
parallel and perpendicular to the loading direction. Measure the
approximate average height of the core to the nearest 5 mm.
8. Calculation
8.1 Calculate the average of the break-off test results (to the
nearest 0.1 MPa (one bar) pressure). This value is the break-off
number for the concrete.
9. Report
9.1 Report the following information:
9.1.1 Location of each test,
9.1.2 Date and the time of the test, identification symbols,
and name of the operator who performed the test,
9.1.3 Method of specimen preparation, either by sleeve
insertion or core drilling,
9.1.4 Maximum aggregate size,
9.1.5 The load range setting (if the loading mechanism is
equipped with high- and low-range settings),
9.1.6 Break-off number for each test specimen and the
average break-off number,
9.1.7 Description of the nature of the break at the base of the
ruptured test specimen, and whether the fracture surface shows
the presence of reinforcement or other abnormalities, and
9.1.8 Approximate average height of each test specimen to
the nearest 5 mm and the average diameter at the base of the
specimen to the nearest 1 mm.
7. Procedure
7.1 Preparation of Cylindrical Specimens by Tubular
Sleeves:
7.1.1 At each test location, carefully insert the tubular
sleeve which has been thoroughly coated with a release agent.
NOTE 3Insertion of the sleeve may be aided by simultaneously
twisting and pushing the sleeve into the concrete until the top of the sleeve
is flush with the concrete surface. For concrete with slump less than 75
mm, a slight depression may occur in the center of the sleeve, which
should be filled with concrete, tapped in by fingers, and the surface struck
off flush. Sleeves are not recommended for no-slump concrete or when
deep surface texturing is to be used. In such cases, test specimens should
be prepared by drilling.
C 1150
Number of
tests
5
7
10
disregard those tests for which reasons for the outlying results can be
identified positively. If there are no obvious causes of the extreme values,
it is probable that there are real differences in concrete strength at the
different test locations. These differences could be due to variations in
mixture proportions, degree of consolidation, or curing conditions.
Acceptable range
(percentage of average)
35 %
38 %
40 %
NOTE 5If the range of test results exceeds the acceptable range,
further investigation should be carried out. Abnormal test results could be
due to faulty test specimens, improper procedures, or equipment malfunction. The user should investigate the potential causes of the outliers, and
10.2 BiasThe bias of this test method cannot be determined because the break-off number can only be obtained by
the use of this test method.
REFERENCES
(1) Carlsson, M., Eeg, I. R., and Jahner, P., Field Experience in the Use
of the Break-off Tester, ACI SP82-14, In Situ/Nondestructive Testing
of Concrete, V. M. Malhotra, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
MI, 1984, pp. 277292.
(2) Dahl-Jorgenson, E., and Johansen, R., General and Specialized Use of
the Break-off Concrete Strength Test Method, ACI SP82-15, In
Situ/Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, V. M. Malhotra, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1984, pp. 293308.
(3) Early Strength Measuring Test for Offshore Oil Platform, Concrete
Products, September 1985.
(4) Naik, T. R., Hassaballah, A. A., and Salameh, Z., The Break-off Test
Method, Department of Civil Engineering, the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 1988.
(5) Yener, M., and Chen, W. F., Evaluation of In-Place Flexural Strength
of Concrete, American Concrete Institute Journal, Vol 82, No. 6,
Nov./Dec. 1985, pp. 788796.
(6) Barker, M. G., and Ramirez, J. A., Determimation of Concrete
Strength Using the Break-off Tester, American Concrete Institute
Journal, Vol 85, No. 4, July/Aug. 1988, pp. 221228.
(7) Dahl-Jorgenson, E., In Situ Strength of Concrete, Laboratory and
Field Test, SINTEF Report No. STF 65A82032, 1982-06-04, Norwegian Institute of Technology.
(8) American Concrete Institute Committee 228 Report, In-Place Methods for Determination of Strength of Concrete, ACI 228-IR-89,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1989.
(9) Murphy, W. E., The Interpretation of Tests on the Strength of
Concrete in Structures, ACI SP-82, In Situ/Nondestructive Testing of
Concrete, V. M. Malhotra, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
MI, 1984, pp. 377392.
(10) Munday, J. G. L., and Dhir, R. K., Assessment of In Situ Concrete
Quality by Core Testing, ACI SP-82, In Situ/Nondestructive Testing
of Concrete, V. M. Malhotra, Ed., American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, MI, 1984, pp. 393410.
(11) Haque, M. N., Day, R. L., and Langan, B. W., Realistic Strength of
Air-Entrained Concrete with and without Fly Ash, American Concrete Institute Journal, Vol 85, No. 4, July/Aug. 1988, pp. 241247.
(12) ACI 228.1R-95, In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength,
Report of ACI Committee 228 on Nondestructive Testing, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
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