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Introduction
Induced crossed modules were defined by Brown and Higgins [3] and studied
further in paper by Brown and Wensley [5, 6]. This is looked at in detail in a
book by Brown, Higgins and Sivera [4]. Induced crossed modules allow detailed
computations of non-Abelian information on second relative groups.
To obtain analogous result in dimension 2, we make essential use of a 2crossed module defined by Conduche [7].
A major aim of this paper is to introduce induced 2-crossed modules
{ (L) , (M ) , Q, 2 , 1 }
which can be used in applications of the 3-dimensional Van Kampen Theorem,
[1].
The method of Brown and Higgins [3] is generalized to give results on
{ (L) , (M ) , Q, 2 , 1 } . However; Brown, Higgins and Sivera [4] indicate
a bifibration from crossed squares, so leading to the notion of induced crossed
square, which is relevant to triadic Hurewicz theorem in dimension 3.
Preliminaries
Throughout this paper all actions will be left. The right actions in some references will be rewrite by using left actions.
1.1
Crossed Modules
Crossed modules of groups were initially defined by Whitehead [12, 13] as models
for (homotopy) 2-types. We recall from [10] the definition of crossed modules
of groups.
A crossed module, (M, P, ), consists of groups M and P with a left action
of P on M , written (p, m) 7 p m and a group homomorphism : M P
(p m) = p (m) p1
and
(m)
CM 2)
n = mnm1
and
(ii) (p m) =
(p)
(m)
for all p P, m M.
Crossed modules and their morphisms form a category, of course. It will usually be denoted by XMod. We also get obviously a category PXMod of precrossed
modules.
There is, for a fixed group P , a subcategory XMod/P of XMod, which has
as objects those crossed modules with P as the base, i.e., all (M, P, ) for this
fixed P , and having as morphisms from (M, P, ) to (M , P , ) those (, ) in
XMod in which : P P is the identity homomorphism on P.
Some standart examples of crossed modules are:
(i) normal subgroup crossed modules (i : N P ) where i is an inclusion of
a normal subgroup, and the action is given by conjugation;
(ii) automorphism crossed modules ( : M Aut(M )) in which
(m) (n) = mnm1 ;
(iii) Abelian crossed modules 1 : M P where M is a P -module;
(iv) central extension crossed modules : M P where is an epimorphism
with kernel contained in the centre of M.
Induced crossed modules were defined by Brown and Higgins in [3] and
studied further in papers by Brown and Wensley [5, 6].
We recall from [4] below a presentation of the induced crossed module which
is helpful for the calculation of colimits.
1.2
// N
v
P
// Q
diagonal, i.e. p (n, p) = ((p ) n, p pp1 ). It is easy to see that this gives a paction. Since
(n, p)(n1 , p1 )(n, p)1 = nn1 n1 , pp1 p1
= v(n) n1 , pp1 p1
= (p) n1 , pp1 p1
= v(n,p) (n1 , p1 ),
we get a crossed module (N ) = ( (N ), P, v) which is called the pullback
crossed module of N along . This construction satisfies a universal property,
analogous to that of the pullback of groups. To state it, we use also the morphism
of crossed modules
: (N ) N .
,
Theorem 2 For any crossed module M = (M, P, ) and any morphism of
crossed modules
(h, ) : M N
there is a unique morphism of crossed P -modules h : M (N ) such that
the following diagram commutes
MF
F
Fh
F""
(N )
N
v
P
%%//
// Q.
1.3
Definition 3 For any crossed P -module M = (M, P, ) and any homomorphism : P Q the crossed module induced by from should be given
by:
(i) a crossed Q-module (M) = ( (M ),Q, ),
(ii) a morphism of crossed modules (f, ) : M (M) , satisfying the
dual universal property that for any morphism of crossed modules
(h, ) : M N
there is a unique morphism of crossed Q-modules h : (M ) N such that the
diagram
22 N
x<<
h
h x
x
x
// (M )
M
f
P
// Q
commutes.
Now we briefly explain this from Brown and Higgins, [3] as follows, (see also
[2]).
Proposition 4 Let : M P be a crossed P -module and let : P Q be a
morphism of groups. Then the induced crossed Q-module (M ) is generated,
as a group, by the set M Q with defining relations
(i) (m1 , q)(m2 , q) = (m1 m2 , q),
(ii) (p m, q) = (m, q(p)),
(iii) (m1 , q1 )(m2 , q2 )(m1 , q1 )1 = (m2 , q1 (m1 )q11 q2 )
for m, m1 , m2 M, q, q1 , q2 Q and p P.
The morphism : (M ) Q is given by (m, q) = q(m)q 1 , the
action of Q on (M ) by q (m, q1 ) = (m, qq1 ), and the canonical morphism
: M (M ) by (m) = (m, 1).
The crossed module ( (M ), Q, ), thus defined in Proposition 4, is called
the induced crossed module of (M, P, ) along .
If : P Q is epimorphism the induced crossed module ( (M ), Q, )
has a simplier description.
Proposition 5 ([3], Proposition 9) If : P Q is an epimorphism, and :
M P is a crossed module, then (M )
= M/[K, M ], where K =Ker, and
[K, M ] denotes the subgroup of M generated by all k mm1 for all m M, k K.
Two-Crossed Modules
f2
// M
f1
L
// M
// P
f0
// P
where f0 1 = 1 f1 , f1 2 = 2 f2
f1 (p m) =
f0 (p)
f1 (m) , f2 (p l) =
f0 (p)
f2 (l)
and
{, } (f1 f1 ) = f2 {, }
for all m M, l L and p P.
These compose in an obvious way giving a category which we will denote
by X2 Mod. There is, for a fixed group P , a subcategory X2 Mod/P of X2 Mod
which has as objects those crossed modules with P as the base, i.e., all
{L, M, P, 2 , 1 } for this fixed P , and having as morphism from {L, M, P, 2 , 1 }
to {L , M , P , 2 , 1 } those (f2 , f1 , f0 ) in X2 Mod in which f0 : P P is the
identity homomorphism on P.
L 2 M 1 P,
with extra condition that {m, m } = 1 for all m, m M. The obvious thing to
do is to see what each of the defining properties of a 2-crossed module give in
this case.
(i) There is an action of P on L and M and the s are P -equivariant. (This
gives nothing new in our special case.)
(ii) {, } is a lifting of the Peiffer commutator so if {m, m } = 1, the Peiffer
identity holds for (M, P, 1 ) , i.e. that is a crossed module;
(iii) if l, l L, then 1 = {2 l, 2 l } = [l, l ] , so L is Abelian
and,
(iv) as {, } is trivial 1 m l1 = l1 , so M has trivial action on L.
Axioms PL3 and PL5 vanish.
Examples of 2-Crossed Modules
hM, M i 2 M 1 P
is a 2-crossed module with the Peiffer lifting {m, m } = hm, m i, [11].
2. Any crossed module gives a 2-crossed module. Given (M, P, ) is a crossed
module, the resulting sequence
LM P
is a 2-crossed module by taking L = 1. This is functorial and XMod can be considered to be a full category of XMod2 in this way. It is a reflective subcategory
since there is a reflection functor obtained as follows:
N
// M
v
// P
(1) the maps f and u are P -equivariant and g, v, v f and g u are crossed
modules,
(2) f h(x, y) = xg(y) x1 , u h(x, y) =v(x) yy 1 ,
(3) h(f (z), y) = z g(y) z 1 , h(x, u(z)) =v(x) zz 1 ,
(4) h(xx , y) =v(x) h(x , y)h(x, y), h(x, yy ) = h(x, y)g(y) h(x, y ),
(5) h(t x,t y) =t h(x, y)
for x, x M , y, y N , z L and t P .
It is a consequence of the definition that f : L M and u : L N are
crossed modules where M and N act on L via their images in P . A crossed
square can be seen as a crossed module in the category of crossed modules.
Also, it can be considered as a complex of crossed modules of length one
and thus, Conduche [8], gave a direct proof from crossed squares to 2-crossed
modules. This construction is the following:
Let
f
// M
L
u
N
// P
L 2 M N 1 P,
where 2 (z) = (f (z)1 , u(z)) for z L, 1 (x, y) = v(x)g(y) for x M and
y N, and the Peiffer lifting is given by
{(x, y), (x , y )} = h(x, yy y 1 ).
Of course, the construction of 2-crossed modules from crossed squares gives a
generic family of examples.
(B2 , B1 , P, 2 , 1 )
h
(f2 ,f1 ,idPh
) h h
h
(f2 ,f1 ,)
h h
ssh h h
// (H, N, Q, 2 , 1 )
( (H), (N ), P, 2 , 1 )
(idH , ,)
or more simply as
B2 G
B1 G
f2
//
yy H
y
y
G
y
yyyy
G
yyyyyidH
y
f2
G##
y
yy
2
(H)
// N
<y<
y
G
yy
G
yy
y
f1
G## yy
1
(N )
f1
// Q.
P GGG
x;;
GGGG
xx
GGGG
x
x
GGG
x
idP GG
GG xxx
P
2
1
H
(N )
P
morphism 1 : (N ) P is given
p) = p, the action of P on (N )
by p1 (n, (p)
p
(p)
1
and H by (n, p ) =
n, pp p
and h =
h respectively. Since
p
2 (h)
and
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 (p (n, p ))
(2 (h) , 1)
((p) 2 (h) , p1p1 )
((p) 2 (h), 1)
(2 (p) h , 1)
(2 (p h) , 1)
2 (p h)
= 1 (p) n, pp p1
= pp p1
= p1 (n, p ) p1
= p 1 (n, p ) ,
{2 h, 2 h } =
=
=
{(2 h, 1) , (2 h , 1)}
{2 h, 2 h }
[h, h ] .
10
(ii)
(idH , , ) : {H, (N ), P, 2 , 1 } {H, N, Q, 2 , 1 }
or diagrammatically,
idH
(N )
// N
P
// Q
B2
f2
// B1
// P
f1
H
// N
// Q.
B2
f2
// B1
f1
H
// (N )
// P
idP
// P
where f2 (b2 ) = f2 (b2 ) and f1 (b1 ) = (f1 (b1 ), 1 (b1 )) which is an element in
(N ). First let us check that (f2 , f1 , idP ) is a 2-crossed modules morphism.
For b1 , b1 B1 , b2 B2 , p P
idP (p)
f2
(b2 ) =
=
=
=
p
f2 (b2 )
(p)
f2 (b2 )
f2 (p b2 )
f2 (p b2 ) .
Similarly
idP (p)
f1 (b1 )
11
{, } (f1 f1 ) (b1 , b1 )
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
and f1 = f1 .
idH
H
2
(N )
// N
1
P
// Q
3.1
{{1} , G, Q, 1, i} = {{1}
(G), P, 2 , 1 } o
n , 1
=
{1} , (G), P, 2 , 1
as,
(G)
= {p P | (p) = g} = 1 (G) E P.
12
{1}
2 =1
1 (G)
// G
P
// Q.
{1}
{1}
(Q)
// Q
N Ker
// N
Aut(P )
{1}
Aut
// Aut(Q)
P
// Q
13
then there is a unique (f2 , f1 , idQ ) 2-crossed modules morphism that commutes
the following diagram:
(L, M, P, 2 , 1 )
WWWWW
WWW(
WWW,WW,)
(f2 ,f1 ,)
WWWW
WWW++
_
o
o
_
_
_
_
_
( (L), (M ), Q, 2 , 1 )
(B2 , B1 , Q, 2 , 1 )
(f2 ,f1 ,idQ )
or more simply as
f2
// B2
L GG
x;;
GG
GG
x
GG
x f2
G##
2
(L)
2
f1
// B1
2
MG
;
;
GG
x
GG
x
GG
x
GG
## x f1
1
(M )
1
// Q.
P G
x
GG
GG
xxxxx
x
x
GG
x
xxxxxidQ
GGG
## xxxx
Q
The following result is an extention of Proposition 4 given by Brown-Higgins
in [3].
14
(L) (M ) Q
is a complex of groups. The Peiffer lifting
{, } : (M ) (M ) (L)
given by {(m, q), (m , q)} = ({m, m } , q) .
PL1:
1 1 (m,q)
1
(m, q) (m , q) (m, q)
(m , q)
mm m1 , q
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 (m,q)
(ii)
( , , ) : {L, M, P, 2 , 1 } { (L) , (M ) , Q, 2 , 1 }
or diagrammatically,
// (L)
2
M
// (M )
1
P
m , q1 (m)q 1 q
1
mm m1 , q m
, q1 (m)
(m) 1
1
mm m1 , q
m ,q
1 1 (m) 1
mm m (
m ), q
(2 {m, m } , q)
2 ({m, m } , q)
2 {(m, q) , (m , q)} .
mm m1 , q
PL2:
{2 (l, q) , 2 (l , q)} = {(2 l, q) , (2 l , q)}
= ({2 l, 2 l } , q)
= ll l1 l1 , q
= (l, q) (l , q) l1 , q l1 , q
1
1
= (l, q) (l , q) (l, q) (l , q)
= [(l, q) , (l , q)] .
The rest of axioms of 2-crossed module is given in appendix.
m1 , q
// Q
15
Suppose that
(f2 , f1 , ) : {L, M, P, 2 , 1 } {B2 , B1 , Q, 2 , 1 }
is any 2-crossed modules morphism. Then we will show that there is a 2-crossed
modules morphism
(f2 , f1 , idQ ) : { (L) , (M ) , Q, 2 , 1 } {B2 , B1 , Q, 2 , 1 }
2
(L)
f2
// (M )
idQ
f1
B2
// Q
// B1
// Q.
f2 (l, qq )
qq
f2 (l)
q
f2 (l)
(f2 (l, q )) .
(f1 2 ) (l, q) =
=
=
=
=
=
// (L)
M
// (M )
P
// Q.
16
2
M/[K, M ] Q
L/[K, L]
2
M/[K, M ] Q is a complex of groups.
L/[K, L]
The Peiffer lifting
2 {m, m } [K, L]
(2 {m, m }) [K, M ]
mm m1 1 m m1 [K, M ]
mm m1 [K, M ] 1 m m1 [K, M ]
m[M, K]m [K, M ]m1 [K, M ] 1 m m1 [K, M ]
m[K, M ]m [K, M ]m1 [K, M ] (1 mK) m1 [K, M ]
1 1 (m[K,M])
1
m[K, M ]m [K, M ] (m[K, M ])
(m [K, M ]) .
PL2:
{2 (l[K, L]) , 2 (l [K, L])}
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
{2 (l)[K, M ], 2 (l )[K, M ]}
{2 (l), 2 (l )} [K, L]
[l, l ][K, L]
ll l1 l1 [K, L]
(l[K, L]) (l [K, L]) l1 [K, L] l1 [K, L]
1
1
(l[K, L]) (l [K, L]) (l[K, L]) (l [K, L])
17
// L/[K, L]
2
M
// M/[K, M ]
1
P
// Q
f2
B2
// M/[K, M ]1
idQ
f1
// B1
// Q
// Q
(k)
f2 (l)f2 (l)1 =
f2 ([K, L]) = 1B2 and similarly f1 ([K, M ]) = 1B1 , thus f2 and f1 are well
defined.
First let us check that (f2 , f1 , idQ ) is a 2-crossed modules morphism. For
l[K, L] L/[K, L], m[K, M ] M/[K, M ] and q Q,
f2 (q (l[K, L])) = f2 pK (l[K, L])
= f2 ((p l)[K, L])
= f2 (p l)
= (p) f2 (l)
= pK f2 (l[K, L])
= q f2 (l[K, L]).
18
WWWW(
WWW,WW,)
(f2 ,f1 ,)
WWWWW
WWW++
19
or more simply as
f2
// B
L JJ
t:: 2
JJ
t
JJ
t
J
JJ
t
f
2
J$$
2
L/[K, L]
2
f1
// B1
2
MJ
:
:
t
JJ
t
JJ
t
JJ
JJ
t
$$ t f1
1
M/[K, M ]
1
// Q.
P JJ
t
JJ
tttt
JJ
ttttt
t
JJ
t
t
tt
JJ
L 2 M 1 P with .
and
(mt )
: CQ
mt 7 t (1 m) t1
(L) = B and (M ) = C
and the Peiffer lifting C C B is given by {mt , mt } = {m, m }t .
20
// {L1 , M1 , P1 , 2 , 1 }
{L2 , M2 , P2 , 2 , 1 }
// {L, M, P, 2 , 1 }
(1)
(B1 C1 P ) oo
(2 ,2 ,Id)
// (B2 C2 P )
(B0 C0 P )
{ (b) , (b )} [b, b ]
1
1 cc c1
{c, c c } {c, c }
{c, c }
1 1 1
{cc , c } (c) {c , c }
c, c c c
1 1
{ (b) , c} c b1
b
(c) 1 1 c 1
b
{c, (b)}
( b)
1
p
{c, c } {p c,p c }
21
1, 1, Q/P , id, 1 and
B/ P , B , H/ P , H , Q/P , 2 , 1
are the induced from {1, 1, 1, id, id} and {B, H, Q, 2 , 1 } by 1 Q/P and the
epimorphism Q Q/P then the cokernel of a morphism
(, , ) : {A, G, P, 2 , 1 } {B, H, Q, 2 , 1 }
is coker ( , ) , Q/P , 2 , 1 where ( , ) is a morphism of
(A , G ) B/ P , B , H/ P , H .
Appendix
= n, n n n
{n , n }
as definition of {, }
(p)
{n , n }
as p h = (p) h
= n, n n n1
1 (n)
{n , n }
as (n, p) (N ) , (p) = 1 (n)
= n, n n n1
= {nn , n }
as {H, N, Q, 2 , 1 } X2 Mod
= {(nn , pp ) , (n , p )}
= {(n, p) (n , p ) , (n , p )}
b)
22
PL4:
=
=
=
=
=
=
h 1 (n,p) h1 .
PL5:n
as definition of 2
as definition of {, }
as {H, N, Q, 2 , 1 } X2 Mod
as (n, p) (N ), (p) = 1 (n)
as p h = (p) h
as definition of 1
(n, p) ,p (n , p )
n
o
1
1
( p )
(p )
=
n, p p (p )
n , p p (p )
n
o
(p ) (p )
n,
n
=
= (p ) {n, n }
= p {n, n }
= p {(n, p) , (n , p )}
i)
idH (p h) =
=
=
(p n, p ) =
=
=
by
(n, p) =
(p )
by definition of {, }
by {H, N, Q, 2 , 1 } X2 Mod
by p h = (p) h
definition of {, }
(p)
h
idH (h)
(p) n, pp p1
(p)
n
(p)
(n, p )
(p)
and (1 ) (n, p )
ii) ( 2 ) (h) = (2 h)
= (2 h, 1)
= 2 (h)
= 2 (idH h)
= (2 idH ) (h)
for (n, p ) (N ), h H, and p P.
{, } ( ) ((n, p), (n , p )) =
=
=
=
=
=
for all (n, p), (n , p ) (N ).
n, p pp1
=
=
=
=
=
1 ( (n, p ))
1 (n)
(p )
(1 (n, p ))
(1 ) (n, p )
{, } ( (n, p), (n , p ))
{, } (n, n )
{n, n }
idH ({n, n })
idH ({(n, p), (n , p )})
idH {, } ((n, p), (n , p ))
23
=
=
=
b)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
PL4:
a)
=
=
=
=
=
b)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
PL5:
q
as (m, q) (m , q) = (mm , q)
as definition of {, }
{m, m } {m, m } , q
1
mm m
{m, m } , q ({m, m } , q)
(mm m1 ,q) ({m, m } , q) ({m, m } , q)
(m,q)(m ,q)(m,q)1
{(m, q) , (m , q)} {(m, q) , (m , q)}
mm m1
as {L, M, P, 2 , 1 } X2 Mod
as (m, q) (m , q) = (mm , q)
as
(m,q)
(l, q) = (m l, q)
{(m, q) (m , q) , (m , q)}
{(mm , q) , (m , q)}
({mm
, m } , q)
1 (m)
m, m m m1
{m , m } , q
1
as (m, q) (m , q) = (mm , q)
as definition of {, }
as {L, M, P, 2 , 1 } X2 Mod
as (p m, q) = (m, q(p))
as definition of 1
as q (m, q) = (m, q q)
as definition of {, }
(m,q) 1
(m l, q) 1
l ,q
as q (l, q) = (l, q q)
(m,q)
(l, q) 1 (m,q) (l, q)1
as (m,q) (l, q) = (m l, q)
{(m, q) , (m , q)} =
=
=
=
({m, m } , q)
({m, m } , q q)
{(m, q q), (m , q q)}o
n
q
(m, q) ,q (m , q)
as definition of {, }
as q (m, q) = (m, q q)
as definition of {, }
as
(m, q) = (m, q q)
24
(p l, 1)
as definition of
(l, 1(p)) as (p l, q) = (l, q (p))
(l, (p)1)
(p)
(l, 1) as q (l, q) = (l, q q)
(p)
(l) as definition of
= 2 ( (l))
= 2 (l, 1)
as definition of
= (2 l, 1)
as definition of 2
= (2 l)
as definition of
= ( 2 ) (l)
p
( m) = (p m, 1)
as definition of
(m, 1(p)) as (p m, q) = (m, q (p))
= (m, (p)1)
(1 ) (m) = 1 ( (m))
as definition of
= 1 (m, 1)
1
= 1 (1 (m)) 1
as definition of 1
= (1 (m))
= (1 ) (m)
The proof of proposition 13:
PL3:
a)
{m[K, M ], m [K, M ]m [K, M ]}
= {m[K, M ], (m m ) [K, M ]}
= {m,
m m } [K, L]
mm m1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
{mm
, m } [K, L]
1
1 (m)
m,
m
m
m
{m
,
m
}
[K, L]
(m)
1
1
L]
{m , m } [K, L]
m, m m m [K,
1
[K, M ] 1 (m) {m , m
o } [K, L]
nm[K, M ], m m m
b)
1 (m)
o1 (m)K
{m , m } [K, L]
PL4:
a)
pK
{m[K, M ], m [K, M ]}
({m, m } [K, L])
(p {m, m }) [K, L]
{p m,p m } [K, L]
p
p
{(
m ) [K, M ]}
pKm) [K, M ], ( pK
(m[K, M ]) , (m [K, M ])
{q (m[K, M ]) ,q (m [K, M ])}
pK
25
26
References
[1] R. Brown, Groupoids and Van Kampens Theorem, Proc. London Math.
Soc. (3) 17 (1967), 385-401.
[2] R. Brown, Groupoids and Crossed Objects in Algebraic Topology Homology, Homotopy and Applications, 1 (1999), no.1, 1-78.
[3] R. Brown and P. J. Higgins, On the Connection Between the Second Relative Homotopy Groups of Some Related Spaces, Proc. London Math. Soc.,
(3) 36 (2) (1978), 193-212.
[4] R. Brown, P. J. Higgins and R. Sivera, Nonabelian Algebraic Topology,
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The Homotopy 2-Type of Mapping Cones, Theory and Applications of Categories, (3) 1 (1995), 54-71.
[6] R. Brown and C. D. Wensley, Computation and Homotopical Applications
of Induced Crossed Modules, Journal of Symbolic Computation, 35, (2003),
59-72.
[7] D. Conduche, Modules Croises Generalises de Longueur 2., J. Pure. Appl.
Algebra 34, (1984), 155-178.
[8] D. Conduche, Simplicial Crossed Modules and Mapping Cones, Georgian
Mathematical Journal, 10, (2003), 623-636.
[9] D.Guin-Walery and J.-L. Loday, Obstructions `a lExcision en K-Theorie
Algebrique, Springer Lecture Notes in Math., 854, (1981), 179-216.
[10] T. Porter,
The Crossed Menagerie:
An Introduction to
Crossed Gadgetry and Cohomolgy in Algebra and Topology,
http://ncatlab.org/timporter/files/menagerie10.pdf
[11] J. F. Martins, Homotopies of 2-crossed Complexes and the Homotopy
Category of Pointed 3-types, preprint, (2010).
[12] J.H.C. Whitehead, Combinatorial Homotopy I and II, Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc.,55, (1949), 231-245.
[13] J.H.C. Whitehead, Combinatorial Homotopy II, Bull. Amer. Math.
Soc.,55, (1949), 453-456.
U. Ege Arslan, Z. Arvasi and G. Onarl
Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
Eskisehir Osmangazi University
26480 Eskisehir/Turkey
e-mails: {uege,zarvasi, gonarli} @ogu.edu.tr