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Sample
Solution
Fine Mist
M+ X-
M+ X
Solid
Particles
MX
Ground
State
gaseous
atoms
Excited
Gaseous
Metal
atoms
Gaseous
Atoms
M(g)+ X(g)
Gaseous
Molecules
MX
The excited metal atoms are unstable at higher energy level, and quickly returns to lower energy
state, while coming to lower energy they emit light of their own characteristic wavelength. The
measurement emitted photons (light) forms the basis of flame photometry. The colour of the flame
tells us which element is present (qualitative analysis) and intensity of emitted radiation is directly
proportional to concentration of metallic element present in the sample.
If E1 and E2 are the energy of lower and higher levels, the radiation emitted during the jump is
given by the equation
E2-E1 = hV
But V = C/ Lambda
.(2)
N*/No= Ae---
E/
kT
1-Flame atomizer.
2- Monochromator
3- Detector.
4- Readout meter.
1-Burner:
Atomization of the sample is carried out in the path of flame. Thermal energy is used to excite
the atoms. The atomizer is composed of : Nebulizer and burner. Burners are of two types;
Total Consumption Burner and Premix or Laminar flow Burner.
Total Consumption Burner: The fuel gas, oxidant gas and liquid samples are drawn
to the opening of the burner through separate inlets. The fuel gas burns in presence of
oxygen to produce the flame attached to the base of burner. Nebulizer is attached to the
base of burner. ( Nebulizer: is a device by which sample solution is divided into very fine
droplets which are aspirated into fine spray or aerosol.) As the oxidant flows it withdraws the
sample from the capillary in very fine droplets Then mixed in the premixing chamber with the
fuel gas . The fuel-oxidant-sample aerosol mixture passes to the burner producing the
necessary heat for atomization and excitation. All the sample irrespective of their size is
evaporated hence the name total consumption burner.
Advantage: 1) Entire sample enter into flame and hence it is more sensitive.
2) The flame can be adjusted to produce high temperature.
Disadvantages: 1) The flame produced is noisy and turbulent. 2) The reading obtained are
non reproducible since the size of droplets vary.
Flame
AspiratedSample
Fuel
Oxidant
SampleSolution
Premix or Laminar Flow Burner: The fuel, oxidant gas and liquid sample are thoroughly
mixed before entering the flame. In premix burner only small droplets of the sample are reach
the flame and large droplets are trapped by baffles and drained off and sample is wasted.
Advantages: 1) The flame produced is stable, no turbulent, and
2) Vaporization, atomization and excitation of atoms takes place
3) Sensitivity and reproducibility is good.
noiseless.
efficiently.
Disadvantages:
1)
only
small
portion
of
small
reaches
to
flame.
2) Due to large wastage fewer atoms are excited and consequently the emission intensity is
weak. This lowers the sensitivity of the estimation.
Premix Burner
Flame
Flame
Fuel
Burner
Head
Sample
solution
Oxidant
Drain
Baffles for
Mixing
Instruments:
The instrument used is called as Flame photometer
Flame
Photometer
Slit
Collimating
Mirror
P.M.T.Detector
Amplifier
Fuel
Oxidant
PrismMonochromator
SampleSolution
Flame
AspiratedSample
Fuel
Oxidant
SampleSolution
ReadOut
Premix Burner
Flame
Flame
Fuel
Burner
Head
Sample
solution
Oxidant
Drain
Baffles for
Mixing
: Na,K,Ca,Mg.
Petrol : Lead
Emission Intensity --
Concentration-----------
1) Internal Standard Method:A series of standard solution containing the same elements as that present in sample solution is
prepared. A fixed quantity of suitable internal standard is then added to each of standard
solutions, blank and sample solutions alike .Each of above standard solutions and sample
solutions are then aspirated into flame one by one .The emission intensity for each of above
standard solution (Is) & (Ii) and sample solution (Ix&Ii) are measured at different wavelength
one corresponds to element and other corresponds to the internal standard. These
measurements are made against blank .The ratio of absorbance of the standard solutions to that
of internal standard
gives a straight line from this curve concentration of sample solution can be read by finding
where the ratio (Ix/Ii) falls on concentration scale.
Emission
Intensity
Standard
__________
Internal
Standard
Concentration
In this method the emission intensity of unknown (X) is first found out by aspirating into flame
against blank. Then a series of standards having definite amount of unknown (X) plus varying
amount of standard are prepared and diluted to same volume in each case .Their emission intensity
are then obtained . A graph of emission intensity (EI ) against concentrations of standard (S) gives a
linear curve. The concentration of the unknown can be determined by extrapolation of line which
EmissionIntensity
cuts to X axis.
Concentration
ConcentrationofUnknown.