Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my fellow group members, namely; Busawon Heetendr,
Lubrun Veeresh and Baichoo Ikhlaas, who played a vital role in allowing me to better understand this
experiment and to carry it out correctly.
Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge, with much appreciation, the crucial roles of the Laboratory
Technicians of the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory and my module lecturer, Mr Deejaysing Jogee, without
whom the conducted experiment would not have been performed as successfully as it has been.
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Aim and objectives ........................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Aim ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Literature Review.............................................................................................................................. 3
3.1 Components of a rectangular weir ................................................................................................ 3
3.2 Derivation of equation for the theoretical discharge over a rectangular weir ............................... 3
3.3 Assumptions made in derivation of equation ................................................................................ 5
3.4 Coefficient of discharge ................................................................................................................ 5
4.0 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 Description of apparatus ............................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Experimental Procedures .............................................................................................................. 6
5.0 Experimental Precautions ................................................................................................................. 6
6.0 Data Collection and Analysis............................................................................................................ 7
6.1 Data Collection ............................................................................................................................. 7
6.1.1 Dimensions of rectangular weir ............................................................................................. 7
6.1.2 Volume of water collected at first pump speed ...................................................................... 7
6.1.3 Volume of water collected at second pump speed ................................................................. 7
6.1.4 Volume of water collected at third pump speed..................................................................... 8
6.2 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 8
6.2.1 Average flow rate for first pump speed.................................................................................. 8
6.2.2 Average flow rate for second pump speed ............................................................................. 9
6.2.3 Average flow rates for third pump speed ............................................................................... 9
6.2.4 Determination of discharge coefficient ................................................................................ 10
7.0 Observation and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 11
8.0 Limitations of methodology ............................................................................................................ 11
9.0 Recommended improvements ......................................................................................................... 12
List of figures
Figure 1: Components of the rectangular weir........................................................................................ 3
Figure 2: Orifice...................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Section at sill. .......................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 - Graph of average discharge against h3/2. .............................................................................. 10
List of tables
Table 1: Dimensions of weir ................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2 - Data collection for first pump speed........................................................................................ 7
Table 3 - Data collection for second pump speed. .................................................................................. 7
Table 4 - Data collection for third pump speed. ..................................................................................... 8
Table 5 - Flow rates for first pump speed. .............................................................................................. 8
Table 6 - Average flow rate for first pump speed. .................................................................................. 8
Table 7 - Flow rates for second pump speed. ......................................................................................... 9
Table 8 - Average flow rate for second pump speed. ............................................................................. 9
Table 9 - Flow rates for third pump speed. ............................................................................................. 9
Table 10 - Average flow rate for third flow speed. ............................................................................... 10
Table 11 - Data required for plotting of graph. ..................................................................................... 10
Table 12 - Task distribution during the conduction of the experiment. ................................................ 14
Abstract
This report discusses about the flow characteristics over a rectangular weir. The discharge coefficient
of the fluid flow (water in this case) has been defined through this experiment. In order to achieve the
required objective, volumes of water, corresponding to a particular pump speed, have been collected
over a certain time period and the respective flow rates have been calculated. Graphs have been plotted
from the data obtained for analysing the flow characteristics. It has been confirmed experimentally that
the relationship between the discharge and height of water above datum is linear. Based on this graph,
the discharge coefficient has also been determined to be 0.68, which exceeds the usual value. An attempt
to explain the unusual high value for the discharge coefficient has been made, taking into account the
equipment used.
Key words: rectangular weir, volume of water, flow rates, pump speeds, discharge coefficient.
1|Page
1.0 Introduction
Weirs are structures on which overflow of water occurs. Weirs can be defined as an obstruction in an
open channel over which flow takes place. The weirs are constructed to measure the volumetric rate of
flow of water in rivers or streams. A notch is an opening on the side of a tank such that the free surface
is found below the upper edge of the opening. Weirs and notches can be of two type namely, rectangular
and V-notch. A weir or notch may be considered as a large orifice and thus the head over the sill at the
outflow can be related to the discharge by using energy principles.
3
2
2 ()2
3
Obtain different values for the flow rate in a laboratory hydraulic bench by changing the
speed and hence the volume of water flowing and measuring the corresponding heights, h of
water above the crest.
Plot a graph of Q /cm3s-1 against h3/2 /cm to determine the value of Cd.
2|Page
Nappe
Sill / Crest
As described in the figure above the nappe is a sheet of water flowing through a notch. The sill or crest
is the top of the weir over which water flows.
3.2 Derivation of equation for the theoretical discharge over a rectangular weir
A rectangular in used in an open channel flow. The head water flowing above the weir is measured and
it is correlated to the flow rate of water. Therefore the equation for the rectangular weir gives the flow
rate of water as a function of the head over the weir.
Consider an orifice with a jet shown in Figure 2.
1
h
d
Figure 2: Orifice
3|Page
h = v22/ 2g
The theoretical velocity (Torricellis Theorem) is given by:
v2 = 2
h
dh
dh
b
Figure 3: Section at sill.
. (1)
The total discharge, over the whole notch is the found by integration of equation (1) from h=0 at the
free surface to h = H at the bottom of the notch.
Therefore,
Q = 0 2
= 2 0
1
+1
=2 [ 1
+1
4|Page
Water discharges over the weir from the surface of a large reservoir, so it can be assumed that
the velocity of approach is negligible and the pressure is atmospheric.
There is no energy loss.
Flow is one dimensional.
The fluid is incompressible.
5|Page
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Description of apparatus
The apparatus used consists of a channel with a rectangular notch at the end. Water is allowed to over
the rectangular notch and it is then collected in a trough and volume collected can be measured.
Furthermore, a stopwatch was required.
4.2 Experimental Procedures
1. The channel was allowed to fill with water until the free surface was at the same level as the
crest of the weir by switching on the pump found at the base of the apparatus.
2. The hook gauge was adjusted such that the pointer just touched the surface of the water and
the hook gauge reading was taken. This corresponded to the zero mark on the gauge.
3. The pump was set at the first speed such that the water began to flow over the weir.
4. The hook gauge was readjusted and new height, h was obtained for the new level of water.
5. The volume of water collected for a specified time was determined using a measuring
cylinder and a stopwatch.
6. The procedure was repeated until 8 readings were obtained.
7. The pump was set at a new speed and procedures 4 to 6 were repeated.
While collecting water in the trough care should be taken to minimize the loss of water.
The trough should be cleaned dry before each experiment otherwise any residual fluid would
change the value for the actual volume collected.
A larger trough should be used as the speed of the pump is increased so as to avoid over
flowing of water in the trough.
Splashing of water should be avoided while collecting water in trough to prevent loss of
volume.
6|Page
Side of weir
Width
Height of crest from the bottom of channel
Experiment No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Volume / cm
1455
950
835
960
885
860
980
1042
935
1025
Time / s
6.45
4.39
3.57
4.26
4.01
4.00
4.50
4.71
4.26
4.81
Experiment No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Volume / cm
2630
2420
1510
1600
1350
1475
1092
1150
1210
1300
Time / s
6.61
6.42
4.00
3.98
3.65
3.89
3.20
3.02
3.13
3.43
7|Page
Experiment No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Volume / cm
4190
3235
2960
3380
3650
2410
3730
3590
Time / s
6.24
4.83
4.01
5.01
5.42
3.55
5.06
5.34
Volume / cm
1455
950
835
960
885
860
980
1042
935
1025
Time / s
6.45
4.39
3.57
4.26
4.01
4.00
4.50
4.71
4.26
4.81
For the first pump speed, the flow rates that were deemed to be most consistent are as follows.
Table 6 - Average flow rate for first pump speed.
216.40
215.00
217.78
219.48
217.17
8|Page
Volume / cm
2630
2420
1510
1600
1350
1475
1092
1150
1210
1300
Time / s
6.61
6.42
4.00
3.98
3.65
3.89
3.20
3.02
3.13
3.43
For the second pump speed, the flow rates that were deemed to be most consistent are as follows.
Table 8 - Average flow rate for second pump speed.
376.95
377.50
379.18
379.01
378.16
Volume / cm
4190
3235
2960
3380
3650
2410
3730
3590
Time / s
6.24
4.83
4.01
5.01
5.42
3.55
5.06
5.34
9|Page
For the third pump speed, the flow rates that were deemed to be most consistent are as follows.
Table 10 - Average flow rate for third flow speed.
671.47
674.65
673.43
672.28
672.96
Pump Speed
1
2
3
Height, h / m
0.015
0.022
0.031
y = 0.1266x - 2E-05
Qaverage / m3s-1
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
Height,
h3/2
0.004
0.005
0.006
m3/2
10 | P a g e
A small bucket was used to gather the volume of water flowing from the weir, limiting the time
range in calculating the flow rate to very short, thus affecting the accuracy.
Two testers had to coordinate their actions in order to measure both the flow volume and the
time taken; this might have led to random errors due to different reaction times.
The range of values of heights above the head of the weir was too short.
A small measuring cylinder of capacity of 1L was used for the volumes which reached just
below 4L, resulting in the measurements becoming time-consuming.
11 | P a g e
Integration of an inbuilt volume measuring system by either calibrating a bucket or the basin
itself.
A mechanism could have been built into the system allowing it to discharge over a fixed amount
of time.
Use of a larger weir to reduce losses (both water and energy losses).
According to theory, the discharge coefficient varies with the height of water above the datum
line. From an engineering point of view, this relationship must be verified through a graph of
discharge
coefficient
against
height
of
water.
If a series of rectangular notches with different values of Cd were used, the independent variable
would be Cd, and dependent variable for a particular flow speed would be the height of the
head. Keeping the flow speed constant, the rectangular notches would have been fitted and the
height of the upstream measured.
Anti-slippery shoes should be worn to avoid any injury due to any spillage of water on the floor.
The pump should not be operated with wet hands due to risk of electric shocks.
12 | P a g e
Note: The same engineering applications have been listed for triangular weirs in the previous report.
Weirs, in general, have common engineering applications. The only factor determining the use of a weir
of a particular shape may be the amount of water flowing, the amount of energy losses (related to
discharge coefficient) and the in-situ conditions of the water body.
13 | P a g e
Note: Once again, this section is similar as in the previous report due to the fact that both experiments
had the same aim.
Activity
Setting up apparatus and ensuring necessary precautions
are taken.
Measurement for time and height of water.
Recording raw data.
Discharge of excess water from tanks.
Measurement of volume of water in measuring cylinders.
On-site calculations related to ensure that experiment has
been correctly performed.
Team member(s)
Baichoo Ikhlaas, Veeresh Lubrun,
Veeramah Avinaash
Heetendr Busawon
Veeresh Lubrun.
Veeramah Avinaash
Heetendr Busawon , Baichoo Ikhlaas
Busawon. H, Baichoo. I, Veeramah.
A, Veeresh. L
14 | P a g e
3. Determine the flow rates on-site to see the relative closeness of the calculated values. The 4
closest values were then taken to obtain a mean flow rate for a particular pump speed.
4. Repeating the experiment if the calculations proved the experimental readings to be wrong.
5. Regular meetings to discuss outline of report.
6. Carry out the group work required for this report and ensuring that each member is satisfied
with the work.
13.4 Resource persons
The experiment conducted needed to be complemented by additional technical information, which were
provided to us by the following persons.
1. Mr Seebun Laboratory Technician at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.
2. Mr D.Jogee Module Lecturer
14.0 Conclusion
The discharge coefficient of the triangular weir was found to be 0.68, indicating a loss of energy of
nearly 32 %. Past rigorous studies have found that the discharge coefficient for a rectangular weir is
normally 0.622 and the determined value exceeds this one, indicating in a reduction of the amount of
energy lost. Thus, it can be said that this experiment catered for some of the factors that normally lead
to some of the energy losses. If a comparison is made between the discharge coefficients for a triangular
weir (previous report) and a rectangular one, it can be deduced that the one for the rectangular weir is
lower, thus indicating that there are more energy losses when water is discharged over a triangular weir.
It is this comparison that determines which weir shape is to be used for a particular application. In the
light of the above, it can be said that the aims and objectives of the experiment have been duly satisfied.
15 | P a g e
References
1. Douglas J.F., Gasiorek J.M., Swaffield J.A., 2003. Fluid Mechanics. 2nd ed. p 112 115,
Singapore: Longman
2. Kundu. P, 2004, Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed. p 110 114: Elsevier Academic Press, California.
3. University of Mauritius, 2014, Hydraulics Practicals Laboratory Sheets, Faculty of
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering.
4. Jecock, M (2011). River Fisheries and Coastal fish weirs, Heritage Assets [Online] Available
from:
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/iha-river-fisheries-coastal-fish-
16 | P a g e