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from a scarcity of labor, lower paid occupations, and the resulting excess of labor in
higher paid occupations.
The third Influencing Economic growth is capital formation, which means the mobilization of
savings into productive investments. In this way, investment spending along with its positive
effed spending in GNP. economic generates growth. Capital formation used in production linked
with change, thereby determines the mix of technological change. It there by determines the mix
of productive factors to be used in production
The fourth cause of economic growth is structural change. This involves the structure of
production by sectors and the study of interlinkages among Reviews These sectors toward
realizing higher national incomes. The problem of structural change is best studied by means of e
input-output analysis Along with Intersectoral linkages and shifts, the study of structural change
is done in the light of technological change the resulting from an Appropriate mix of factors of
production in the sectoral production menus.
VARIOUS FORMS TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Capital widening and Capital Deepening Technical change
Labour cannot improve in quality all by itself II requires the support of capital. Capital
contributes to the quality improvement of Labour through capital widening. This means the rate
of change of het capital expenditure changes at a rate that is comparable labor, capital structure
Also through capital deepening contributes. This means that each unit of labor comes to acquire
increasingly more use its endowment capital.
A higher level of capital formation through savings comes about, through savings, which in turn
is used as a resource to produce capital goods. Thereby, as society goes on to optimally, less
toward consumption and more toward investment allocate its resources e process of investment
is expected to yield higher economic growth.
Labour-Augmenting Technical Change The right proportion of using capital and labor in
production Gives rise to special forms of production menus towards generating higher levels of
output than could be Alternatively possible. This is a notion of technological change attained by
means of Various types of technological such change can be Appropriate factor combinations.
identified
First, we Consider the type of technical change. It labour augmenting type of technical change. It
occurs when the quality of labor measured in terms of number of persons decreases over time
with a given input of capital, but labor input in terms of efficiency units (i.e. human capital
formation) does times more of the work that it was doing before
Aggregate Production Function technical change
To understand such a labor-augmenting technical change, we first explain the idea of the
aggregate production function. is an economy-wide menu of efficient production
Of goods and services by means of aggregate capital and labor or the aggregate
level output gives the optimal level of production. Corresponding to it labor and
capital are assumed to be fully employed. The aggregate production function is
given by. Q-FKL) denotes aggregate output wide economy.
where.
demand , government expenditure on investment net private capital expenditure, all o the which
together yield aggregate capital formation.
Since all of the production costs Becomes payments in factors of production as wages
(w) or Profit/returns/interest (r), therefore, C must be a measure of value added. In other words,
this total payment as u production cost is received by household and is subsequently spent to buy
back all the output in the economy. The well-known knowledge of economic equilibrium in the
general top of goods and services is invoked. It is also equivalent in the fact that Q is bought by
c. Hence in value terms , C=Q
In the microeconomic profit maximization case, the equality, C=Q, means that Product
exhaustion Occurs and revenue equals cost, Q being then Expressed in terms of dollar value.
Now when such a Q value added is aggregated over all producers in the economy. we obtain the
estimate as national income
If we furthermore add Depreciation demand such as payments to capital, and the equation
takes the form taxes on goods and services, the cost of aggregate production takes equation takes
the form,
C= NI + r.K+r.Q
This must equal by the same general equilibrium requirements of the circular top o goods
and services in the economy ere denotes taxes on incomes, goods and o, al the rate per unit of Q.
In this form, the C denotes total expenditure, which from the side of incomes now equals F+ T
+D.F denotes factor incomes: T denotes indirect taxes. D denotes de demand in investment as.
Hence, Q attained by this total income method is the gross national product, GNP Thus the
production function approach yields the same national output and its composition as we found in
the case of the national income accounting and the input-output relationships.
Sales taxes are paid to government programs by buyers at large. These in turn enter the
production of goods and services in the form of prices. The cost of In These productions are once
again transformed to factor incomes that enable the buying back of GNP. Thus, all sales tax
payments result in the transfer of purchasing power from the private to the public sector
thereafter, they generate demand in the marketplace Sales taxes as costs to the company are not
shown in the production cost, Because they of deductions. But since all tax-payers are household
members, and are of the nature is reflected in payments to factors, therefore, sales taxes emanate
Ultimately e household level.
Depreciation costs on capital equipments are recouped by businesses adding them to the
price of the product. This component or hence of the product generates a revenue of the firm But
a port of revenue spent in replacement demand on capital together with after-tax yields compose
the Thus replacement Capitalization of the value of the company now Suggests that cash-flows.
company's as long as there are steady cash-flow, CF, to business. the replacement cost, will be
capitalized by the present-value of the stream of cash-flows in perpetuity. We can now write the
capitalization formula as follows, with i as the interest rate of denoting cost of capital
D= CF/i