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'
Group '. . ~eory anc.
tie
'.-'.
APRIL &-Ct
M. BANDER, C. ITZYKSON*
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University,
Stanford, California
The internal 0(4) symmetry group of the nonrelativistic hydrogen atom is discussed and used to relate the various
approaches to the bound-state problems. A more general group 0(1, 4) of transformations is shown to connect the various
levels, which appear as basis vectors for a continuous set of unitary representations of this noncompact group.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tbere has been great interest recently in the possible
application of group theory to the strongly interacting
particles. Not only do certain systems possess obvious
symmetries which allow a classification of their spectra,
but it has also been suggested' that one look for certain
transformations
which allow passing from one level
to another and thus get new insight into the structure
of the system.
In nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, several examples of such behavior are known and it may be
worthwhile to investigate in detail a speci6c one. We
have chosen to undertake such a study for the Coulomb
potential which seems very well suited for such an
investigation.
The classical treatment of the subject consists of
solving explicitly the Schrodinger equation in coordinate space by means of hypergeometric functions.
In 1926 W. Pauli, ' found the spectrum of the Kepler
problem in a very elegant way by the use of the conservation of a second vector besides the angular momentum. A few years later, V. Fock' explained the
degeneracy of the levels in terms of a symmetry group
isomorphic to the one of rotations in a four-dimensional
space 04, and a few months later V. Bargmann related
the two approaches explaining further how, in the
Coulomb case, the separation of variables in parabolic
coordinates was linked with the new, conserved vector
a relation well known in classical mechanics. Later
on the rotational invariance was used, for instance, by
J. Schwingers to construct the Green function of the
problem.
Thus the Coulomb problem is interesting for its 04
invariance, but it has been recently remarked that one
can operate in the Hilbert space of bound states with
a still larger group, isomorphic to the de-Sitter group,
0(1, 4), in such a way that one thus gets an irreducible
in6nite dimensional unitary representation of this noncompact group.
"
states.
Several recent lectures given at Stanford by Professor
eman were the inspiration for this work. It is a
pleasure to thank him for his stimulation. It is clear
that many of the results were known to him and certainly to many other physicists. We apologize in
advance for giving only a very sketchy bibliography.
Y. Ne
GROUP
with
the Laplacian
8',+8$2,+t9$3
r= (xrs+xss+xss)
&,
p is the reduced mass and, in the case of an hydrogenlike atom, It=Ze'. Let p;= (ft/i) (8/Bx;) then due to
6 The first relation in Eq. {5) has an obvious geometrical meaning in the Kepler problem where L is orthogonal to the elliptical
orbit and M is along the main axis with a length given by the
excentricity of the ellipse times k. The expression for the energy
di6ers from the classical one only by the Q~ t|",rm,
880
M.
the invariance of
angular momentum
BANDER AND
L44= x,p,
x; p,
Lk = skit Lit/2
C. ITzvzsoN
(2)
(2E/t")
and
E= (pk'/2fi') [1/(2j+1)'j
or with k = Ze'
(3)
(L)/2,
j.
[Lt, Lsg=@e;stLt,
2j
p(@+1)= (2j+1)a=is.
(2/t') H,
It is
a, nde
(5)
3II;= (t /
2E) tM;.
3II)/2 build up
Then, as a result, (L+M)/2 and
two commuting sets of operators, each one satisfying
relations of ordinary angular mothe commutation
mentum; hence
L+SI) /2]'= FPj t ( t+ 1) and
(I
[(
[(LM)/2$'=5'js( js+1).
B. The
GIoba1 Method'
'-E
i"
,
-'1,'~
[H, M;]=0,
(6)
values 0,
. Moreover, as L= (L+M)/2+
the familiar addition theore'm for angular
momenta shows that for a given n= j2+1 the possible
values of L are 0, 1, 2, ~ ~ ~, 2 This procedure shows
that the degeneracy of the levels is equal to
[H, L;j=0,
L &=M L=O
xL k(r/r)
The commutation
tonian B are
331
(I)
) /2]',
(p)
=
I
fact,
In
Alliluev~
q
p
js
it
r S P A]lgnev
Zh Egs crt~ i Teor Fis 33 2PP (1957)
LEnglish transl. : Soviet Phys. JETP 6, 156 (1958)g.
332
APRIL 1966
C(u) =
p/p
pk
2PA
I'I (
f1)/2]
d~+'Q.
C(e)
~(f+1)/2
(13)
The great interest of Eq. (13) is to show that the problem is rotationally invariant in an ( f+1)-dimensional
space, which in the case of = 3 implies an 04 symmetry
group. Before solving Eq. (13) it is interesting to compare the normalization of C and C. We have
space to
f+1 dimensions.
r-'=
(xreg
t)
dry
'
C u
exp
in an
lr,
al
(g)
'
q p I'
8 is
the quantity
Pes=
2mE) 0,
(P
+P
L2(f 1)
) C, (P)
f ~l(f+1)
@'(V)
df
(9)
f+1
u=
An immediate
d'+'fl
.I
p q
P'
Po'
n
P'+P '
calculation
= 2&(N'
2Po
(10)
P'+P '
u
v I'
(ll)
= (Po)
I'=
d'PI ~(P)
I'
(14)
(15)
shows that
(Po'+P')'3~'P
1)d'+'I= E(2Po) '/
drqC
2p
e-
'd~
c(P) I'd'P
c'(P) I'd'P=
= 2n-"Is/F(-,'ts) .
t'P'
iq r),
(
'dO=
'I:(Po'+P')/2Poj "+""C'(P)
(12)
8 If we vary
Po in. Eq. (10) we obtain a mapping of the sphere
onto itself of a type which will be of interest in the next sec.ion.
It can be geometrically described as follows. First perform an
inversion of radius V2 with center at the north pole of the unit
sphere (this projects the sphere on the plane of Fig. j.); then a
"scale" transformation
(u +t u), 6nally the inversion again.
The whole operation leaves the sphere invariant and the north
and south poles do not move. It turns out that we can get the
same result as the product of two inversions with respect to two
spheres orthogonal to the unit one with centers on the northsouth axis.
M.
BANDER AND
C. IrzvKsoN
(I)
333
~ ~ ~
and an index n whose meaning will be
specified in a moment, such that if Y~, is the spherical
harmonic
0, 1, 2,
Iu I"I'~. (&/I
is an homogeneous polynomial
strained by the condition
of degree
=0.
d/+"g~, (u)
in u con-
(16)
in
polynomial
& I) ='JJ~.-(u)
f+1 variables
of degree
v
u
lr
',
u'= 1)
2=.2=i
Hence
(16) gives
constants. Equation
2&
X+f
0=
X
2)
homogeneous conditions; hence the number of independent spherical harmonics belonging to the same ),
Sy, is
f X+@
&
(X+f 2i
k
'A
(X
2 j
tet+i
d~+'0
tt
A3
get
1)IX!
for f = 3 (X+1)', a
I V: v'= 1, v u I'&eI
S,=
Fi, (6)
(f
U Iv:
1+2K)
(
kr-,
'(f+1)
t+'0,
d
1)
2
4!r'
(18)
by
i'(1, v u
~/pe&= (
f1+2K)/2
thus
We have
If
ulr
Iv
'
The integral splits into two parts. The first one tends
smoothly when e goes to zero to an integral evaluated
on the whole sphere. The second part taken over a
tends to
small hemisphere around the point
(f1)/2leex+
J&,
(u)
-',
we
X now identified. with 2j.
formula
with
again get
(6)
The energy levels do not depend on the index a, and
thus there are Eq orthogonal states belonging to the
same eigenvalue of the energy. Equation (17) gives
the degeneracy in that case, Xq= (X+1)'.
At the same time we have obtained the eigenfunctions which are to be identified with a set of spherical
harmonics on the four-dimensional
sphere Lor more
generally on an ( f+1)-di'mensional sphere(. There are
several possible ways to label the additional quantum
numbers in one level and this will be discussed in the
334
RzvIzw oF
MQDERN PHYsIcs
APRIL 1966
I'y, (Opt)
= Iu
l" I'~, -
of
lI
fg, S2,
we,
sg i
~ ~s ~
'A) ~'kg~'cQ)
~ ~ ~
~sf)
2$
I=)
j,
lul&I; (u/lul)
(1/lul)&+p-sI;, (u/lul)
and
W&"
g
'
j,
= up+id'u,
(21)
a b)
E-5
aa+bb=
a= up+pup,
An invariant
b =iut+up
(22)
measure on SU2 is
8(aa+bb
1) ts (dadadb
db),
1) s (dadadbdb)
.
(23)
'
i(u/u)
Q.F).
I'g, J(u/u)
p 2+2K
(20)
lu vl&
W)'+"
f+1
Q,
j,
(24)
Moreover, we can extend SUs to a group I R+ I X SUs,
~This is the conterht of Peter-Weyl theorem. C. Cheralley,
Theory of Lpe Groups (Princeton University Press, Princeton,
N. J., 1946), p. 203.
M.
BANnER Awn
C. IrzvKsoN
Group
t9
Bx'
By'
=4
a4=4
jy
B(up+zuz)
B(up
zup)
j+m
j+~)!L( j+~)!
Q 64$,
(25)
je
B(sa) B(sa)
(29)
B(sb) B(s5)
64$,
()
B(x+zy) B(x z
y)
B(zui+uz) B(
zui+up)
335
hence
(c d)
L(
(I)
(a b)
Atom
&=0, it is suf6cient to
(
j(sA),
j+m~
0'=0
,
Q
j &-.- j(&)F'j.-(5 n)
(30)
poly-
".
(26)
&
m~
with
j+
ztz
zzi+ztp= j+ztz',
Q
n.)0
'gyI.
. . ,
02t'034'84f
(27)
(B.Bd
BbB,
--""'='-
&~
We have
zrt'.
The ordinary matrix elements of the irreducible representations of SU2 corresponding to spin are obtained
by putting in Eq. (27) for 8 the general element
A C SUp. Formula (27) is suited for computing X), j)&
j(sA) can be considered
(sA) when s&0. Now
as a function in the four-dimensional
(real) space,
and obviously it is homogeneous of degree 2j; that is,
I),
j(sA)=s'jS, j(A) .
S,
$- r$
4j~ I )j m]m]
~
A=up+zd u
m2m42
upz+u'= 1. (31)
j(A)Spj(A)= b,
Q S,
(28)
Hence
Sm, *
&
S,j(A)
+ + +
8Sg, BSq, BN2, 8N3
2x'
B'
Ip+tz4 =j ztz
Np+tz4=
B'
is
A X)m,& A
O40=5m, ,2+2,
hand,
27r2
2j+1
+j
~naimp= 2& &mimp
4
336
ApznL
1966
V.
..
'4~
nor-
If A (I) = No+idu,
2j=O, 1,
S,
of
The
",
(32)
&'
I).
&(N)~Vg '+(0
If (V, W)~0,
'
(0 jj)
( V ) +m2'm2 (W)
V2j;ttt1
ttt2
(+)
L( Vt , W)
2mimlmttt2
(33)
,,
62 .
= exp
S,
m24;m2
(33')
0)
(34)
matrix
xn. . ,
But, as is immediate
K)j2'(R) so that
rj
[A(u) r].
(27), Sj(Rr) =
from formula
j[A(jjo, Ru)
, [a(u)r&. (36)
"
(j jjj;j m'
j~~m1&+ j
j(m1+
j
(jul;j~l'! L~)&
'(R)$,'(R). (37)
I
:,
tt=2j+l
V,. ,~~'~(~)
[(8/2) osI )
i(jll+m
2) elf'lm,
I, 1
Consider
Hence
l',
1)
-1.&mL,
+mlml'
('0
then (V, W)
with
the set of spherical harmonics given by Eq. (32), we
have as a result of the properties of X) functions
& ml, m2
= RA R-',
O'= VUR"+
then
A (No, Ru)
j&m, &j.
Yg
to submitting u, the projection of the 4-vector a={No, uI, to the same rotation.
=!(2j+
l 22r
1&
I
tj
Z (j, ~;jm'
-j&mSyj
j(m+~
Xm,
such that
(jjo, R 'u)
'
= V,re
[(I,+id
Lm)
u)rg
(38)
(39)
See for instance, A. Messiah, Quuntlm Mechanics (NorthHolland Publishing Company, Amsterdam,
1964), especially
Vol. II, Appendix C.
M.
BANDER AND
iL sin
I'.;L2j'4'(24) = i2)
~
1')
j D 242
~
&ir
~ ~ ~
dL
L2) ]l d
(rt2
(sin5 j
(COS 5)
gI
(Nq V)
L, M
tn tnf
g $(2j+1)/22r2$5)
=P(2j+1)/2~@
gn.
(cos 228)
Using
formula
we can rewrite
this result,
f+1=4 as
1
(42)
(20) for
'I2
1
= 1 w&2i (1+ (zv (2'
42r'
V
w&j
w&
In
P
i
E,
&
'V&II
j)*,
cos8
E,
2(2/+1)
X&m, m' $A
sin 8
LA(v)
j(A(24)
sin rt8
I e cose
I ='V =1.
.
.
mm/
42
22r2
337
2j in cos 8) . The
of degree
2z'd cos 0
42r'
X(n..
=
is expressed as a polynomial
answer is thus
ju)j
2j;L,jj(N) ~2j;L,ij(V)
(I)
C. ITzvxsoN
sin 8
(1,
(v) ly
sin(X+1)8
LA(N)A-'(v)g,
sin 8
'(v)].
=L(2j+1)/22rpg Tr Sr/A(N)A
(41)
Now we want to compute A(24) A
A (I) A '(v)
'(v).
We have
(1+t' 2t cos8)
'*=
x V)
g t"P
(qc
o8s)
l=0
8 is
(I) A
'(v)
= cos
Lsin
(p/2)
t} e angle between
I and
on the 4-sphere, we
have
cos 8=lpvp+u
v=
(20)
+'
.
= sin (2j+1)8
g exp (2im8)
Sin 0
8). (44)
Xy+Xg=)
cos (Q/2)
(X+1)8/sin 8)=
i sin (p/
2) it n
(2j+1)8/sin 8
(1+t2
2t
cos8)'
'gtl 2F4(2r)"
(r 1)
p
(P), t&(cos
8)
r+li 1
2" 2F(r 1)
if
f
&d
cos)
"
' sin
(li+r 1)8
sin 0
338
f966
APRIL
formation
and
(Pq(2") (cos
8) =
' sin
) "
2 (r+X 1)
(2)r)'
dcos8)
() (u)
p'2
I2
(X+r 1) 8
~P3
84
(2))
r& 2. (45)
2) 2
(p2+p
sin 8
(2&)
X p
pp 2ps
2pp
PsP( 8
8
I9ps
8) =
(r+X -,')
'
22r
"
The infinitesimal
t'
!
&d
cos8j
(srjl) (u)
J'),
(2r+1)
~)(cos 8)
(&)
BC
po 8p2
(p'+po')'C'(p)
&&
and yields:
(P),(2"+n(cos
8pp
pp
PsP2
(48)
(P) = ( i)P(/SP0)
oosMPsC
(49)
(P)
(P)(P+Pp)22
Of course, one can express these polynomials
of products of Legendre polynomials.
in terms
po
po ps
p'+po'
p'+po'
2ppps
p" +po'
2ppp(
2pop(
p'+po'
or
Using
opsr.
whose components
M=
002(PSP2/Pp)
&p)
= 002(pops/po)
p +po
2i-
~p&
M=
are
3',
3fp3
Mp27
r+r!fp' (P r)
r) !
&2p
. p')
p
r
ih, r.
(p r)
(p
I
p)
(50)
M = (p/2p) x L
L x (p/2)(s)
(is/r) r
22= 2j+1I
(4&)
infinitesimal
22fi,
17 2
r)
p'
2p
po'
(p'
2ps')/2poj,
BP2
2 pops
p'+ po'
p" +po'
&ps=
pp
ps
(p
xs
Parabolic Coordinates4
p" +po'
po
2p
trans-
pp
2
2pp
2
(joP
'
M.
According to
C'n;m, m
C.
ITzYKSON
Eq. (36)
(Rp)
B,
(I)
339
)iX
) @n;mlml (p)
BANDER AND
around the s
iir
8,
. .
Hence, C.
+m. m (R-epSQ)
= eXP L i(ttti+rrts)
ePS/S, m '(st),
where E.
indicates a rotation through angle
&03
in the (03) plane. Changing from
ops to +cps and
comparing with Eq. (49), we have immediately the
action of M3. We now have
p
Ms
Using
xs
2p
fP
'Ag
)2(
ps
(p
'Ai&
22)s
+2
()il+~2)
~)11
p, .
2'(
4 4
1 cPI
On the other
11
r)
. (p). (52)
pp
&
e))
8)~+2-fP 1
~1+)12
~~2)
tt
One has
r= (xi'+xs'+xs')
Xi= r+xs
) 2=r X3.
(54)
2,
~1+4
g
'
lb.
~~1
(53)
l9
~)11
+2
8&
(56)
I.
l9
1)~2
~)12
(1
2 ('Ai
1 i 82
)12j 8$2
III. THE
vrith
A;=2
X;
8
()X,
)1t,
+ 2)1, Bg
2)s
1
pp
(pp'/)
= ~.
LARGER GROUP
340
APRIL 196C)
z-u =0
st = sf(z+f) ' (s
f) '$. It contains the transformations
(i) to (iv) which appear as
p+1 dimensions.
space on a paraboloid
6 for
which
p)2;
&Ou,
(a) u
(b) u
cpu+at,
s~s+2R'll+a
(c) u~u,
(d) u~u,
S~t t~s.
transformation
vector):
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
orthogonal transformations
translations
scale transformations
inversions
in p-dimensional
space
(57)
[n,jQ~+ng, u 2 +ctgt$
' '
~
Qf
~ ~
~ ~ ~
Agz
'''
A'
~ ~ ~
/V
~'sz
~
u2 invariant,
leaves the form st
/V
~ ~ ~
0 0
&Ou
~ ~ e
tlat+ 8
u~P u
u~u/~ u
~'.
When combined in all possible manners these transformations generate a group: the conformal group. All
leave the angle between two
these transformations
curves invariant. We can describe this group more
precisely as follows": imbed the p-dimensional space
f~f
t1'jjBj+ctgzu +(x~(
+Q
f,
As t+ t
The general
is then"
S.
s~s~ $~$
"The
l.aplace
M.
BANnKR ANn
~ ~
go
g u'
(I)
341
(Q
ao; du;)
U~+ (ape+
g aou;)
D(U;)/D(u;) =$(aoo+
goo
C. ITzvxsoN
det (a;;U;ap;).
(62)
Using the expression of U in terms of u we get
D(U)
D(ur)
(aoo+
Q ao,~;) "+'
~ ~ ~
+ Pao, u,
ao
o ~ ~
a+ga;,u;"
X d.et
a,,
a,
~ ~
" a;
(63)
with
D(U;)
("2)
(app+
Q ao,u, ) &+'
A=~i.
det A.
(Z", ;) &(Z;)(Z;).
Then the transformation
on u, 8, t is
',
(s'+t') =aooo(s+t)+
-',
(s'
t') =-', (s
t),
ue
=aepp(z+t)
t'=a, o+
+ Q augur',
Hence for
belongs
to the
u'=1
we have
1)&)0 and
app+ gtap%r
app
Coo
ao,~;.
induced by A is
~;).
ao,
Q ap,~;)'.
Sp
Ug
1) d~U.
(61)
S.
U d"0p
f(U(u) )
ao u ' ~~ ~1
aoo+
(60)
d"0.(64)
qaog%q
Wl =28(U' 1) d"U=
Q a;,u;)/(app+
d~0v=2~(U'
ao') =aoo' 1.
Q aer%j
(Q aor~))'&(Q
(s=1, t=1, u)
ui I =aio+
Q aors,
g(U(u))
X
~
aoo+
g ao~'
d"0
(65)
with
of
342
0(1, p)
afforded by
element fQ Xweset
X. Given
ip
a A&0(1, p) and an
app(A
')+
Jap
'u;= ~,p(&-')+Z
~pp(ii
f(A. 'u)
i
T~ is obviously
f~T~f
[Ts f$(u) =
The operator
(A ')u
0(1, P),
(67)
i&
~v(~ ') u
')++~~(~
of
(66)
')u~
(68)
')+ Q ap;(As
(69)
are
transformations
1+rriPi+crsPp+PL
j.
0 0
S.
(0, 2) plane;
ohio)
oo o)
in the
generator I'~.
01 0)
P, =
100
(oo o)
o
000
s
The commutation
[L, Pi]=Ps
o)
relations are
[L, Ps]= Pi
(71)
[Pi, Ps]= L.
)T fl(N) =U(Z
)ooi li'o-loi+'rg
(72)
M.
Let p be equal to
Eq. (59)
s 0
P+ cos 0') /(1
(
sin
BAN11ER ANn
P
s
343
(T f) (u)
0)
(I)
We have
(1
)t
11(2f
p+u;
1
Put
Qy
N2
xl (1
Put
Pu; 1
cos p) 7,
p+
Put)
TA'=I+pT(P, )
T(P;) =-,'(p 1)u;+u; Q u, (8/Bu;) (8/Bu;).
Writing
and
(TAf) (P)
1
pcos$
&
f (arctan
I
sing
cosp p
f(4')+p((cos 4'/2)f(4')+n
4'(it/~4')f(4')
+1+-,'(1
2m)
Fm
. ( Fry+1
4i
1+2m
4z
Fm-1)
~~x-
(76)
T(Lu) =u'(~/~ur')
('73)
ut(~/~u').
T(P2)
C. Irzvxsow
L'= Q T(L~t)'
+ 2i. ( Fto+1+ Fm
2ne
1
(74)
4z
(78)
1)
[L'
u,
f(u)
1) u
,
The formulas
(72), (73), and (74) give us the representation of the Lie algebra of 0(1, 2) afforded by our
construction. One veri6es of course the commutation
relations (71). Moreover the generators are antiHermitian as a consequence of the unitarity of the
representation. We can prove the irreducibility using
the Lie algebra. Indeed constructing T+
iT(Pz)
we
TpY
(79)
put u'=1 on the unit sphere hence comparing
and (79) we have
j.
= [(1&2rN)/2]Fg1.
(75)
T(P;). Let
~ ~ ~
(76)
(8o)
This
last equation gives in essence the procedure
T(P1)&scribed by Dothan, Gell-Mann, and Ne'eman'
ind
de-
to
0.
I
Jt
~I+PP; =
u I"F1.&(4)
lul
et
8'
+
alul a lul
Iul
I.2
(81)
344
APRIL 1966
'
(82)
Now
Fn, L,p
F,r,r~4'(up,
&
(83)
[2'(&i) +i2'(~p)
IFp'"'=
= F,
r,
p'4&
the
hence
spherical harmonic;
(P 1)
(38). We have
three-dimensional
l). (A1)
g, p~ &(up, v)
=i L(2L+1)/2x
7~T,r, (h)
(A2)
-.~(
(2j+1l
p ( j m;j
L 0) (n . '(up+ivy)I')*,
(2j+1)& 1
2~.&(&) = l&2L+1)l
'~
g (j, m; j,
L, 0)( 1)~exp (
2iml'&).
T,
t&&;
j, m
.
L, 0)
Hence
(xi~
2m'j
Q (jm;jt'
u
= (up, u)
LM)
2j+1=u.
1)'~r (
r&p l L, 0) = (
( j, m; j,
APPENDIX
We want to derive formula (40) from
usual
write
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
)*.
(up, v) ($fp~(E p)
IV. CONCLUSION
The construction of unitary representations of noncompact groups which have the property that the
(E p )
Frf&P&(u/l
Fp&
).
v) K&pM
Hence
u)
(up&
i .
M. BAIInFR
Then using ( j, m;
j, m! 0, 0) =( 1)'
Awn
T.,o(&) =
exp
~(n i)/2
sin
( 2im8) = .
sin
s8
5
(2L-1)(2L
1)
L+1
L+1
'
[n' (L+1)'$'*
')&T,l, I(8) . (A5)
to
"
[(d/d8)+I
= [rt' (L+
1) 'O'T. , ~I
(A6)
,
=[n (L) 1~T,,-I
2I.+1
(L
+1)']'*T,
I+I(8)
[rtz
'*T
1~(n' L2)) o'
. (A4)
( )
[(
1)(te
2z)'
'(
) ~ sin
g( j+1)m(m+1)
and
(2m+1) ( j, m+1; j,
5),
+2L
( j, m;j,
345
T,l, (8) =
dB
(I)
Atom
Hence
'
2L+1
rtz
(
L+1)'
j, m; j, m! LO) =(L+1) (2L+1) (2L+3)
X( j, m; j, m! L+1, 0)
m'
L'
'
(A3)
Furthermore
2m(
(2j+1)& that
we find
m~(n 13/2
C. II'zvxsoN
m! L,
'
' '
&d
'
cos Bj
N8
sin 5
1)
1)')
L(L+2) (rt2 (L+
(2L+1) (2L+3)
&
&( sin b~
l'1
d cos b]
1,
1)
= tt.
2j+1
+&
2 ( j~ j
2L+1& il =;
~
&~ sin
m~
LO)
(nb)
sill 5
( 1) ~"
X exp ( 2imb)