Lifedependsonsolarenergy;biodiversityprovidesnaturalservices;nutrincincyclin=littlewaste;sustainableyield=maxuse;lessthan1permilleniumcurrentextrateis1000xhighert

hanfossilrecord;predictionis10xhigherthancurrent;ecolgoicaldeficit=footprint>biocapcaitytoreplensihresources&absrobwastes&pollution;topfootpringUS,EU,Japan,Chi
na,India;reasonsforprobs:popgrowthunsustaibaleresorucesusepovertyexcludeenvcostsfrommarketprices;american30xindian:affluenza;poverty1.25/day;relymoreonsun,pr
otectbiodviersty;reducewasteandsustainable;deferredcoststhosethaymaynotbeimmmediatelyrecognizedandpaidlateragrsoilerosion,externalcostsbornebysomeoneotherhta
nindividualusingresoucecleanupofhazardouswastesites;risk=hazardxexposure;riskmanagment=reduceprobabilityormagnitdeofnegoutcome;25%nopotablewater;cholera
malariadenguefeverdysenteryfromwater;american100gal/400Lperday69%solvent29%irrigation2%drinkcook;BOD=#ofO2reqiuredtodecayacertain#oforganicmatter;part
iuclates=alterclarity,coverspawnignsites,abrasivetoinjureogranisms,carrytoxicmaterials;ExxonValdezranagroundinPrinceWilliamSoundALin1989&spilled42millLofoil,a
ffected390milesofcoastline,localeconsevere;50%biodegradedoneachesorwater20%evapo14%recovered12%seabottom3%shorelines1%adrift;groundwaterpollution:pesti
cides,leakagefromstoragetanksundergound,lanfdills,nolinerstostopleake,nosystemtocollectleachatethatseepsfromlandfill;20milseptictanks,1/3operateimproperly;,unlined
,noleardetectionsystem;primarysewagetreatment:removeslaregparitlcesviafiltrationandpumpsremainigwaterintosettlingponds&lakes;secondary:biogloicalprocess,promo
tebacterialgrowntodegradeorgancmmatter,rickinglingfilteringwastewatersprayedoverasurfaceofrocktoincreseamountofdissovledoxygen;sewageslude=mixtureoforganis
ms&particualtematterhtathavesettledotuudringthetreatmentproces,waterandsludgeseparateout;tertiarysewageadditionalstageusedtoremoveinorganicnutrietnsP&N$;grou
ndwterminig:removingwaterfasterthanreplenishment,landsettlint(sinkholes),lowwatertable,saltwaterintrusion;macro:N,P,K;Micro:B,Zn,Manganese;fatsolublebuildupinf
attissues;DDT,mercury,PCBsbiomagnifcaiton;honeybees:1/3USdiet;99%ofnextbillioinwillbebornpoor;povertyresultsinenvdegration;replacmentfertility=2.1;developd16
%pop81%
$;lowincome3.4$41%pop;US:1%pop40%wealth;sprawl:unplanned,lowdesnityhousingandcommercialdevelopemtnoustideofcities,noideawheregoing,postWWIIcheapcar
gas,housingboomlowmortgage,hgihwaytrsutfund;87%fossil,6%nuclear8%renewable;globalpeakproduction=pointintimewhenwereachthemaxoverallrateofcrudeoilprodu
ctionforthewholeworl;refiningseparatescrudeoilindiflayers;impactsfossil:landdisruption,airpollution,greenhousegasemissinos,waterpollutionfromspills,fracking,lossofbi
odiversity;oilshale=rockcontainssolidcombustilemixtrueofhydrocarbonscalledkerogenswhichcanbeprocessedtoproduceshaleoil:lownetenergy,veryhighenvimpact,highwa
teruse,highCO2emissinos,severelanddisruption;tightoilislightcrudeoilfoundinsdieshalerocks,beingharvestedusinghorizontaldrillingandfrackingtechinques;soilsandsconta
inbitumenandrequirenextechandexpensiveharmfultechtocapture,refine;naturalgas:50to90%ismethane:highnetenergy,versatilefuelforheat,propelvehicles,electricity,above
mostreservoirsofcrudeoil,whenafieldistapped,propaneandbutanegasesareliquifiedandremovedasliquifiedpetroleumgas(LPG),cleanestburningamountthefossilfuels,releasi
ngmuchlessco2perunitofenergythancoal,crudeoil,andsyntheticcrudeoilfromtarsandsandoilshale;hydraulicfracturing,orfracking,pumpswatermixediwthsandandsometoxicc
hemicalsundergroundtofracturedeeprockandfreeupnaturalgasstoredthere;gasflowsout,alognwithtoxicslurryofwater,salts,toxicheavymetals,andnaturallyoccurringradioacti
vematerialsthatisstoredintanksandholdingponds;drillersmaintainfrackignnecessaryforexploitingreservesatlowcostandnogroundwatercontaimnationdirectlyduetofracking;
holdingtoxicslurrycanleakandpolluteriversandstreams;naturalgastransportedasliquifiednatrualgas,lownetenergyyield,1/3ofcontentusedtoprocessit,longtermforconventioa
nlnaturalgasisbetterthancrudeoil;coalisasolildfossilfuelformedformlandplants300to4000milyerasagandexposedtointenseheat,coalburnedinpowerplantstogenerate42%wor
lseelctricity,burnedinidustrialplatnstomakesteel,cement,products;threelargestcoalbruningcountiresChinaUSINdia,colaplentifulandcheap;coalplantsemitCO2,emittoxicm
aterials,highlytoxicashtobestoredforever,ChianleadingmeitterofCO2andsulfurdioxide;nuclearplantcoslty,boiilwatertoproducesteamthatspinsaturbineandgenerateselectrici
ty,controllednucelarfissionprovideheat,fuelforreactormadefromuraniumoreminedfromearthscrust,pellletsofuraniumdioxide;miniguranium,enrchinU,useinreactor,storesr
adiaoctivewastes,retireplant,storematerialfor1000syears;sarcophagusatchernobyl;84%commercialenergywasted,41%unavoidable,poorinsulation,faultybulbsmotorsvehic
lesplants;hydropower:indirectformofsolarenergy,basedonevapofwater,builddameacrosslargerivertocreatereservoir,leadingrenewablenergy,China,Canada,Brazil,US,Russi
a,Norway;siltsedmient:damagefishgillsbreathigndifficult;cloduywaterabsorbsmoresunlightthanclear,raisewatertemp,siltsettlestobottomissediment,increaseinsedimentcan
killaquaticinsectsbysuffocatingthem,sedimentsmotherfisheggstoalternaturalrepoppattersn,destroyhabitat;persistentpollutants:oil,cadmium,leda,mercury;nonpoint:sedime
nt&nutrients,lesscommonsalts,oil,grease,toxicchemicals,heavymetals;point:sewagetreatment,inudstiralplants,animalfeedlots;littoral:lightpenetratestothebottom,aquaticpl
antsgrow;limnetic:openwaterareawherelightdoesntpenetratetobottom;euphotic:layerfromsurfacedowntodepthwherelightlevelsbecometoolowforphoto;benthic:bottomsedi
ment;PCBs:polychlorinatedbiphenyls;oceaniczone:deeperthan600ft,dividedintoepipelic,mesopelagic,bathypelagic;90%ofspaceinoceanliesinmidnightzone,devoidoflight;
waterdiversions:chagnenutrientflow,waterflow,
%waterchemistry;makesdifficultformigraotrybirdstofindareastorestandeatastheymigrate,damsdenymigratingsalmonaccesstotheirnativestreamstoreproduce;habitatfragme
ntation:toosmalltosupportmammalsthatneedlargeterritoirestomateandfindfood;thermalpollution:additionofhoteffluentsandhotwaterbodies,warmwaterlessoxygen;troutegg
sfailtohatchwhilesalmondoesnotspawnathighertemp;sourcesofthermalpollution:powerplantscreatinelectricityfromfossilfuel,waterasacoolingagnetinindustrialfacilities,def
orestationoftheshoreline,soilerosion,agriculturesources;tempchangescausecellwallslesspermeabletonecessaryosmosis,coagulationofcellproteins,alterationofenzymemeta
bolism;increasesplantgrowthreates,shortlifespanandspeciesoverpopulation;thermalenrichment:leadtoimprovedfunctionofthereceviningaquaticecosystem,manateepopulat
ionsbenefitfromplantdischargesiteswarmwater;urbanrunoffcancausethermalpollution,bioretentionsystemsnadninfiltratoinbasins;amountofheattrappedintropospheredepen
dsonconcentrationofheat:trappinggasesandlengthoftimetheyresideinatmosphere,greenhousegases:watervapor,carbondioxide,ozone,methane,nitrouseoxide,CFCs;CO2mo
stimportantbecauseoflargerinputbutlesseffectivethanothers;warmingisntproblem,itsrateofwarmingwhichpreventspeopleandecologytoadapt,climatebeltsshift,lessfertilear
eas;33%popliveinlowareastobeflooded,refugeprobs;lossofproductivewetlandsandestuaries,decliensinfishpopswithincreasedtemps;heatwavesanddraguhts,hurricanes,ban
kruptinsuranceindustry,increaseinheatrelateddeaths,trpicaldiseasesspreadinnorth,morefavorableenvforbacteria;northernhemiswarmfaster,landabsorbslessheatthanocean;e
volutionofphotosyntheticoxygenproducingbacteriahasproducedozonelayerinstratosphereprotectfromUV450milyears;CFCs:CFC11&CFC12;stable,odorless,nonflammab
le,nontoxic,noncorrosive,inexpensive;coolants,propellants,cleaningagents,fumigants,sterilants,bubbles;notremovedfromtropospherebynormalatmosphericchemicalreacti
onsbecausetheyarewaterinsolubleandunreactive;risetostratospherereside65to135years;UVradiationprovideshighenergyforthemtobreakdown,releasinghighlyreactiveCLat
oms;CLatomsreactwithozonetoproduceO2,CLisreleasedandactstoinititaethebreakdownofanotherO3molecule;40to50%ozonedestroyedinspingandearlysummerin1984ove
rAnterctica;seasonal:winterpolarvortexairmasssepartedfromrestofatmosphere,waterdropletsformicecraystelsthatcollectCFCsandspeedupreactionthatreleasesCLandCLO,
CLOmoleculesreactiwtheachothertoformCL2O2whichcannotreactwithozoneduringwinteriwthoutsunlightsoitaccumulatesinpolarvortex;springincreaedsunlightmeltsicepr
ovidesenergyforCL2O2tobreakdowntoCL;warmertempsmelticecrystalsanddisruptpolarvortexpreventingstorageofCL2O2andmixingformignnewozonethatlastsuntilnexts
pring;airmassessflowingnorthwardpassovermoreland,producingatmosphericdistrubancesthatcausearcticpolarvortextowanderandlurchlessstable,Antarctica;UVAlowesten
ergyageskintanningsunburn,UVBshorterwavelengthhigherenergy,sunbrunagingwrinklingksincancer;replaceCwithT;p53genemutationcauseofskincancer,sitesDNArepair;
quickest,cheapestmosteffectivewaytoreduceemissionsistouseenergymoreefficiently;nuclear1/6asmuchascoal,naturalgas1/3ofcoal;CO2scrubbers,phoasoutgovsubsidies,b
uyandsellemissions,stopdeforestation;addirontooceantostimualtemarinealgaetoremoveCO2fromatm;sunmirrorsinspacetoreducesolarinput,stimualtevolcaniceruptions,inj
ectsulfateparticlesintostratospheredestroyozonelayer;substitutes:HCFCsshorterstratosphericresidencetimes;HFCshavelittleaffectonozone,longerresidencethanCO2;HCsn
otdamaging;Antercticstratosphericblimps:injectnegativelychargedelectgronsthatowuldbetakenupbyCL,convertingCLnotreactiwhtozone,attractCLtoremvoefromstratospe
hre,expensive,couldunpredictable;laserstoblastCFCsout,alotofenergy,noappropraitelasers,adverselyaffectlciamtebidsplanes;emissions:US,China,Russia,Japan;globalwar
mingreducedensityandsalinityofwater;clouds:day,refelctiveandcool,night:insulatetowarm,thinandhigh:warm:lowandthick:cool;albedo:abilityofearthssurfacetoeflectlight,
icesheetsifmeltedmoresunlightabsorbedandwarmignaccelerated;increaseinCO2=increaseCH4;warmerclimate=moreairconditiong=moreburningoffsilfuels=morewarming
;aerosolsoffsetwarmingbutmorepollution;increaseintempsallowinsectsandpeststolviethroughwinterdestroyingcrops;coralreefsbleached;UVC=mostdangerous;ozoneabsor
bs99%ofharmfulincomingUVfromsun;polarvortex:hugeswirlingmassofverycoldairthatsisolatedfromrestofatmosphereuntilsunreturnsamonthlater;