Jason A.

Leao
07/11/14
BSF-IV
R. Poblete

Ms. Solita
Fisheries Extension
(Social and Cultural Factors in Extension)

4.1. Social Structure

The established patterns of internal organization of any social group.

The factors causing the division of people into groups and societies are as
follows:
Sex Division
Religious and ceremonial groups
Division based on age
Kinship/kinship groups
Grouping on the basis of common residence

4.1.1 Sex Division

Unique systems of relationship between opposite sexes

Where does the matter of sex traditionally abound in the

Philippines?
Beliefs
Values
Sentiments

Sometimes one sex is superior to the other, oftentimes excluding one or

other sex from certain spheres of activity such as:
Religious;
Ceremonial; or
Political leadership

4.1.2 Religious and ceremonial groups

Members have common loyalties and attitudes

Different religious groups affect the performance of an individual

4.1.3 Division based on age

Gives one bodily and mental characteristics generally common to others

of the same age, but different from the individuals who are appreciably
older or younger.

4.1.4 Kinship/kinship groups

are groups of closely related people

"core" of social organization
paramount factor in organizing group activities

Fraternity brother to a co-member

A whole nation calling its ruler "Father"

Kinship ties, are behavior of kinship group, attributes and

responsibilities where members conform to.

Kinship ties fall into three categories:

Ties of biological ancestry consanguinity
Ties of marriage affinity
Fractional ties - adoption being godparents or due to beliefs, etc.

4.1.5 Groupings in the basis of common residence

Usually consist of one small unit, the family

Comprises the rural and urban communities

Rural communities are usually small and the occupation of the people is
usually farming, fishing and food gathering, supplemented by cottage
industries.

Urban communities are usually large, with the people engaged in varied
occupations.

4.2 Culture of a Society

Society refers correspondingly to specific and usually localized

population with distinctive customary ways of aggregation.
Consists of individuals with given age and sex patterns, birth and death
rates, community distribution or settlement patterns, degree of
mobility

Culture focus on the customs of people

could not exist without people
could not transmit without society

The way in which people live, their customs, traditions, methods of

cultivation, etc.

older children and adults behavior

customs and traditions from kinship
initiation by elders

experiences

Culture is basically concerned with actions, ideas and artifacts which

individuals have learned, shared and valued.

4.2.1 Changes in Culture

Culture changes as different patterns of behavior are adopted:

Clothing
Transportation
Housing
Personal relationships
Society
General Economic Status
Shortages
Copying the ideas of another culture -"women's lib" womens liberation in
Europe begun after World War II

4.3 Factors Promoting Change

Elements of the system susceptible to change are:

People
Organization
Environment
Attitudes
Patterns of Communication

HOW DO THESE ELEMENTS AFFECT ONE ANOTHER?

The Factors Promoting Changes in the Society are:
Innovators - individual influences
Contact with other culture - "acculturation"
Communications - roads, newspapers, radios, television, internet
communication
Other factors - learning institutions, political and economic factors, money,
environment, better education and good working conditions
Extension of the rural development work - extension workers and
personnel from other rural development organizations