Manajemen Operasi

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS &

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:
TRANSFORMATION & NETWORK PROCESS

Manop/Kuliah 1-2/yad/17 Feb-2015

Kuliah ke-1-2:
Selasa, 17 Februari 2015
R: A-101
Jam 13.00 15.30

Outline:
Definisi Operations Management & Supply
Chain Management
Network & Hirarki Operasi
Critical Process in Manufacturing &
Services
Basic Supply Chain

I. Definisi Operations &

Supply Chain Management
Operasi didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses transformasi.
Operations and supply chain management (OSM): the
design, operation, and improvement of the systems that
create and deliver the firms primary products and
services.
Chase & Aquilano
Operations management is the activity of managing the
resources which are devoted to the production and delivery
of products and services.
Slack, Chambers, Johnston

Operations are everywhere

The best way to start understanding the nature of
Operations is to look around you.
Everything you can see around you (except the flesh and
blood) has been produced by an operation.
Every service you consumed today (radio station, bus
service, lecture, etc.) has also been produced by an
operation.
Operations Managers create everything you buy, sit on,
wear, eat, throw at people and throw away.

Contoh operasi
Back office operation in
a bank

Kitchen unit
manufacturing operation

Take-out / restaurant
operation

3 fungsi inti operasi (core functions)

1). Fungsi marketing (termasuk sales). Bertanggung jawab

mengkomunikasikan barang dan jasa ke pasar, guna menggenerate kebutuhan barang dan jasa untuk pelanggan.
2). Fungsi product development. Bertanggung jawab dalam
menciptakan produk baru dan memodifikasi barang dan
jasa guna meng-generate kebutuhan pelanggan.
3). Fungsi operasi. Bertanggung jawab memproduksi dan
men-delivery barang dan jasa, guna memenuhi kebutuhan
pelanggan.

Fungsi-fungsi penunjang (support functions)

1). Fungsi accounting & finance. Menyediakan

informasi untuk pengambilan keputusan,
serta mengelola sumber-sumber keuangan
organisasi.
2). Fungsi SDM (sumber daya manusia).
Merekrut dan mengembangkan pekerja
dan menyejahterakannya.

Operasi & Proses

Operasi terdiri dari sekumpulan proses-proses
(atau unit atau departemen) yang saling berhubungan
satu sama lain dan membentuk jaringan (network).
Tiap proses merupakan bagian kecil dari keseluruhan
operasi, berbentuk satu bagian (a part), dan
mentransformasikan resources flow antar bagian
tersebut.
Mekanisme tiap operasi yang mentransformasi
input menjadi output adalah proses-proses.
Suatu proses adalah susunan sumber-sumber yang
memproduksi campuran (mixture) produk & servis. Ini
adalah building blocks dari semua operasi-operasi
dengan satu internal netwok untuk satu operasi.

Internal supplier & Internal customer

Setiap proses sebelum merupakan internal supplier, untuk internal

customer proses berikut.

Konsep Internal customer memberikan kita model untuk menganalisis

aktivitas-aktivitas internal dari suatu operasi.

Jadi, dengan menangani Internal customer pada tingkatan yang sama dengan
External customer, akan mengefektifkan peningkatan keseluruhan operasi.
(Lihat contoh proses pada non-operations functions).
Mentransformasikan
resources flow proces

proses
External
supplier

proses
Internal
supplier

Operasi
Internal
customer

Internal
customer

proses

proses

Internal
supplier

Building blocks berupa susunan sumber-sumber

(resources) yang memproduksi gabungan products
& services

dst

.. dst

proses

.. dst

External
customer

proses

Contoh proses pada fungsi-fungsi non-operasi

Fungsi
organisasi

Proses-proses di
dalamnya

Output dari proses

Customer(s) dari
outputs

Marketing and
sales

Planning process
Forecasting process

Marketing plans
Sales forecasts

Order taking process

Confirmed orders

Senior management
Sales staff, planners,
operations
Operations, finance

Budgeting process
Capital approval processes
Invoicing processes

Budgets
Capital request evaluations

Finance and
accounting

Invoices

Everyone
Senior management
requesters
External customers

Human
resources
management

Payroll processes
Recruitmen processes
Training processes

Salary statements
New hires
Trained employees

Employees
All other processes
All other processes

Information
technology

Systems review process

Help desk process
System implementation
project process

System evaluation
Advice
Implemented working
systems and aftercare

All other processes

All other processes
All other processes

Network unit sumber-sumber individual

(man, dan unit process technology, seperti machines,
computers, storage facilities, etc)

Setiap proses memiliki network unit individual resources, seperti

man, machines, computers, storage facilities, etc.

Sumber-sumber ditransformasikan antara tiap unit dari sumber

yang ditransformasikan (transforming resources).

Jadi, tiap operasi dibentuk dari suatu network proses-proses, dan

setiap proses dibentuk dari network of resources..

Setiap operasi dapat dilihat sebagai bagian dari network operasi

yang lebih besar yang terdiri dari tiga level, yaitu proses, operasi
dan supply network.

Fungsi-fungsi primer OM

System design, involves decisions that relate to system capacity, the

geographic location of facilities, arrangement of departments and
placement of equipment within physical structures, product and service
planning, and acquisition of equipment.

System operation, involves management of personnel, inventory planning

and control, scheduling, project management, and quality assurance.
Other part of the operations function:
- Purchasing: responsibility for procurement; close contact with
operations; evaluate vendors (quality, reliability, service, price,
ability to adjust to changing demand); receiving and inspecting the
purchased goods.
- Industrial engineering: scheduling; performance standards; work
methods; quality control; material handling.
- Distribution: shipping of goods to warehouses, retail outlets, or
final customers.
- Maintenance: general upkeep and repair of equipment; buildings
and grounds; heating and air-conditioning; removing toxic wastes;
parking; and perhaps security.

Operations input resources and outputs

Transformed
resources
Materials
Information
Customers
Input
resource
s

Transformation process

Output
Customers
products
and services

Transforming
resources
Facilities
Staff

Outputs are products and services

that add value for customers

Operations Decision Making

Marketplace

Corporate Strategy

Finance Strategy

Operations Strategy

Marketing Strategy

Operations Management

People

Plants

Parts

Materials &
Customers

Planning and Control

Input

Production System

Processes
Products &
Services
Output

Model manajemen operasi

Operations
performance

Transformed
resources
Materials
Information
Customers
Input
resources
Transforming
resources
Facilities
Staff

Operations
strategy

Design

Operations
management

Planning and
control

Operations
strategy

Improvement

Output
products and Customers
services

Hubungan interfungsi antara operasi-operasi

Engineering/
technical
function

Understanding of
the capabilities and
constraints of the
operations process

Product/service
development
function

Analysis of new
technology options Understanding of
process technology
New product and
needs
Accounting
service ideas
Provision
Understanding of the
and finance
of relevant
capabilities and
function
data
constraints of the
Operations
Financial analysis
operations process
function
for performance
Market
and decisions

requirements

Understanding of human
resource needs

Understanding Provision of systems for

of infrastructural design, planning and
and system control, and improvement
Recruitment
needs
development
and training

Human
resources
function

Information
technology
(IT) function

Marketing
function

Transformations

Physical--manufacturing

Locational--transportation

Exchange--retailing

Storage--warehousing

Physiological--health care

Informational--telecommunications

Input-Transformation-Output Relationship For Typical

Systems (SIRTO)
System

Inputs

Resources

Transformation

Output

Restaurant

Hungry
customers

Food, chef, waitress,

environment

Well-prepared and
well-served food

Satisfied
customers

Hospital

Patients

Physicians, nurses,
equipment, rmedical
supplies

Health care

Healthy
individuals

Automobile
factory

Sheet steel,
engine parts

Tools, equipment,
workers

Fabrication,
assembly of cars

High-quality
cars

College or
University

High school
graduates

Teachers, class rooms, Impart knowledge

books
and skills

Educated
individuals

Department
Store

Shoppers, stock
of goods

Displays, salesclercks

Attract shoppers,
promote products,
fill orders

Sales to
satisfied
customers

Airline

Travellers

Airplanes, crews

Move to destination

On time, save

Distribution
Center

Stockkeeping
Units (SKU)

Storage bins,
stockpickers

Storage and
redistribution

Fast deliveries,
availability of
SKUs

Kebanyakan operasi memproduksi gabungan products & services

Crude oil production
Aluminium smelting

Acme Whistles

Specialist machine tool

production
Prt a Manger
Restaurant
Information systems
provider

IKEA

Management consultancy
Psychotherapy clinic
IKEA-furniture

Mwagusi Safari
Lodge

Pret a Manger-sandwhch and snack retailer

Pure products
Outputs that are
exclusively tangible

Mixture of products and

services Outputs that
are a mixture of the
tangible and intangible

Pure services
Outputs that are
exclusively intangible

II. Jaringan & Hirarki Operasi - give it explanation !!

Operasi dapat dianalisis pada tiga tingkatan (level):
Flow between operations

The level of the supply network

Flow between processes

The level of the operation

The level of the process

Flow between resources

Operasi dapat dianalisis pada tiga level (lanj.)

Flow between operations

Operations management is
concerned with the flow of
transformed resources
between operations,
processes, where
External operations interact
with internal processes to form
the external supply network

Flow between resources

Processes form an internal

supply network and
become each others
customers and suppliers

Contoh analisis pada tiga level:

The supply network Flow between operations
Studios
Casting
agency
Creative
agency

Promotion
agency

Programme
/video
maker

Broadcasting
company

Supply network
programme dan
video

The operation Flow between processes

Operasi
programme
dan video

Contoh analisis pada tiga level (lanj.)

The supply network Flow between operations

Programme
and video
maker

The operation Flow between processes

Engineer
-ing
Marketing
and sales

Finance and
accounting

Production
unit

Post
production

Set and props

manufacture

Operasi programme dan video

Contoh analisis pada tiga level (lanj.)

The supply network Flow between operations

Programme
and video
maker
The operation Flow between processes

Set and props

manufacture

Proses Set
and props
manufacturing

Set
design

Set
construction
Props
acquisition

Set
finishing

Perusahaan TV dan Video dibagi dalam dua end-to-end

business processes
End-to-end process for programme production
Engineering
Programme
marketing and
sales

Programme finance
and accounting

Programme
production unit

Programme and
video maker

Programme set and

props manufacture

Programme
post
production

End-to-end process for music video production

Music video
marketing and
sales

Music video
finance and
accounting
Music video set
and props
manufacture

Music video
production
unit

Music video
post
production

Semua fungsi menggunakan proses-proses untuk

menyediakan service

Any organization
Human
resources
Operations
Marketing
Information
systems
Finance

Sales

III. Proses Kritis dalam Manufacturing & Services

Process: Any step or series of steps that are involved in

the conversion or transformation of inputs into output.

(Exist everywhere within an organization).
Some processes focus on the development of new
product; some focus on the day-to-day production of
existing productions; still other focus on customer service.
Services differ from manufacturing operations in many
respects:
In services, customers typically interact directly with
the service delivery process, and production and
consumption take place simultaneously.
Services are considered to be intangible, and they
cannot be stored.

Operations as Service
1. Every organization is in the service business, whether it makes big planes
or big Macs
2. Services can be divided into:

Core services wich are basic things that customers want from products
they purchase:
Quality
Flexibility
Speed
Price (or production cost)

Value-added services which differentiate the organization from

competitors and build relationships that bind customers to the firm in a
positive way:
Information
Problem Solving
Sales Support
Field Support.

IV. Basic Supply Chain

Dominant Flow of Demand and Design
Information
S
U
P
P
L
I
E
R

Physical
Supply

MANUFACTURER

Production
Planning and
Control

DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

Physical Distribution

Dominant Flow of Products and Services

Dominant Flow of Demand and Design Information
Financial Flow

C
U
S
T
O
M
E
R

Physical Supply/Distribution

Movement of goods from suppliers to the beginning of

the production process and from the end of the
production process to consumers

Activities

Transportation
Distribution inventory
Warehousing
Packaging
Materials handling
Order entry

Important factors in Supply chains

A number of important factors in supply chains:
SC includes all activities and processes to supply
a product or service to a final customer
Any number of companies can be linked in the SC
The total chain has a number of supplier/customer
relationships
SC contains a number of intermediaries such as
wholesalers, warehouses, and retailers
Product or service flows from supplier to
consumer, design and demand information as
well as financial usually flows from customer to
supplier.

The Growth of Supply Chain Concept

1. Explosive growth in computer capability and
associated software applications (ie., ERP,
internet, etc)
2. A large growth in global competition
3. A growth in technological capabilities for
products and processes (i.e, shorter product
life cycles, etc)
4. JIT influences enforce new approaches to
interorganizational relationships for companies
5. Companies keep only their most important core
competencies as internal activities.

Historical Development of Operations and

Supply Chain Management

Lean manufacturing, JIT, and TQC

Manufacturing strategy paradigm
Service quality and productivity
Total quality management (TQM) and quality
certifications
Business process reengineering
Six-sigma quality
Supply chain management
Electronic commerce
Service science

Careers in Operations and

Supply Chain Management

Plant manager
Hospital administrator
Branch manager
Call center manager
Supply chain
manager
Purchasing manager

Business process
improvement analyst
Quality control
manager
Lean improvement
manager
Project manager
Production control
analyst
Facilities manager

Textbook:
1. Operations and Supply Management; Chase et.al; Irwin
McGraw-Hill; 13th Ed., 2011
2. Operations Management; Slack et.al; Prentice Hall; 6th
Ed., 2010
3. Operations Management; Krajewski, Ritzman, Malhotra;
Pearson International Ed.; 2007
4. Matching Demand & Supply, An Introduction to
Operations Management; Cachon and Terwiesch;
MacGraw-Hill International Edition; 2009
5. Bahan lain.

THE END