ENSC327

Communication Systems
27: Digital Bandpass Modulation

(Ch. 7)
Jie Liang
School of Engineering Science
Simon Fraser University
1

Outline
7.1 Preliminaries

7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK)

7.3 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

7.4 Frequency-shifting Keying (FSK)

7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation

7.8 Mapping of digitally modulated waveforms onto
constellations of signal points

7.1 Preliminaries

If the channel is low-pass (e.g., coaxial cable), we can transmit

the pulses corresponding to digital data directly.
If the channel is band-pass (e.g. wireless, satellite), we need to
use the digital data to modulate a high-freq sinusoidal carrier:

c(t ) = Ac cos(2f c t + c )


Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK):

 Use two Acs to represent 0 and 1.
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK):
c : use 0 and to represent 0 and 1.
Frequency-Shift Keying (ASK):
 use two fcs to represent 0 and 1.

7.1 Preliminaries

The amplitude of the carrier is usually chosen as

2
Ac =
.
Tb

such that the carrier has unit energy measured over

one bit duration.

7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying

(BASK)

In BASK, the modulated wave is

2E
b
2

cos(2f ct ), for symbol 1,

s (t ) = b(t )
cos(2f c t ) = T
b
Tb
0,
for symbol 0.

b(t) is the on-off signalling coding of the input binary data.

This is a special case of Amplitude Modulation (AM):

s (t ) = Ac (1 + k a m(t ) ) cos(2f c t ),

Therefore the BASK spectrum has a carrier component.

Envelope detector can be used to demodulate the digital signal.5

7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying

(BASK)

The average transmitted signal energy is

7.3 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

We first consider binary PSK (BPSK):

2E
b
cos(2f c t ),
for symbol1,

Tb
s(t ) =
2 Eb cos(2f t + ) = 2 Eb cos(2f t ), for symbol 0.
c
c
T
T
b
b

The two possible values are called antipodal signals.

A special case of DSB-SC:

No carrier component in the freq domain.

BPSK has constant envelope
constant transmitted power. Desired in
many systems.

But cannot use envelope detector in the receiver, need coherent
detection.
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7.3 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

Detection of BPSK signals:

Coherent DSB-SC receiver

Sample & decision-making: new to digital communication

Can reduce error rate. Advantage over analog comm.

Quadriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

Recall Chap 3.5: Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM):




Transmit two DSB-SC signals in the same spectrum region.

Use two modulators with orthogonal carriers.

Transmitted signal : s(t ) = Ac m1 (t ) cos(2f ct ) + Ac m2 (t ) sin(2f c t )

The two signals do not affect each other.

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Quadriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

QAM can be generalized to digital modulation

In QPSK, the transmitted signal has four possible phases:
/4, 3/4, 5/4, 7/4.
i=2

i=1

2E

cos(2f c t + (2i 1) ), 0 t T ,
si (t ) =
T
4
0,
i=4
elsewhere. i=3
Index i: 1, 2, 3, 4.
Each signal can represent two bits of binary data, called dibits.
Tb: bit duration.
T: Symbol duration.
Its easy to see that the energy of si(t) is E. This is the Symbol Energy.
Since each symbol represents 2 bits, the average transmitted energy per bit
is
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Quadriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

2E

f
t
i
cos(
2
(
2
1
)
), 0 t T ,
+

c
si (t ) = T
4
0,
elsewhere.

To

see the link with QAM:

2E

2E

sin((2i 1) ) sin(2f c t )
si (t ) =
cos((2i 1) ) cos(2f c t )
4
T
T
4
= a1 (t )

2
2
cos(2f c t ) + a2 (t )
sin(2f c t )
T
T

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Quadriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

2
2
si (t ) = a1 (t )
cos(2f c t ) + a2 (t )
sin( 2f ct )
T
T

Detection of QPSK:



Similar to QAM
Two coherent BPSK detectors.

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7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

Binary FSK (BFSK): symbol 0 and 1 are represented

by two sinusoidal waves with different frequencies
2 Eb
cos(2f1t ), for symbol 1 corresponds to i = 1,

Tb
si (t ) =
2 Eb cos(2f t ), for symbol 0 corresponds to i = 2.
2
Tb

f1 and f2 can be chosen such that neighboring signals

have continuous phases. This can reduce the bandwidth of
the transmitted waveforms.
This is called the Sunde BFSK.
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Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)

Example:

Continuous phase
can reduce bandwidth

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7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation

M-ary PSK

M-ary QAM

M-ary FSK

Mapping waveforms to signal points

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7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation

During each symbol interval of duration T, the
transmitter sends one of M possible signal s1(t), ,
sM(t). M is usually a power of 2: M = 2^m.

M-ary modulation is necessary if we want to conserve
the bandwidth.

But M-ary system needs more power and more
complicated implementation to achieve the same
error rate as binary system.

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M-ary Phase-Shift Keying

Generalization of the QPSK

2E
2
cos(2f c t +
i), i = 0,..., M - 1, 0 t T .
si (t ) =
T
M

This can be expressed as

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Signal Space Diagram

As the increase of M, the receiver of the M-ary

modulation can become more complicated, because
for each input symbol, a naive receiver needs to
compare with M references.

It is thus necessary to simplify the signal

representation and therefore reduce the complexity of
the receiver.

The concept of signal space is useful here.

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Signal Space Diagram

The signals si(t) can be written as

We can visualize the transmitted signals as points in a

K-dimensional space, with axes { j (t )}
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M-ary Phase-Shift Keying

2
si (t ) = E cos
M

2
2
i
cos(2f ct ) E sin
T
M

2
i
sin (2f c t ).
T

In M-ary PSK:

We can define two orthonormal basis functions:

{si(t)} can be represented by

points on a signal space diagram.

The coordinate of each point:

8-PSK

In MPSK, the distance from the origin to

each point is equal to the signal energy E.

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M-ary QAM

Recall Chap 3.5: QAM

s (t ) = Ac m1 (t ) cos(2f c t ) + Ac m2 (t ) sin(2f ct )

If m1(t) and m2(t) are discrete, we get digital QAM:

2 E0
2 E0
s (t ) =
ai cos(2f c t )
bi sin(2f c t ).
T
T

Example of signal space

diagram: 16-QAM
Possible values for ai, bi:
-3, -1, 1, 3.
Envelope is not constant.

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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

The correlator method is used in receiver in many systems:





Calculate the correlation of input with a pulse template,

Sample the output of the correlator,
Compare the sample with some thresholds to decode the bits.

For example, in BPSK, the template is simply the basis

function:
2
cos(2f ct ).
1 (t ) =
Tb

If the transmitter sends s1(t):

its correlation with the basis function is:

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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

If the transmitter sends s2(t):

its correlation with the basis function is:

This can be represented by a one-dimensional diagram:

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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

This diagram is useful in studying the effect of the noise.

When noise is considered, the received signal will be

ri (t ) = si (t ) + ni (t ), ni (t ) is noise.

The output of the correlator will be

si ' =

Tb

Tb

(si (t ) + ni (t ))1 (t )dt = si + 0

ni (t )1 (t )dt = si + vi .

The noise ni(t) introduces some disturbs to the position

of the desired point on the signal space diagram.
Decoding could be wrong if the noise is too large.
BPSK:
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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

BFSK:

The transmitted signals can be written as:

s1 (t ) = 2 Eb / Tb cos(2f1t ),
s2 (t ) = 2 Eb / Tb cos(2f 2t ).

The receiver takes correlation of the received signal with two

basis functions:
1 (t ) = 2 / Tb cos(2f1t ),
2 (t ) = 2 / Tb cos(2f 2t ).
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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

If s1(t) is sent, the outputs of the two correlators are:

If s2(t) is sent, the outputs are:

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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

So each signal can be represented by a point on a 2-D diagram:

2
1

The noise introduces some disturbs to the position of the

desired point on the signal space diagram.
Decoding could be wrong if the noise is too large.

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Mapping of Modulated Waveforms

to Constellations of Signal Points

Compare the diagrams of BPSK and BFSK, we can see that

the distance of the two points are

Since noise changes the position of the signal in the signal

space diagram at the receiver, we can see from these figures
that BPSK is more robust to noise than the BFSK.

This will be studied in details in Chapter 10.

BFSK:

BPSK:

2 Eb

2 Eb

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