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Lecture35

LECTURE35
THEORIESOFELASTICFAILURE
Whiledealingwiththedesignofstructuresormachineelementsoranycomponentofaparticularmachinethephysical
propertiesorchiefcharacteristicsoftheconstituentmaterialsareusuallyfoundfromtheresultsoflaboratoryexperimentsin
whichthecomponentsaresubjecttothesimplestressconditions.Themostusualtestisasimpletensiletestinwhichthevalue
ofstressatyieldorfractureiseasilydetermined.
However,amachinepartisgenerallysubjectedsimultaneouslytoseveraldifferenttypesofstresseswhoseactionsare
combinedtherefore,itisnecessarytohavesomebasisfordeterminingtheallowableworkingstressessothatfailuremaynot
occur.Thus,thefunctionofthetheoriesofelasticfailureistopredictfromthebehaviorofmaterialsinasimpletensiletestwhen
elasticfailurewilloccurunderanyconditionsofappliedstress.
Anumberoftheorieshavebeenproposedforthebrittleandductilematerials.
StrainEnergy:Theconceptofstrainenergyisoffundamentalimportanceinappliedmechanics.Theapplicationoftheload
producesstraininthebar.Theeffectofthesestrainsistoincreasetheenergylevelofthebaritself.Henceanewquantity
calledstrainenergyisdefinedastheenergyabsorbedbythebarduringtheloadingprocess.Thisstrainenergyisdefinedas
theworkdonebyloadprovidednoenergyisaddedorsubtractedintheformofheat.Sometimesstrainenergyisreferredtoas
internalworktodistinguishitfromexternalworkW'.ConsiderasimplebarwhichissubjectedtotensileforceF,havingasmall
elementofdimensionsdx,dyanddz.

ThestrainenergyUistheareacoveredunderthetriangle

Athreedimensionstateofstressrespresentedby1 ,2 and3 maybethroughtofconsistingoftwodistinctstateofstressesi.e

Distortionalstateofstress
Deviatoricstateofstressanddilationalstateofstress
Hydrostaticstateofstresses.
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Thus,Theenergywhichisstoredwithinamaterialwhenthematerialisdeformedistermedasastrainenergy.Thetotalstrain
energyUr
UT=Ud +UH
Ud isthestrainenergyduetotheDeviatoricstateofstressandUHisthestrainenergyduetotheHydrostaticstateofstress.
Futher,itmaybenotedthatthehydrostaticstateofstressresultsinchangeofvolumewhereasthedeviatoricstateofstress
resultsinchangeofshape.
DifferentTheoriesofFailure:Thesearefivedifferenttheoriesoffailureswhicharegenerallyused
(a)MaximumPrincipalstresstheory(duetoRankine)
(b)Maximumshearstresstheory(GuestTresca)
(c)MaximumPrincipalstrain(Saintvenant)Theory
(d)Totalstrainenergyperunitvolume(Haigh)Theory
(e)ShearstrainenergyperunitvolumeTheory(VonMises&Hencky)
Inallthesetheoriesweshallassume.
Yp =stressattheyieldpointinthesimpletensiletest.
1 ,2 ,3 thethreeprincipalstressesinthethreedimensionalcomplexstateofstresssystemsinorderofmagnitude.
(a)MaximumPrincipalstresstheory:
Thistheoryassumethatwhenthemaximumprincipalstressinacomplexstresssystemreachestheelasticlimitstressina
simpletension,failurewilloccur.
Thereforethecriterionforfailurewouldbe
1=yp
Foratwodimensionalcomplexstresssystem1 isexpressedas

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Wherex,yandxyarethestressesintheanygivencomplexstresssystem.
(b)Maximumshearstresstheory:
Thistheorystatesthattehfailurecanbeassumedtooccurwhenthemaximumshearstressinthecomplexstresssystemis
equaltothevalueofmaximumshearstressinsimpletension.
Thecriterionforthefailuremaybeestablishedasgivenbelow:

Forasimpletensioncase

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(c)MaximumPrincipalstraintheory:
ThisTheoryassumesthatfailureoccurswhenthemaximumstrainforacomplexstateofstresssystembecomesequalstothe
strainatyieldpointinthetensiletestforthethreedimensionalcomplexstateofstresssystem.
Fora3dimensionalstateofstresssystemthetotalstrainenergyUtperunitvolumeinequaltothetotalworkdonebythe
systemandgivenbytheequation

(d)Totalstrainenergyperunitvolumetheory:
Thetheoryassumesthatthefailureoccurswhenthetotalstrainenergyforacomplexstateofstresssystemisequaltothatat
theyieldpointatensiletest.
Therefore,thefailurecriterionbecomes

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Itmaybenotedthatthistheorygivesfairbygoodresultsforductilematerials.
(e)Maximumshearstrainenergyperunitvolumetheory:
Thistheorystatesthatthefailureoccurswhenthemaximumshearstrainenergycomponentforthecomplexstateofstress
systemisequaltothatattheyieldpointinthetensiletest.
Hencethecriterionforthefailurebecomes

Asweknowthatageneralstateofstresscanbebrokenintotwocomponentsi.e,
(i)Hydrostaticstateofstress(thestrainenergyassociatedwiththehydrostaticstateofstressisknownasthevolumetricstrain
energy)
(ii)DistortionalorDeviatoricstateofstress(Thestrainenergyduetothisisknownastheshearstrainenergy)
Asweknowthatthestrainenergyduetodistortionisgivenas

Thisisthedistortionstrainenergyforacomplexstateofstress,thisistobeequaledtothemaximumdistortionenergyinthe
simpletensiontest.Inordertogetwemayassumethatoneoftheprincipalstresssay(1)reachestheyieldpoint(yp)ofthe
material.Thus,puttinginaboveequation2 =3 =0wegetdistortionenergyforthesimpletesti.e

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