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Class
'^
Ahl
Book
CoKii^ht^?.
CflBauGwr BEPOsm
.^
Handbook
of
Engineering Mathematics
BY
WALTER
E.
WYNNE,
B. E.
AND
WILLIAM SPRARAGEN,
lis
B. E.
ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW YORK
D.
Park Place
1916
Copyright,
BY
D.
1916,
JAN -2 1917
Stanbopc jprcss
F.
H.
GILSON COMPANY
BOSTON,
U.S.A.
CI,A453449
AUTHORS' NOTE
The
sors Irving P.
A. Granville,
who have
whom
works, and to
Thanks
is
John D. Ball,
the Consulting Engineering Department of the Gen-
material appears.
of
proper credit
eral Electric
Company,
loss in iron.
The authors
Ernst
J.
Union College
of
sections.
August, 1916.
Ill
INTRODUCTION
BY
ERNST
J.
BERG,
Sc.
D.
Company, Schenectady, N. Y,
is
schools
and
reminder of
likely to
colleges,
be needed in their
In including
later
work.
have
college course.
The
field of usefulness,
not
E.
J.
B.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Algebra
Exponents
Binomial theorem
Progressions
Logarithms
Series
Complex imaginary
quantities
Geometry
10
Plane figures
10
Solids
12
Plane Trigonometry
13
Niunerical values
14
Trigonometric formulae
14
Plane triangles
16
Spherical Trigonometry
16
Formulae
16
Application to navigation
17
19
Straight line
19
20
Circle
21
Parabola
22
Ellipse
23
Hyperbola
24
Cycloid
25
Epicycloid
26
Hypocycloid
Catenary
26
27
27
Direction cosines
27
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIU
Page
Plane
29
Straight line
30
Calculus
30
30
33
34
36
40
Methods
41
Table
of integration
46
of integrals
Hyperbolic Functions
HyperboUc transformations
54
54
Hyperbolic formulae
55
56
Differentials of
hyperboHc functions
57
Differential Equations
58
Equations of the
first
Equations of the
first order,
order,
and
first
degree
first
Homogeneous
Exact
degree
59
62
63
68
linear equations
differential equations
69
first
degree
Theoretical Mechanics
70
72
Center of gravity
72
Moment
75
Motion
of inertia
of a
body
78
80
Falling bodies
80
Projectiles
Impact
86
.'
Forces
87
Friction
88
Inclined plane.
89
Mechanics of Materials
Direct stress
Strength of materials
91
,
92
93
Torsion
94
Flexure of beams
95
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IX
Page
Shear
Beam
97
loadings
98
Columns
106
Center of gravity
iii
Moment
115
of inertia of solids
116
Hydraulics
Head and pressure
119
Center of pressure
119
121
Losses in pipes
122
127
Flow or Fluids
119
120
129
130
131
131
132
134
Resistivity
134
Temperature coefficient
Copper wire tables
Motors and generators
Induced voltage
135
136
139
142
Inductance
143
Capacity
145
Alternating currents
147
Magnetism
154
Measurement
158
Heat,
electric,
158
160
164
Pressure equivalents
165
166
168
168
169
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
172
Specific heats
173
176
177
Tables
185
circles
185
187
Common
192
logarithms
Natural logarithms
194
Trigonometric functions
197
213
Engineering Mathematics
ALGEBRA
Quadratic Equations
ax^+
+c
bx
The term
b^
4:
ac, called
ac,
and
^
2 a.
roots.
If W' is less
real.
And
are imaginary.
6^
if
= 4
than 4
ac,
ac,
than
the roots
equal.
Exponents
a^ =
a~^
{cry
a'^ri
^0=
a-
-4:
Forms
a>
cx),
- =
00
a>\
0,
=
00
a =00
00
00, 77,
'
0^
oo'
,
1^, 00^,
- =
0000
are indeterminate.
see
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Binomial Theorem
/yt
{x
yY =
x^
+ nx^'-^y H
nin
+ -^
.
(\+xY=\+nx-{-
fyyt
V)
(n
2)
'
- x^'-'^y^
^-y^
x'^-^y^
+
,
3!~^
x^+
"*"
'
'
*
Arithmetical Progression
An
arithmetical progression
increase or decrease
by a common
a, a-\- dj a-\-
the last
the
term
sum
L =
is
terms
of the
S =
'^{a
difference,
2d, a-\r ^
a-{- {n
is
d,
1)
is
+ L)
='^[2a+ in-
\) d]
= first term
=
n
number of terms
d = common difference
a
Geometrical Progression
Quantities
each term
is
are
in
a constant,
a, ar, ar^, ar^,
the last
the
term
sum
of the
L =
is
terms
ar""'^
is
(f^ 1) _
r 1
(1
1
= first term
r = constant ratio
n = number of terms
a
r^) _ rL a
r
r 1
ALGEBRA
The sum
progression
number of
an infinite
of
3
terms in geometrical
is
^
S= l-r
in
which the
ratio r
must be
less
than
1 if
the series
is
Logarithms
any number to a given base is the
power to which the base must be raised in order to
produce the given number, thus:
The logarithm
x"^
if
of
m=
then
y,
m is the logarithm
logxy,
y to the base x.
The following relations hold for any base:
that
is,
log ab
log a
+ log b
log a
log
log a^
log-
The base
of
of the
log b
= n log a
= -
loga
common system
of logarithms
is
10.
The base
called
of the natural
system
of logarithms (also
is
....
A logarithm may
2.7182818284
To
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
multiply by 2.302585
To
divide
(where 2.302585
the
is
e):
= 2.302585
logio^
by 2.302585:
logioa
=
^
3Q2535
^^S^^
= 0.434294 logefl
Special forms :
log
loga a
log
=0
(to
= I
= QO
any base)
log^e
log 00
=
=
00
The approximate
may
be
found graphically.
For instance,
let it
=
+ Ax B = 0, This may be written
Ax+ Bj or as two simultaneous equations y =
The graph of each of these
and y = Ax + B,
sls
0(?
o(?
o(?
The
may
be solved by
Transcendental Equations
is
also applicable to
many
trans-
ALGEBRA
cendental equations.
Ax
sin
:^
may
through the
= Ax
is
origin.
Infinite Series
An
infinite series
number
is
convergent if the
quantity. It is divergent
Such a
of terms.
series is
finite
limit.
Comparison Test.
term
in it
series is
equal to or
is
less
-\-
ar^
+1
1-2
l
'
series for
2-3
-{
ar^
converging
series.
-\-ar^''^-\-
1+...+ w(+
+ 3.4
'
if
[^<1^
'
'
'
+ ^ + f,+ +;^+
1)
each term in
[/!]
it is
verging
each
comparison:
series is diverging
if
equal to or
known
di-
series.
Diverging
series for
comparison:
a+ ar + ar^ + ar^+
+ ar"""^
1+1+1 + 1 + 1+
1
l + - + i + i+ +-+...
Ill
-|-
[r
= 1]
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Ratio Test.
number
as the
If,
of terms approaches
l)th term to
the nth term approaches some finite limit (a), the series
is
convergent
greater than
(a)
if
1,
(a) is less
than
divergent
if
(a) is
it
1.
Oscillating Series.
numerically
less
series
1,
is
convergent
if
alter-
each term
Standard Series
/yO
/y^
e^
/y4
+ . + ^, + | + |;+...
/yi
/yO
/yft
e-=l-^ + 2j-3j + jj
/y^
1+1+1+1+
=
2.7182818
/yiO
/y
/yO
/yO
ly
/yl
/yiV)
[lSiC>-l]
/yi.
-x-|-|-J/y^
/y4
+ x)=x-| + J-|-+
log(l-x) =
limit
/yi
log(l
/yi
/%/yO
... [1>S-1]
ALGEBRA
X^
cosx -
X'
0(^
"*"
2!~'~4!
6!
8!
11%'
+ ^^ A.
2835
cot a;
=-
2x'
X'
945
4725
45
COS
TT
sin~^
2
tan*"^
fl>x>-l]
+ -F-
[1>X>-1]
5x^"^
= X + jj
sinhx
+ || +
X'
X'
yj'
+^+
COSh^=l+2;+4;+^+gj +
Complex Imaginary Quantities
The imaginary
unit
In representing complex
imaginary quantities, it is
usual
to
represent
real
horizontal
or
X-
and imaginaries in
F-axis.
[x2<7r2]
Multipli-
= VY
=J
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
8
cation
by the imaginary
complex number
sum
the
is
of a real
and an
imaginary, thus:
A =a+jb
is
^a+V^b
a complex number.
in
any
of the
in
^ = a+jb =
r (cos0
=
=
r cos 6,
which
+ y sind)
re^
[6
in radians]
r sin 6.
The magnitude
of the
r
complex number, a
+ jb,
is
+ b^
= Va"
quantities,
combine the
real
+jb)
{c
+jd) = {a+c)
+j {b + d)
{a+jb)
{c
+jd) =
{a-c)+j{b-
d)
To
tiply out
p = 1,
{a
as in
thus:
+jb) (c+jd) =
{ac
bd)
+j (ad + be)
To
denominator as follows:
a+jb _ a+jb ^ c jd _
c
+ jd
+ jd
jd
(ac
ALGEBRA
Exponential Transformations
smax =
2j
^j'ax
cos ax
^jax
(e is
De
Moivre's Theorem:
+y sin Oy =
(cos
nd+jsinnd
cos
The number
taken
r at
Pr
permutations
of
a time
=n{n-
I)
permutations
{n-r+
alike,
of
(2) (1)
of
fill
a time
nl
{n
r)\
number
=nl
things taken
all
at
n-z
P=
The number
at a time, the
all
permutations
of
a time, ni being
I)
is
Pn = n{n-l)
The number
different things
is
of
...
fhl
fisl
combinations
of
things taken r at
is
_n{n
I)
(n
r+
n\
1) __
*"
r\
r\
C =
3,
is
2^
/^
{n^
r)\
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
lO
GEOMETRY
Plane Figures
Right Triangle
area
=
_
Any
area
area
Vc2
1
a2
a&
Triangle
1
_
= ^bh
= Vs{s
a) {s
h) {s
c)
Parallelogram
area
Trapezoid
area
= \h{a
+ h)
Regixlar Polygon
area
J ahn
n = number
of sides
ah
GEOMETRY
Circle
= 2 Trr
= wd
= irr^
circumference
area
(P
= -4
Sector of Circle
= =
arc
area
180
= wr^
r/
Segment
irr
360
of Circle
= c = 2 V 2 ^r = | r/ | c (r
chord
area
h^
/f)
Parabola
length of arc
2.0326 logio
in
3-7
[v c
(1
(V^+ VI+"c)]
which
Ellipse
circumference
64-3 fb-_aY
Tr(a
[b-^aj
+ b)
64
(close
-K^:y
approximation)
area
+c) +
irab
II
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
12
SoUds
<
Right Prism
lateral surface
volume
perimeter of base
area of base
Pyramid
lateral area
volume
J perimeter of base
area of base
Frustum
lateral surface
h
-=
of Pjn'amid
\l(JP
-\-
p)
P=
volume
^
volume
2 irrh
radius of base
= irr^
= irrl
radius of base
>
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Frustum
of Right Circular
lateral surface
tt/
(i?
Cone
+ r)
R=
=
=
volume
+ Rr +
iirh [R^
13
r^]
Sphere
surface
volume
=
=
^tirr^
^irr^
to
Segment
volume
of
of
Sphere
segment
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Right Triangle
sin^
cos^ =
tan^ =
sec
cot
^ =7
^ =
cosec^
=
a
sin
cos
A =
cos
IP^X
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
14
tan
=-
cot
cot^ = tan
sec
A =
cosec
sin
(^-a)^-
^^^(|+
cosec
{^ A) =
tan( A)
sec
( A) =
sec
cos
( A) =
cos
taxiA
cot
{ A) =
cosec
sin
( A) =
cot
cosec
NUMERICAL VALUES
Angle
30
45
60
V2
Vs
V3
V2
Vs
sin
cos
V3
tan
cot
Vs
Vs
00
Trigonometric Formulae
tanx =
sin:;i[;
cotx
= cosx
sinx
cos:r
sec:i:
cosx
tan
90
jc
cosec X
smo;
cotx
cot:x:
tan
jc
00
i4
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
+ cos^ X =
sec^ X =
+ tan^ x
cosec^ X =
+ cot^ X
sin {x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin
cos (x + y) = cos cos y sin x sin y
tan X + tan y
tan (x + y) = z
r-^
1 tan X tan
sin^
3;
:^
^ ,
+
,
cot (^
sin (x
cos (x
3^)
3^)
tan (x
}')
sin 2
cos 2 X
=
=
2 sin
cot X cot
3;+
cot
3;
X cos x
sin^
tanx
tan^
= cot^ X
X
1
2 cotx
.
tan
+ tan X tan y
cot y
cos^
tan X
sinf
3^
3;
tan2x =
cot 2 X
y)
y)
3;
cotI X r^S:
cot
cot (x
cot X cot
cos X
.-si'-
+ cosx
cos
tan|x =
cos X
sinx
sin
+ sin y
i^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
i6
Solution of
B sin C
a^ ^b^^ c^ 2bc cos A
a-b ^ tan ^ {A - B)
sin
sin
+ b~ tan^iA + B)
a sin C
tSLYiA ==
a cos
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Right Spherical Triangles
= cosa cos b
sin a = sin c sin A
sin b = sin c sin 5
cos A = cos a sin 5
cos B = cos i sin ^
cos A = tan b cot c
cos B = tan a cot c
sin & = tan a cot A
sin a = tan b cot B
= cot A cot 5
cos
cos c
(;
sma
^
sin
sin 6
sin
smc
sin
= cos&cosc + sin6sin(;cos^
cos ^ = sin5sinCcosa cos5co^C
cot a sin 6 = cot-4 sin C+cos C cos 6 ^
s = ^{a + b + c)
cos a
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
sin
cos
(i)
\2 /
h^
/a\
^^"
VV
AiJ^
(2 j
(^
b) sin (5
c)
a)
cos S cos (5 ^)
/
= V sin ^ sin C
V
sin 5 sin (^
cos (5
it)-^'
COS
',
cos
B) cos (5
sin
=v/
'
a)
^^T^
sin
6 sine
tan
/sin ^ sin (5
(-] =
\2/
sm c
sin b
\2/
tan
sin(5-^,)sin(.- g
J
V
17
C)
^ sin C
5
COS (S
(5-^)
sin
cos h (A
cos
A)
(5- C)
n^ ^) ^ 1
1
tan^(a-&)=^.^,^^_^^^tan|c
- .
tan^(a+5)==
tan
H^ - ^)
B)
^^^,^^^^)
tan^.
= 'l^'I^^'lS c<^t I C
sm I (a + 6)
cotK
+ B)= ^^4fe|!
cos I (a + 6)
B) tSLiij (a - b)
= sinH^ +J
^T
tani (A
1
tan ^ c
sm^
;
r-j
(A
B)
Navigation
To
(From W. A.
nometry.")
Granville's
'^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
l3
(i)
The
results will
of a spherical triangle.
(2)
by subtracting the
of
the two
from the
greater if both are East or both are West; but adding
the two if one is East and the other West. This gives
places
lesser longitude
If the difference of
it
longitude found is
from 360 and use the remainder as the included angle.
(3)
{A
two points
number
of
in
The
South Pole
a
J
= 90- 42 21' = 47
= 90 - (-33 56') =
39'
123 56'
C =
(2)
71 4'
18 26'
89 30'
19
difference in
longitude.
(3)
=
A =
c
B=
68 14'
68.23
52 43'
town.
116 43'
= 4094
we
get
nautical miles.
bearing
Capetown
of
from
Boston.
I.
Straight Line
m
b
= MX + b
= slope = tan^
= intercept on F-axis
Line
III.
points (x',/)
y'
y" - y'
y
through
the
(x".y")
and {x'\y"):
X
X
x'
(x',y')
X
X
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
20
Y
IV. Line
point
{%',
^y
through
the
m{x
x')
Ax + By + C =
the line
{x',
y')
Q:
= Ax'
+ 5/ + C
V^2 4. ^2
between
VI. Distance
rf
to
the
points
=
=
rsind
radius vector
polar angle
cosd
tan~-
Vx^ +
= Vx^ + y^
and
The
I.
21
Circle
ter at origin:
^ + y^
y^
Circle of radius r
II.
with
center at the
its
point
(a,
b)
Tangent
III.
y2
at the point
(a, 6)
of the circle o^
^2 jg
ax-\-hy
r^
-f y2
^2 Jg
= mx zh
V. Polar equation of
circle of radius
a passing
having
its
center
2 a cos
X-axis:
r
on the
v w^ +
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
22
equation of
VI. Polar
radius a passing
of
circle
through
having
the
on the
center
its
and
origin,
F-axis:
r
2 a sin
Parabola
The parabola
Definition.
is
The
fixed point
is
line.
;
is
Parabola
with
its
and
I.
vertex at origin:
y^
where a
from
the
is
the
4:ax
origin
distance
the
to
focus.
II.
axis
vertex at origin:
x^
4:ay
focus.
III.
General equation
of
= ay^+
by
+c
is
at the point
P-4ac _
4a
General equation
IV.
y
the vertex
y^
of
_6_\
2 a)
'
the F-axis:
allel to
V.
23
= ax^+
bx
+c
at the point
is
b^-4:ac \
_&_
2a'
4a
= 4 ax
is
= mx H
= 4 ay
is
= mx
arr?
Ellipse
The
Definition.
ellipse
is
I.
Equation
with
of
center
el-
at
origin:
^^
i
_i_
3^^
sum
always constant.
lipse
is
The
by a
from two
><^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
24
II.
-^
a^
+ 62
7?
1 IS
Hyperbola
Definition.
The hyperbola
by a point moving
is
n. Equation
of
conjugate hyperbola:
x^
y^
a^
= -1
asymptotes
Equations of
7^
x^
"2
the
hyperbola
are
y
IV.
of
25
= -X
-X
a
-^f =
1 IS
= mx dz
^c^yr^
b^
hyperbola
^-^
y
= -
1 is
= mx zb V&2 a%2
Cycloid
Definition.
The cycloid
is
by
along a straight
a:
line.
=
=
~ sin 0)
a (1 COS0)
a
(0
ri^-V2
v z ay
a vers~"
'
where a
is
circle.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
26
Epicycloid
The epicycloid
Definition.
by a
rolls
is
on the circumference
externally on the circumference
fixed point
where a
is
of a circle
which
a fixed
circle.
of
7 dj
=^
{a+
b)
COS0
= {a+
b)
smd
- bsm(^^ e)
b cos
circle,
and
b the radius
Hypocycloid
Definition.
by a point on a
The hypocycloid
circle
which
circumference of a fixed
= (a
b)
is
rolls
circle.
cosd
+ b cos
t~^)
GEOMETRY
SOLID ANALYTIC
y
where a
is
(a
b)
sind
b sin
27
6
(^'')
(
The Catenary
The catenary
is
to its
own
weight,
when
freely
points.
a
2
v^''
+^
a cosh
of a line
in
space passing
through the
origin.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
28
I.
= Vx^ +
{x, y, z)
to the origin;
/ + ^2
II.
(x,
The
(x,y,z)
a =
cos
Vx2 +
III.
7 =
The sum
cosines of a line
cos2
Vx2
+ / + z2
V:r2
+3,2+22
of the
is
/+
>^^-i-s^
_3^_
COSjS
cos
i)C
equal to
1,
SOLID ANALYTIC
between
IV. Distance
= V{x-
the points
+{y-
x'Y
GEOMETRY
y'Y
29
{x,
y,
+{z-
z'f
z)
and
and {x\ y\
(x, y, z)
cos
a =
/v
y-y _
d
cos
7 =
VI.
a/
COSjS
z')\
y-y
V(x -
x'f
+{y- yy +
4^
Z^
(2
- zy
Z^
terms of their
in
direction cosines:
cos ^
a cos a
cos
where
a, &,
and
are the
intercepts of the
on
the
Z,
plane
smd
axes.
VIII.
Ax + By +
Cz+D
Ax-\-By^Cz^B =
d =
z')
^\
+ By ^Cz' ^D
Va^ + 52 + C2
Ax'
to the plane
30
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
x'
x" -x'
-y
y.
y" -y'
z'
z"--z'
a,
jS,
x'
cos
and
_y
y'
_z
z^
cos
cos /5
is
given
by
Cz+ D'
A''x + B"y + C'z + D"
A'x+ B'y+
=
=Q
CALCULUS
Application of Differential Calculus
The
following
list
includes
some
of the principal
any curve y = f
Rectangular Coordinates
and
(x).
{x,
y)
dv
-^
dx
= j-
{xo, y),
dyo
(xo,
y^
is
Xo
and
CALCULUS
31
hk
The
The
dx
x-~
ax
The
The
Length
of the tangent
from
y-^
dx
is
3;
+ ^ t-
its
is
M^
Length
of the tangent
from
its
is
V'+(D*
Length
of the
normal from
its
is
\/'+(i)'
Length
of the
normal from
its
is
V'+(|J
Length
Length
of the
subnormal
dx
y-j-
dy
J-r-
ds
= V(dxy +
(dy)^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
32
Radius of curvature
Curvature
Length
is
dySff
dx) \
h(d^
of the perpendicular
from the
origin
on the
is
dy
Polar Coordinates
tan
\l^
r -r-,
where ^
is
Length
Length
of polar
subnormal
initial line.
^^
ir
dr
-jz
uu
Differential length of arc
Length
tangent
ds
of the perpendicular
= p =
= V(dry
r^
{dSf
r^-ri also,
=1
1/^V
"^
CALCULUS
33
= adu
d{u + v) = du-{- dv
d (uv) = vdu + udvd iau)
J /^\
_vdu udv
=
=
=
=
(x"^)
(x^)
(e^)
{a"")
(loge x)
nx"^'^
dx
yx^-^ dx
+ x^ \oge x dy
e^dx
a^ loge a
du
= -dx
X
= cos x dx
d (cos x) = sin x dx
d (tan x) = sec^ x dx
d (cot x) = cosec^ x dx
d (sec x) = sec x tan x dx
d (cosec x) = cosec x cot x dx
d
(sin x)
(sin~^ x)
(cos""^ x) ==
dx
Vl-x^
Vl-x'
dx
d (tan~^ x) =
l
(cot~^ x)
dx
+ x^
dx
=
1
d{sec~^x)
+ x^
dx
x \^x^
d (cosec"^ x)
Vr2 _
dx
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
34
=/
(x) are
minimum values of
or
a given func-
obtained as follows:
and equate
(1)
Find the
(2)
(3)
first
derivative
X make y maximum
-j-
it
to zero.
x.
or
(4)
d^y
Substitute separately in the expression for ~~^
make
d^y
-7^ positive correspond to
,
minimum
correspond to
(5)
maximum
Substituting
Values of x that
make
values of
d^y
-7^2
negative
these
the given
values of
y.
Illustrative
will
make
mum
or a
Example.
the function y
minimum, and
= 6x-\-3 x^
of
x which
4:X?sl maxi-
of the function y.
(1)
The
first
derivative of
3/
is
^ = 6+6x-12x2
(2)
The
minimum
values of x which
will
make
6+ 6x
dy
~f-
12x^
=
=
Oj
0,
make y maximum
therefore
or
x^
|x =
or
CALCULUS
35
= Jzbf = +l or
Hence, the maximum or minimum values
occur when x = 1 or |.
x
solving,
of
y must
(3)
or
(4)
When
maximum
When
(5)
1,
value of
= 18, which
-j^
corresponds to
y.
= i,
-7^
value of
y,
minimum
= +18, which
corresponds to a
we have
when x = l, ;y = 6+3 4 = 5, a maximum
when X = |, y = 3 + f + | = |, a minimum
tion,
Taylor's
Taylor's Series:
first
derivative,
Maclaurin's Series:
/(x)
=/(o)4-/(o)f
where /
(0)
+r (o)|J+r(o)^+
when
is
when
is
substituted for
x, etc.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
36
y
From
of x:
is
dx
+[-f-]
substitute
its
value of
The lower
x,
-r-,
ax-
by
dx
obtaining -^, the length of the curve
given
is
'J:mw^'
where c and d are the
Polar Coordinates
length of curve
where a and
initial
and
final values of y.
5=1
V/l
r^
dr
r.
Or,
length of curve
and
6^^
5=1
V/ r^ ~^
\^)
6.
and
by the
formula
6^
limit
X.
Or, similarly,
where
and
CALCULUS
37
Plane Areas
Rectangular Coordinates
The
a and x
=A =
area
is
ydx
tJ a
The value
of y in terms of x
equation and
value of
is
The
is a,
and the
final
value
initial
b.
=A =
area
where
The
lines
xdy
limits of y.
:
given radii
and two
is
re"
area
B^
=A =
r^
dd
B.
The
A.2.y^l + {fjd,
of (-1^)
initial
is
value of x
is a,
and the
final
value
b.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
38
=A =
area
where
lir
Volumes
^\
limiting values of y.
of Solids of Revolution
Rectangular Coordinates
volume = Fx
is
^-\-\-r\ ^V
TT
y^
dx
The
and
by
revolving
limiting values
b.
Similarly, the
=T
Vy
where
x^
initial
and
dy
final
values of y.
Polar Coordinates :
When
'
is
is
= 2T C
ir'^sinddddr
r^
'\ff'
cos 6 do dr
INDETERMINATE FORMS
f (x)
If the fraction v. \ \ gives rise to the indeterminate
form
TT
or
when x approaches a
CALCULUS
may
determinate form
f
L/
(x)
/
is
{x)
39
The value
of this
new
x approaches
fraction, as
limiting value of
becomes indeterminate,
it
may
If
a, is
this
the
again
be necessary to repeat
Example.
l,
ot
the fraction
x^
+ x-2
x^-
f(x)
t^T^
F
{x)
+ x-2
=
x^
^
fix)
x^
2x+l
2x
{x)
^,
when x =
is
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Algebraic equations
method
may
of approximation.
be solved by Newton's
Thus,
Find,
by
sought,
trial,
a number,
and letr
where his
sl
determined.
-\-
we
+ Bx^ + Cx
= D.
r,
powers of
/j
have, approximately,
Ar^
J
It will
Ax^
be required to
let it
+ Br^ + Cr - D
-3Ar^-2Br-C
ENCxINEERING MATHEMATICS
40
fraction
is
the
first
member
denominator
with
its
its
is
The
sign reversed.
x.
r,
and the
the numerator
r,
which
r,
gives a closer
will give
a nearer value
of the root;
sufficient
accuracy.
Find a root
Illustration.
The value
of
/?
is
By
trial,
we
Hence, x
= r^
-f-
r,
2 /^
-3r^-
find that x
stituting 3 for
of the equation
is
3r
4:r
On
sub-
substitute this
new
nearly equal to
/?
2 =
0.1,
2.9,
nearly.
If
r,
approximately
we
equals +0.00228.
the
+0.0000034.
3.
we have
new value of h
Hence x = 2.90228. If we repeat
value of
50
Hence x =
found to be
2.9022834.
CURVE TRACING
The
usual
method
of
tracing
curves consists in
on the curve.
By drawing
series of
number
a curve through
CALCULUS
we obtain a
these points,
41
graphical representation of
If possible, solve
one of
for
its variables,
Or if, when
of y,
(2)
by
solved for x,
it
it is
in
the equations x
(3)
infinite;
(4)
and y =
of x^
0.
if
first
make y
any, which
:^.
derivative ~-\
ax
and
points of
the curve.
make r
as
= f {d)\ and
maximum
0,
we
if
dr
Putting 1^
form
| tt,
etc.
which
r is
tt, tt,
or minimimi.
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
(By parts, substitution,
When
etc.)
42
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
before
If
it
can be integrated.
solution.
Partial Fractions
fraction
may
To
Example.
integrate
{x
+ a) (x + b)
dx
Let
{x
a) ix
+b)~
{x+a)'^ {x+b)
and B.
Clearing of fractions,
\
= A {x+
The
b)
+ B {x+ a)
coefficients of like
=^
{A
+ B) x^-
{bA
+ aB)
+B =
bA + aB ^\
A
A =f
whence
and
a
B =
and
/I
7
log(x+a)H
w ,sdx = ba
{x+a){x+b)
/
where
is
Aog(x+b)+C
a b ^
CALCULUS
43
Integration by Parts
To
integrate
by
I
The method
in dealing
parts,
udv = uv
vdu
by parts
of integration
is
most
effective
logarithms,
circular
functions.
with the
equated,
differential, to dv,
equated to
is
for-
is
u.
To
Example.
find
X log
Let
u =
then
du
and
log X
dx
X
dx
(x)
I'
v
.
dv
i
I
xdx
xdx =
oc^
-^
udv = uv
/-v"
\
vdu
we have
X log
(x)
dx
\og{x)
2"
""
ioc^
dx
2"
= |-log(x)-|+C
Integration by Substitution
I.
may
Differentials
2"
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
44
where n
the least
is
common denominator
of the frac-
tional exponents of x.
II.
{a
+ bx)
may
+ bx)
{a
where n
the least
is
To
z^
common denominator
tional exponents of (a
III.
of the frac-
bx).
-\-
:x:^
+ ax +
&,
V x^ -\-ax-\'b = z
IV. Expressions
be rationalized by
V.
(x
6) is
sl
V ^^ + ax + 6
containing
may
the substitution
v x^+ ax+ b
where
factor of
{x
( x^
6) z
+ ax +
b).
differential containing
tan -
from which
T.
1
VI.
2 z
sm X =
cos X
2^
1-^
dx
= T o
1 + r
2dz
+
;
:i
1
2^
is
VII.
Differentials involving
tionalized
by the
by
x^
may
be ra-
Va^
+ x^
may
be
a sin ^
Differentials involving
tionalized
substitution
X
VIII.
Va^
the substitution
a tan d
ra-
CALCULUS
45
by the
may
c?
be ra-
substitution
a sec ^
Reduction Formulae
The purpose
x"^ (a
+ bx^ydx
{np
(m
{np
+w+
m+ l)b
C
6 J
n-\- V) a
1)
, X
-\-
,,
+ bx^).
fx-^ {a
^^ +
+ bx-y dx = ^7""'
{np + m+
^"^^^"^
+ {np
-'
By this
by
1,
m+
.
i)
x'^{a+
fails
x^
(a
when {np
+w+
+ bx'^y dx =
1)
1)
bx'^y-^
+ bx^)
{m+
By
,x
Method
III.
-\-
I)
is
dx
lowered
x.
0.
r hrv^
l)a
{m+
exponent of x
is
increased
bx"").
Method
fails
when
m=
1.
by n^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
46
IV.
A;- (a + bx-y dx =
+ n+ m+
(np
_ ^"^'(^+M^+'
n{p+ l)a
n{p+
1)
^.
l)a
+ bx"")
Method
by
1,
fails
1.
when ^ =
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Fundamental Forms
jLn+l
x^dx
n+l
^logx
'dx
e^
dx
(?
a"
a^ dx
\ogea
dx
l
tan~^ X
x''
dx
Vl-
sin~^
x^
dr.
Vx^
sec~^ X
1
smxdx = cosx
cos
xdx =
sin
tan
xdx =
log (sec x)
cot
xdx =
log (sin x)
x.
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
xdx =
sec
cosec
xdx =
tan X sec
f
f
f
cot
:jc
(a
7 log {a
bxY
=
~
Tk[(^
W-
dx
+ bx)
,x
2 a
bx)]
x
\
a+bx
+ bx) c?
a-\-bx
b
-
+
72 log
ax
a^
X
-\-
a-\-bx
+ bx^)
= -tan~^1
{a
log
= :^log
x^
a\og
a{a
Expressions involving (a
a^
+ bx)
x{a-\r- bx)^
dx
= cosec x
+ bx
dx
+ ^^
cot x
1^
x{a-\- bx)
a^
sec
b{a-\- bx)
dx
rfx
+ bx)
x^ {a
tan
+ bx)
dx
=^
(/x
xdx =
Expressions involving {a
f.{a +
2;)
xdx
cosec X
cosec^
+ bx)
log
xdx = tan x
sec^
{a
tan (9
log
47
+^
or (a^ zb x^)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
48
or
Va+xV-b
r dx =
1
log 7^
7=
bx^
J a+
2V-ab Va-xV^
/
/dx
+ bx^^y
(a
J a+
/dx
dx
'^iTaj a +
bx')
bx^
bj
~ 2a(a +
2b
bx^
.,
^f, J<0
,^rt
ifa>0,
x^
a+ bx^
Expressions involving V a + bx:
V a + bxdx = Yl ^(^ + ^^y
I
X
2a
{a-\- bx^)
2{2a- 3bx)V{a+bxY
x"va -\-bxdx =
15
jxWa -\-bxdx
^
/dx
dx
105
=
2
2 \/a -\-bx-\- a
xdx
63
X \a
+ bx
V a + bx
Va + bx
/'
b^
2 (2
bx)
Va + bx
+r^bx
-^cL
TT2
3 b^
r x^dx
2(Sa^-4abx+3b^x^) /t-t
^-Va +
=
1-7=
156^
J Va+bx
,
dx
X
Va+bx
_ J_
Va
bx
g.3
Wa +bx Vg
\Va +
bx
+ Va\
or
/dx
xVa+bx v-a
2
..
tan-i
V^
a+bx
""^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
dx
x'^
Va
Va+bx _
__
^^
bx
-\-
Expressions involving
Va^
/dx
Va^
2 a
,/
x^
or
dx
V^
_|_ i)x
V a^ + x^:
a^ sin~^
x^
dx
X Va2 zt
Jb_
dx
x^
V a^
49
^2
_
_
~
1
<z
^+Va[^l
[1
L ^
a;
/^^.. = V^^^-
a log
[^+^^]
x?
t7
x^\/a^
x^dx
Q'
= ^V
(a^
+ d^
-^
/x =
V /^^
Va^
dx
a^
^^2
X
7^
/Va^ X^
dx
V/~o
a^
^
Va^
Va^
OCl
x^
+ a^ sin~^ -
+ ^2 sin-i a
*^
x^
a'-x
a^
V a^
rx:^
- at;
sui"^
Expressions involving
i
V x^ + a^
X''
x^
jVx^a^dx =
x^Y
/
he
o
:r2
x^
x^
sin-i + ^a*
o
or
[xVx2a2:a21og
V x^
(x
a^:
+ Vx^ i a^)]
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
50
^^
log {x
dx
Vx2
+ Va;2a2]
cos~^
a^
X
-1
rV(x2
a2)3
</x
=
I
(2 2 _t 5 ^2)
V^^^i^
+ Vr;2o2)
+ ^log(A;
O
Jx
dzo;
jxWx^zLa'dx =
(2 x2
ziz
a^)
V:^2 j_ ^2
*/
:;c2
dz a^
dx
/
-^
Vx^ =b
g^
+ I0g(x + Vx2=ba2)
-\-
bx
c:
^^
=
log (2 ax+^^+ 2 Va Vax^+te+^j
fVax^+bx+c
Va
,
*^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Vax^
-\-hx-\- c
4a
W'-^ac r
dx
Sa J V'ax^ + bx+c
/dx
_ I
V-ax^+bx+c ~ Va
/Vax^ + bx+
_^ / 2
^^^
ax
x^
dx
ax
x^
dx
x^\
V 2 ax
-
=
,
dx
(m
~\~
+ bx + c
ax^
o(?-
-\-
//V
4:a
dx
b \
V ax^+ bx+
cdx =
Formulae involving v 2 ax
Wb^ + 4 aJ
b^+4ac r
P+4:ac
"a
8^
J V-
's/lax
ax
7
a^
.X
2 X
la
1^ sin~^
/
V 2 ax
x?
,x
vers~^
'^^^
^
JVlax-x^
= V2 ax x^ + a vers"^ -^
V 2 ax - x2
V 2 ax x^
/rfx
X \/2 ax
'
dx
/Jx
V(2 ax -
ax
x2
V 2 ax x^ + a vers~^ X a
_
~ a2 \/2 ax - x^
=
<z
x2)3
/V^^^x = V(a+x)(6+x)
+
(a- &)
log
[Va + x +
vT+x]
52
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
I\h^
^"^
^ ^^^ -
x) (6
a;)
/sin^ xdx
2
,
^
sin"^
ax
X rfx
J.
j cos^
^^t:
4''
-T^milx)
C ^
sin"*""^ x ax
J
sm^-i ^cos:^,/z
w
^
+ - sin (2 x)
sin
sin^xcos^x Jx
sin^
= J
/ cos**"^
X ax
x
[|sin (4x) -- x]
/cos'^^^
w+
sm X cos"^ X ax =
r-r1
sin^+i X
cos*^
m+
X sin" X Jx
cos"^"^
X sin'^+^ X
m+n
cos^xsin'^xt/x
m +nj
fft
cos'^-^
sin"~^ X cos'^^^
m+n
n \
cos""'
- Jx
cos"* X
sin**
X (/x
+ m-\- n /
sin^
sin'*~2
X dx
sin^+^ X
>
(fj
,.
1) cos''~^x
,
m 2 r sin"^ x
;r"9- ^^
w 1
X
J COS'*"'^
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
X
sin'" X
'cos^
cos''+^
{m
V) sin'^"^:^
m n
m
m
m
m
dx
Q,os>x
/sm^x
{m
/dx
cos""
tan^
sec^
\) cos"*"^
J:;t:
:J[;
X J:;t:
j cosec
:;t:
/'cosec^
a; fiJx
cot x
(I
r ^^
J cos"*"^ x
i log
2) cos
[|^
-- cot
siax
:x:)
x
X cos
x^smxdx = 2xsinx
X cos
x^ cos
xdx =
cos
a:
r;t:
(x^
a;
+ ^ sin X
X cos x
(^^
2) sin
sin'"~2
\
+ I)
dx
log tan (J
(/x
:x:
sin"'~2
\J
tan x
J:v
sinxdx
log tan
^
n
cos^ x
log cos x
log sin
/sec X ^:. =
I
xdx = tan x
xdx =
cot^
X
I
{n
1) sin'^~^:\;
sin
xdx =
tan
j cot
S3
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
54
Transcendentals
\
\ogx dx
= xlogx
rM^"j.=4.(iog.)m+i
n-\- \
/dx
dx
{n
x([ogxY
xe'^'^dx
= ^{ax
1)
j^
/.
6^
sm
~ ~
.
m,
/.
m-
^F-i
^^
6^
e^
(/zx) J:r
a
/'^^
{[ogxY~^
1)
6^
^^-1 dx
n cos (wx)l
^
Yjr~2
r^ sin
(;^x)
Va cos
(fix)
;^
sin
'
(/^:;t:)~|
^-^^
.3
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Hyperbolic Transformations
^x
sinh X
where
cosh
:;!;
^ X
= i sin
(/a:)
cos [jx)
^
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
tanh X
coth X
--.
e
+ e~^
=
=
55
tan ijx)
cot ijx)
= cosh X + sinh x
e~^ = cosh X sinh X
sin X = j sinh {jx)
cos X = cosh ijx)
e^
Hyperbolic Formulae
= I
sech^ X + tanh^ x = I
coth^ X cosech^ x ^ I
sinh ix+ y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh sinh y
cosh (x + }') = cosh X cosh y + sinh x sinh y
sinh (x j) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh
cosh {x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
cosh^ X
sinh^
::t:
3;
tanh
::!::
+ tanh y
+ tanh X tanh y
coth X coth + 1
^-r
= -r
coth + coth X
1
coth
(:x:
+^
,
^'j
'V
3;
tanh {x
y)
tanh X
1
coth {x
sinh (2
a:)
cosh (2 x)
tanh
y)
coth
tanh v
tanh :^ tanh y
:^
coth
TT
coth y
a;
^TT
coth
= 2 sinh x cosh x
= cosh^ x + sinh^ x
2 tanh x
(2 x)
1
+ tanh^ X
1
a;
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
56
sum
-^
(I)
C0th2:r+
coth (2 x)
2 coth X
cosh X
v/'
..cosh^+1
cosh'">
tanhi;i-V/':5!^
(i)=N/:cosh x+ 1
.....
coth
cosh X
(0 = V coshx
sinh X
sinhrJt:
cosh
:\:
+ sinh y
sinhy
+ cosh
cosher
2 sinh
y-^
2 cosh
coshy
2 sinh
:x:)
"^
+ 4 sinh^ x
3 cosh x + 4 cosh^
3 sinh x
:;;
+ Vl + x?)
cosh"^ X = log {x + Va;2 1)
sinh"^ X
j-^j
cosh (3
j^j sinh
2 cosh
j^j
:x:)
cosh
^jsinhf
T-^jcosh(
3;
sinh (3
log (x
tanh-ix=ilog[[|]
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
57
+ v/^ )
.o.(i
sech-i X
cosech"^
-log(^+v/?-^.)
d (cosh
x)
=
=
d (tanh
x)
d (sinh x)
d{cot\ix)
d (sech
d^
x)
cosh X dx
sinh X dx
sech^ X
=
=
(cosech x)
cosech^ X dx
sech X tanh x dx
cosech X coth
:x:^x
Jx
d (sinh~^ x)
Vl + x^
dx
d (cosh~^ x)
Vx^-
d(t2Lnh-^x)
dx
1-x^
dx
(coth-i x)
rfo;
d (sech~^ x)
:^Vl-rt;2
V
(cosech""^ x )
Use
Illustrative
dx
/
of Hyperbolic Functions
Example.
Deduce an expression
for
tween two supports; assume that both points of support are the same height from the ground.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
58
the
nary
(see
page 27),
The
a cosh
L =
length
ciy
where the value of -
is
iV'+(g)',
obtained
by
differentiating the
(JL%
is
a cosh -
dy
4('^"^a)
dx
dx
dy
sinha
we have
=f\i + sinh2^ dx
=
which
is
cosh - dx
Ty cosh2 ^ j^
a sinh
chain.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
differential equation
is
atives or differentials.
is
a relation
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
between the variables which
59
satisfies
tion.
An
I.
of the First
fi(x)dx+f2{y)dy =
can be integrated immediately.
Its solution is
J/i
An
equation
may
(x)
dx
+ J/a {y) dy = C
An
Homogeneous Equation.
homogeneous in respect to its
variables
sum
for
II.
of their exponents
is
the
same
equation
when
is
the
equation.
III.
in
Substitute for x^
{x!
+ A),
and
for y,
(y'
+ k).
The
by+ah+hk-\-c)dx' = {a'x'+Vy+a'h+b'k+c')dy
ah+ bk+
Equating
and
a'h
which
is
+b'k
now
+ by) dx'
c
c'
=
=^0
= (aV
+ by) dy
II.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
6o
and
y'
ah+bk +
a'h
6'yfe
and
=
=
c'
first
degree)
is
of the general
form:
where
The
and
is:
yef'''^=J/'''^Qdx
+C
and
equation
may
be written:
where
The given
^+(l-n)Pv = (l-n)Q
where
solvable
3;"'^+^
This equation
by Method IV.
is
linear
in
v,
and
Mdx+ Ndy
An
equation of
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
is
exact
if
the derivative of
to the derivative of
then
M with regard to y
N with
regard to
The
x.
is
equal
solution
is:
M dx
is
(regarding y as constant),
respect to
3;
of
M dx.
respect to x
is
M with
the integral of
the derivative in
The term L^
"~
7"
M dx\
above.
VII. Integrating Factors.
tion of the
If
a differential equa-
form
Mdx + Ndy =
is
then solvable by
(a)
is
When
an equation
an integrating
(b)
When
Method
become
exact.
VI.
is
homogeneous,
factor.
dM _dN
d^
dx
= F
{x)
It
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
62
Similarly
(c)
when
dN^_dM
^ = F(y)
Equations
of the First
An
equation of
first
will
be denoted by p.
is
of the
general form
pn _p jlpn-l J^ ^^n-2
where the
X and
coefficients
A, B,
^ Jp ^ f- =
J, K are functions of
y.
Clairaut's
I.
When an
Equation.
equation
is
of
the form
y
the solution
stant
= px+f(p)
is
c,
= cx+f{c)
Solution by Factoring.
II.
may
The
given equation
first
degree.
and
its
Each
factor
solution found
is
by one
of the preceding
methods,
The complete
solution
is
arate solutions.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
its
value j-
The
63
immediately.
IV. Equations Containing only y
for p,
and substitute
its
value -~,
and
Solve
p.
This equation
is
immediately integrable.
V. Equations Involving x, y, and p.
A solution
can be obtained by one of the following methods:
(a)
tiate in respect to y,
The
Then
remembering that
ay
doc
differen-
with respect to
x,
The complete
p.
value
From
its
Differentiate
dy
and in place of -p substitute
this equation
it
may
dy
with
it
its
value
-f^-
be possible to obtain a
solution.
in the
The particular
integral
is
is
all of its
derivatives.
integration.
is
zero
all
those terms
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
64
vari-
integral
sum
the
is
of the particular
function.
constant coefficients
is
of
the form:
d^v
where the
is
d^~^v
d^~^v
coefficients
a function of
P, Q,
by the symbol D,
Replacing
x.
+ PD^-''+QD^-^+
{D^
Case
I.
+R)y = X.
Method of Solution when X = o. Write
Then
by D,
its
as
if it
were an
When
where
(i.e.,
the values of D)
is
cxe^^''
+ c^e^"^ +
and
When two
or
more
where
(^1
m is the
equation are
is
c^oo
+ CzX^ +
) e*^*
in
is
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
When
the
(which
is
+ B sin {a\x)\
\C cos (^2^) + Z) sin (02^)] +
+
where
65
e^"^^
C and
and 5,
Z>, etc.,
i V
integration,
[(^1
(^3
+ +
+ ^4^+
^2:^
V l)
where (w it a
imaginary roots.
Case
sum of
is
Method
II.
cos {ax)
of solution
when X
is
not
complete solution is
the complementary function and the partic-
equal to zero.
the
is
In
ular integral.
0,
is
found by tempo-
solution
by
I.
in
which
+ PZ)^-i + (22^^-2+
D is
used in place of
-7-
may be
expressed
Tjjy:
The
\-K)y =
particular integral
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
66
A.
when
Method
the term
the form
is of
e^^.
particular integral
which
pCix
=^_
pCiX
=^-^ =^^
is
of D.
{D
is
a) is a factor of
fails
The
{D).
when
the term
particular integral
D in all
The
terms of / {D) except in the factor {D
a).
solution is then completed by the general method given
under case
B.
(page 68).
when X
particular integral
j^ = 77^ = [f{D)]-^x'^
To
theorem.
It
sion to the
is
mth power
higher powers of
symbol
In
stands for
quantity denotes
operation
its
integral, x'^
the
is
the operation
x'^
(since
by
Z>
by
the
on a
by D^ denotes
obtaining
D, since operation on
of
its
solution
second derivative,
the
of
given
etc.).
particular
when X has
particular integral
=
/
{D)
sin {ax)
J (D)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
In order to evaluate
a^
wherever U^ occurs
)2
67
in
The
(D),
for
particular inte-
whose numerator
is
sin {ax),
The
particular integral
6'"^ (in
which
then
is
V l)
[cos (ax)
both
+ i sin (ax)],
The
real
required particu-
(i.e.,
V l)
in this
expression.
D. Particular Integral
particular integral
is
When
this
method
cos (ax),
and
this
gral
E.
is
new
+ i sin (ax)].
integral
is
written in place of
evaluated by method
this integral,
The
Particular integral
replaced
by
=^^
D, wherever
by the
is
=^-^
J(D+a)
or
e*""^ is
occurs in / (D)
treated as a constant multiplier.
for
(ax).
particular mtegral
To
is
fails, ^'''^ is
In the solution of
[cos (ax)
The
cos (ax).
A.
when X =
'^^fWTaj
a) is substituted
The new
e"* is
integral
general
method
F.
The
required particular
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
68
integral
tion of
F.
is
^"^
by the evalua-
TTTs^-T-
integral.
To evaluate
jjjyr
The denominator
of
1111
The given
{D
may
-a) {D-
The term
fractional
is
h)
(D -c)
the expression
{D-
{D -
d)
m)
operators,
operation on
beginning
by the
e""^
first
/ ^""^^
factor
X dx.
the
at
.
right.
This result
The
produces
is
operated
manner by each remaining factor (proceeding from right to left). The solution of the given
on
in a similar
particular integral
is
then:
in
which the
is
coefficients
a function of
x.
P,
...
i?
form
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
On
assuming the
relation,
69
this equation
e^,
may
x""^ = d{e-l){eI
2)
2)
'
(^-
3)
forth;
ton terms
'
'
to
(^-
d stands for
1) terms,
in the
same manner
exactly the
is
treated in
in
was
involving
z,
by the
lar integral is
is
changed to an expression
substitution x
e^.
The
particu-
is
the
sum
of the comple-
Exact
An
Diflferential
Equations
derived directly
by
In the
is
differentiation of
an equation of the
jk
where A, B,
X,
equation
we then have
is
of the form:
Q, Rj S, T,
and
are functions of
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
70
'
j,_dS_^<PR_<PQ^ ... =0
dx
The
do(?
first
dx^-^
dx^
"^
dx Jdx^-^
= Cxdx
may
This formula
"^
dxydx^-^
^^
is:
+C
be reapplied successively as long
Equations
General form
of the
is
where P, Q, and
When
I.
(or
X are functions of x,
Let
yi
equal
the
known
by
Imown
In the given
integral.
is
and then,
in the
dv
p.
This equation
Change
The purpose
the
first
Independent Variable.
this change and of the removal
of the
of
is
to transform a given
be easily integrable.
is
of
of the form:
may happen
to
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
By
7
it
may
be
1, if
1=^5
when
also
and
dh
dz
dx''^
dx
^
Q
or where Pi
may
-f
e"*^
when
also
Q\
if
^dx
-jTr"^
dx)
Xi =
and
\dx)
III.
Removal
To remove
the form
make
the
=
+ P^+(3y
f|
^^
dx^
dx
the substitution
ve~^'^
Z
^
where
Q,=g-lf_lp3
and
Zi
Ze*-/'^'^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
72
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
Center of Gravity
The center
of gravity of a
body
is
a point so situ-
Jxds
Jx\/l + (jdx
/Vi+(|)V
of the center of
gravity.
and substitute
Then
dv
differentiate in order to obtain
-p,
its
x.
dx
Similarly, find x in terms of y, obtain
and sub-
X =
xdA
JJdA
xdxdy
ffd.dy
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
ydA
y =
dA
ydxdy
73
dxdy
of
gravity.
x or
either in respect to
method
is
more convenient.
dy
is
integrated
If
first,
x,
y,
we may
according to which
if
dx
and
integrate
final values.
is first
its
initial
/ ^I
X= ^
r^
cos 6
dddr
rdddr
Ifr^siaddedr
rdddr
If'
Generally,
in
terms of
The Umits
is
it
with respect to
6
of 6
r.
more convenient
to integrate
r are
first
found
in radians.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
74
is
nate
Its x-coordi-
is
=
j
where the
When
figure
limits are
a solid
is
xydx dy
y dxdy
of gravity
of a plane
its
center
is
xydx dy
X dxdy
as tee-bars, channels,
their
its
all
moment of
moment by
moments
On
The sum
of
we obtain
the
if
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
side of this axis as positive,
75
side as
negative.
When
the figure
necessary to take
is
unsymmetrical,
it
may be
different axes
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia of
given axis
is
of
Plane Areas
its
Moment of Inertia:
The rectangular moment of inertia of a plane figure
Rectangular
is its
the plane of
the
inertia of
=
The
rectangular
the F-axis
is
//:y^ dx dy
moment
about
is
j x^
dxdy
integrated
first
The moment
is its
rectangular
moment
its
of inertia
figure,
passing
center of gravity.
The moment
about any
in the plane of
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
76
the figure
is
of the figure
two
equal to
{Ig)
by the square
of the distance
between the
axes, thus:
=Ig +
Fd?
Moment of Inertia:
The polar moment of inertia
Polar
inertia
moment
(Zp) is the
of
of the
given figure.
It is equal to the
inertia
sum
of the rectangular
moments
of
moment
of
inertia equals
/p
/.
+ ly =//(^' + f) dxdy
moment
of inertia is
-//B?dRde
It
is
generally
more convenient
respect to R, expressing
its limits in
Moment
The moment
origin)
where
volume.
is
and
of inertia of
terms of
d.
The
final values.
of Inertia of Solids
is
(y'^+ z^)dxdydz
is,
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
Radius
77
of Gyration
*=v/-!
For
in
solids,
/X
k.\jL.
axis of
rotation,
A =
area of section,
M = mass
W = weight
of
body,
of
body.
Center of Percussion
is
if
Md
iiy
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
78
in
which I
the
moment
body about
of inertia of
axis
of rotation,
body
distance from
center of percussion or
M
W
= mass of body,
= weight of body.
Motion
velocity at
a Body
of
any instant =
ds
v
di
.
dv
any mstant = ^ = 37 =
.
acceleration at
d^s
df
In rectangular coordinates,
Vx
dx
^7
dt
_ ds
=
-j: cos d =
~di
dy
ds
'
the X-axis
ds
/(dxV
*/
^.
(dyV
= d-r\[dt)+[dt)
velocity,
V
=
J
2 as
=
=
=
^ {u
+ v)t
ut
+ ^ at^
v^
u^
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
u =
V
a
s
/
=
=
=
=
79
initial velocity,
final velocity,
constant acceleration,
space passed over,
time of motion.
If the
body
starts
from
1 as
=
=
=
vt
\ af
1?
acceleration at
any mstant = ^ =
= a =
any
^ instant
;77
-rr
dt
"tto
dt^
=
coo =
CO =
a =
t =
d
(coo
co) /
final
angular velocity,
angular velocity,
angular acceleration,
time.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
8o
For a body
coo is
0,
= ^ o)t
= ^af
Falling Bodies
V
5
gt
2 gs
v^
/,
=
The value
g
falls,
= 981
cm/sec.^
acceleration of gravity.
of g for
32.0894
(1
+ 0.0052375 sin^^)
X (1- 0.0000000957 )
in
which
=
E =
6
Projectiles
(2)
(3)
initial
velocity
= u gt,
Velocity at any height = V w^ __
Height at any time = ut^ \ gf.
Velocity at any time
2 gh.
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
(4)
Greatest height
(5)
Time
of flight
8l
Equations of a
velocity
The curve
described
whose equation
is
projectile
is
the parabola
is
y
where B
by the
X tan B
lu'cos^e
positive
the horizontal
Vertical-component of acceleration
(1)
(2)
(3)
/A\
(4)
rr.'
rc\
(5)
-n
Tune
n-
t-^
of flight
Range =
\^u^
"T^i
-^^
= ^
= Vw^ _
utsinB
2 gh,
gt^.
2wsin^
.
u^ sin (IB)
^
-.
o
If the friction of the air is
is
given by the
empirical relation:
gx^
/ 1
= 0.0000000458-
kx\
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
82
where
=
w =
d
Angular Measure
degrees
= 57.296+
degrees
TT
degree
The
and
relation
its
loU
=
=
=
radians
subtended arc
circle
is
l
= 0.0175+
7^7: radians
= rd
length of arc,
radius of circle,
central angle in radians.
Circular Motion
in a circular
This acceleration
is
expended in
of the re-
=
r
vT =
^
=
a =
V
7rr
47rV
-f2-
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
83
If the
normal acceleration
-r.
Centrifugal Force
The
is
47rWr
p ^Wf^ ^
g/2
gr ~
or in terms of the
number
of
minute
F=
0.00034 WrNi^
=
=
=
velocity of
time of
body
revolution in seconds,
Flywheel
The energy
of rotation of a flywheel
K.E.
is
=^ = IttHN^
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
84
The energy
in speed
is
E=
W
~
(S^max
by a variation
S^min) foot-pOUnds,
W = weight of flywheel
pounds,
in
Smax
where
is
is
E=
of the flywheel
Substitute for
is
W=
speed
foot-pounds
pounds.
is
R, in
for
in pounds.
If the
feet;
rim
cast iron or 150 feet per second for steel), the value of
must be reduced.
iVmax iVmin,
The
may be
taken as
Hammers
0.20
Punches
0.05
Ordinary machinery
0.03
Textile
Electric generators
* This value of
of
is
is
approximately correct.
0.02
0.005
The
exact value
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
85
Simple Pendulum
The time
is
^ g
I
=
=
The period
of the
pendulum
is
^ g
oscillation per
is
force,
W
a
g
W
Ft = mv = ^v
F = ma =
FS
=\mi? =
-;y-
^ g
F =
its
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
86
The impulse I
time
where u
is
Ft
during the
momentum,
= mv mu
=x Fdt
The work done by a uniform
force
is
W = Fs = imv^
The work done by a
W=rFds
The
with a velocity
v,
equals i mv^.
of
= Wu + WiUi eWi
{u
ui)
W+Wi
= Wu + WiUi + eW
(u
ui)
'
W+Wi
u = original velocity of W in feet /second,
V = velocity of W after impact,
Vi
Ui
Vi
=
=
=
original velocity of
velocity of
Wi
Wi,
after impact,
coeflQcient of restitution.
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
Values of
e,
87
on
glass
ivory on ivory
cast iron
on cast iron
lead on lead
=
=
=
=
.94
0.81
0.66
0.2
Wv
WiVi
Wu
WiUi
Two
inelastic
common
velocity
bodies
in
_
"
after
+ W2V2
W1 + W2
WiVi
which
Wi =
W2 =
Vi =
V2 =
weight of
first
body,
The resultant
of the forces
VFi^
which
R=
in
degrees
2 F1F2 cos
between
+ F2'
angle in
the
is
(9
two
the
forces.
The direction
of
tan a
is
=
Fi
+ F2Cosd
88
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
in which
and R.
the
is
angle
between Fi
degrees
in
of a force
acting in
= RcosB
=
Y RsinS
in
which
the
is
horizontal
The resultant
directions at a point
is
R = VX^+
in
F2
which
Fi cos
Oi
+f
+FzCose,+
Y =
Fi sin
01
+ F2
+ F3sin^3+
where
Fi,
jF2,
cos
.
$2
'
sin 62
and
Friction
F =
friction in
N=
/ =
pounds,
:^
coefficient of friction.
F = fN
Angle of
friction
</>
i| =
tan"
tan-V
THEORETICAL MECHANICS
Average values for /, the
motion are as follows:
89
Character of contact
Wood on wood
Metal on wood
Metal on metal, dry
Metal on metal, lubricated
Leather on metal, dry
Leather on metal, lubricated
0.25-0.50
0.50-0.60
0.15-0.24
0.075
0.56
0.15
Belt Friction
F=
N=
6
normal reaction
angle
of pulley,
radians
in
sub-
/ =
or in
coefficient of friction.
common
logarithms
logio^
The value
of
0.434/^
the condition of
0.3.
Inclined Plane
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
90
For a
frictionless plane:
(1)
dh
dt
seconds
(2)
velocity after
(3)
velocity at
(4)
distance traveled in
(5)
time of sliding
bottom
g [sin^
down plane
^/l gh,
seconds
-^-^
=vi
friction
tg sin 6,
of plane
g sin0,
d^s
= 3^
fcosd],
which
in
/=
coefl&cient of friction.
an
incline:
W = weight of body,
F =
N=
=
/ =
6
applied force,
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
For a
frictionless plane:
When
(1)
91
applied parallel to
is
F=
N
(2)
When
Wsmd
= WcosS
F =
IF tan
(9,
N=^W seed.
For an inclined plane with
(1)
When
friction:
incline,
TF
sin
(61=1= (90
cos (^0
in
which
e'
(2)
When
= tan-V
F = WtSin(dzL 6')
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress
area
is
The
in
is
distributed force;
its
is
the
will
maximum
stress
be followed by a
will
produce rupture.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
92
Modulus
of elasticity
number obtained by
pounds per square inch by
is
the
The factor
of safety
is
by the actual
by
stress in
divid-
pounds
stress,
uniformly distributed,
p =
stress in
P =
total load in
F =
F_Pl
I
E=
modulus
=
=
X =
length of
member
in inches
>
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
O
O LO
"^ rt
o ooo
O OsOOO
'--<
lo i^
CS CM
'D'd
OS
<L>
rt
---H
lOiO 00
'O"*
TtH
lO
oo
o
o
oo
oo
o
vO
888
o^o^^o^
O N CN
8 oo o
CO
o'd^d^d"
SS88
<
OO
to lO
CN CO CO
CM vo i-T
P^
W
<
O
o
COOOO
th
rti
O
s
o
oo
LO 00
QOO
ooo
o^o^o^
OOOO
OOOO
OOOO
rovO 00
OMO
so CM
OOOO
OOOO
o^o^o^o^^
o^o'^o'^o"
CN lO
OO
CO
rt
8888
O^O^O^O^
tt
vO to LO
CM co0
CO
w'-^
sovq
vC CMX:^ 00 00
CMCMO
CO
CO
&iO
^ CD
O w
O
o
OJ
03
fe.s
C
ggss
^^
Vh j_>
.-4
'f-l -r-l
<
<^
-^^
MS
O ?
o^ OTCO
93
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
94
Ps=p
P=
load,
F =
area.
For torsion:
E.
Es
b
=^
Note.
of elasticity in shear
ea
Pa = pjp
Ps
eotEs
oilpEi
^^
32
Pa='^
^^
16
Horsepower
=
a =
/ =
e =
b
lirPaN
jj^^qq^^2
is
f as
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
p^
95
(see
P=
force in
pounds producing
torsion, that
is,
the
turning force,
lever
arm
of force
in inches,
treated
is
This eliminates
a.
stresses other
than shearing
a single driving
force,
Flexure of
When
beam
is
Beams
by a
strained
beam.
The
beam
when
is
The upper
fibers
fibers
are stretched
are
com-
when a
it is
beam
Somewhere along
The
is
line of intersection of
beam
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
96
If the stresses
elastic
Umits of the
is
The
center of gravity.
its
elastic curve
is
by a beam
under load.
section.
the
for
M = Rix- Pa
<
jA
M,
of
any section
merically
moment
equal
'
'^
nuthe
Ri
R2
of resistance of
is
to
'
beam
is
offer to distortion.
The moment
of resistance equals
PL =
e
M = bending moment
outermost element of
the section,
axis,
rectangular
about
its
moment
of inertia of
beam
section
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beam
under
Loadings)
pi
equated to ^-.
is
may
97
The term
I
-,
The value
of
stress per
maximum
by the factor of
The equation
curvature
may
and
its
radius of
EI
pi
^,
j^jd^y
=^=--=/^(approx.)
ilf
E=
safety.
modulus
of elasticity of material of
beam
in
tension or compression,
p
{x, y)
=
=
The deflection
of a
beam
at
any point
is
obtained by
and solving
for the
which
=
^
ax
0.
Shear
The
beam
moment
vertical shear in a
Vertical shear
where
is
the bending
is
=J =
moment
equal to the
first
in respect to x, thus
-^
ax
(expressed as a func-
tion of x).
The value
any particular
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
98
section
of
is
The
result
is
the re-
value of
X,
0,
equation
the
resulting
of
is
substituted in
ikf,
and the
maximum
bending
expression
equals
the
moment.
is,
in
from
it,
equals
X
where /
y"
/
=
=
=
(in
-77^
zdF
moment
Jz dF
tance in inches of
its
axis.
Beam Loadings
M = bending moment,
Mm =
maximum
bending moment,
W=
by the
dis-
center of gravity
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Cantilever
Beam
M = P{l-x)
<A
Mn.=Pl
^P_ll^_
EI\2
d
m^
= PP
3 EI
shear
moment
Cantilever
M=
W{1-
Beam
xf
21
Wl
Mr
Wx^{ll^+{11-Xf\
l^EIl
d
8 EI
99
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
lOD
Beam
M=
-7yX
^
Px (3/2-4 x^)
48 /
shear
1
d=-
48 EI
moment
Beam
M = Wx
{I
y//////^^//////A
21
_Wl
yr
= Wx {P -2lx^ +
= 5WP
X?)
24 Ell
384 EI
moment^
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beam
lOI
i-X-i
'
^^^
1
^bJfK^
R,l
.R2
shear
M=
x<a
Pbx
,,
= -7
M
x>a
a)
V
P{x
Pab
M,
x< a
y^zwi^'^^"-''"-'^
^ =
Pa {I
^
'v
occurring
when
x) .^ J
(2 Ix
6 Ell
x^
Pb
,,^y3{2ab
+ a^y
27 Ell
x
v3
(2 ab
+ a^)
^
2\
a^)
x> a
I02
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
i*- a
1
-J
1
1
'
--^
,
"
shear
Mm
moment
M =Px
M = Pa
x<a
x> a
M^ = Pa
_ Px
x< a
^ Pa (2>lx-Zx^^
6/
'^
6ElW
aA
a^)
x> a
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beam Fixed
at
at
103
at the Other,
Any Point
^4
X';
A4^
Ri
]R,
shear
i?i
= Pa2
R2
(3
a)
2^
P-Ri
M = P(a-x)-Ri(l-x)
M = Ri{x-l)
M.
= Ri{l-
a)
6 EI
(i?i:!c
6/
{Riofi
i?i?x2
+ 3 Pax^ - Po^)
x<
3 i?ik2
+ 3 Pa^^ - Pa?)
x> a
6 EI
occurring
x< a
x> a
when
'-'i^-^i^J
I04
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Beam Fixed
at
at the
y/}iiniiiiiii}^^niimiiK
"moment
J?l
i?2
iw
iw
M=
^ =
4:X){1-X)
Wl
8
Wx"
d = 0.0054
occurring
when
EI
= 0.5785/
Other
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beam
105
shear
ft
1
Mm
Mmj\^
flioment
M = |(4x-0
M = 8
48 /
<Z
192 EI
tm
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
io6
w
wi
12
=
24 Ell
- xy
WP
384 EI
COLUMNS
Note.
The breaking
pounds.
In
all of
and
same units (generally
radius of gyration, k,
I,
must be expressed
inches).
Euler's Formula
(1)
ends,
= El'^=ir^EF
(pj
in the
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Column with
(2)
= 4/^ =
^ir^EF
(^j
(3)
flat),
breaking load
in
ends,
flat
breaking load
107
= -EI j^ = -w^EF
Ij^j
which
E =
modulus
of elasticity of material of
column
in
tension or compression,
rectangular
moment
about neutral
=
F =
k =
I
of inertia of cross-section
axis,
length of column,
area of cross-section in sq. inches,
least radius of gyration of section.
Column with
flat
ends,
breaking load
1+
(2)
HI)
(3)
"" 2
FC
rrrg
Pin-and-square column,
breaking load
FC
rrr^
io8
in
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
which
F =
C =
column
=
k =
^ =
I
in
of
length of column,
least radius of gyration of section,
empirical constant.
Values of
/5
and
of C, in
Material
Hard
Medium
Soft
Wrought
steel
steel
Cast
steel
iron
iron
Timber
70,000
50,000
45,000
36,000
70,000
7200
25,000
36,000
36,000
36,000
6400
3000
(lbs./
sq. in.).
Formula
Ritter's
(1)
Column with
flat ends,
safe load
FC
+ c
(2)
ends,
FC
=
i
(3)
/iv
+ ^C-Y
Pin-and-square column,
safe load
FC
=
1
1.78
C /IV
47r2 \k
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
in
IO9
which
of
square inch,
Johnson's Formula
cross-section in square
inches.
Pin-ends,
breaking load
[42,000
0.97
{t)^F
7
(2)
not
> ISO
Flat ends,
^
breaking load
4-9 nnn
[42,000
I
n <S9
0.62
f^V \F
/
(e
not
190
Pin-ends,
breaking load
[34,000
0.67 (i)'\f
I
,
,not>170
no
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
(2)
Flat ends,
= [34,000 -
breaking load
0.43
(r)^^
(|)not>210
Formula
cross-section in square
inches.
Hinged ends,
breaking load
(2)
Flat ends,
breaking load
Hinged ends,
breaking load
(2)
[42,000
157 (~\
Flat ends,
breaking load
= [42,000 - 128 (^ F
Wooden Columns
The breaking load in pounds
umns with square ends is
for solid
(700+ 15 m)FC
P=
700+l5m + m^
wooden
col-
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
mension (/,
/,
of the
column
of the cross-section
III
that
is,
w=
^ j,
column
in
inch.
5000
4500
Ib./sq. in.
fornia spruce
4000
Ib./sq. in.
3500
Ib./sq. in.
Red pine,
Ib./sq. in.
The proper
from 3.5 to
and
Cali-
5,
For
of moisture.
all
from 4 to
of safety varies
5.
CENTERS OF GRAVITY
Plane Figures
Triangle
The C.G.
on a median
line of
j^
is
Parallelogram
The C.G.
is
at the inter-
y-2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
112
Trapezoid
y
=
3 (a
Quadrant
+ 6)
of Circle
4r
_
^
= 4 rV2
31^
_
^
Quadrant of Ellipse
_
4a
4&
^-.
= 37
Semicircle
4r
= 3^
4
Circular Sector
_
y
2 re
3a
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Circular
Segment
^~
113
r sin^ d
3 2
is
(9
sin (2 Q)
in radians
-r^sind
2R^
SR'-r^ d
IZ
Parabolic Segment
3h
ir
Parabolic
Segment
= ib
h.
114
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Solids
Hemisphere
y-i
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
M=mass
Shape
of figure
of
body=
Description
uniform
SOLIDS
Axis of rotation
(1)
through center
perpendicular
to length
thin rod
(2)
through end
per-
pendicular to
length
thin rectangular
^^
(1)
pendicular to
of
inertia
M/2
M
M
12
plate
(2)
through center
of gravity parallel to side b
thin
(1)
(2)
solid
cylinder,
radius, r
M 12
through center
perpendicular to
plane
circular
plate
r2r^
Moment
through center
of gravity per-
plate
IIS
any diameter
(1) axis of
(2)
cylinder
through center of
gravity, perpendicular to axis
of cylinder
M (^i)
^2R
hollowcylinder,
(1) axis of
i?= outer
(2)
radius,
r= inner
radius
solid
sphere,
cylinder
'R2+y
through center
of gravity per-
pendicular to
.)
"(n*
^2+^
axis
through
center
M 2r^
r= radius
hollow
through
sphere,
center
r= internal radius
/ J?5-y5
M 52 \R^-r^)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
ii6
^H
rO
>>
1s
r>
+j
c
<u
+ C^
fe
-'^
o
0)
-t->
|vO
+
fri
f^
>^^
B ?^
o
S
o
^
|(N
-^
^C>
n^
/"^
<:>l^
fC^
^ K.^
'%^
II
(DO
S.1VO
Sb
S.I2
^12
CN
^IS
SP
CN
11^
V)
rt
C^
^N
^12
<4-l
^ O
CO
CM
^0
55
<5
<<
^0
^^
.C^
K^
\t
11^
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
117
CO
Nl'*
^
'^
-Td
I
CO
vO
^12
OS
%
s
N
-IS
10
I
^0
1^
s^
SH
VO
vO
00
00
(N
00
rCi
1
1
t<-j=-^
'Ff
Vii
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
ii8
^^1
^'
0)
T3
mo
rmine
page?
dete
on
->
tie
II
.S
_
'd
1^
s.
^11 ^
W>
+^
>.
5i
gravit
canno
ethod
l-o
the
which
the
o
of by
is
along
aJi
en
base
ravit
g]
ty
tj
d t
Xf\
-o
gravi
their
of
11
o7>
^
6
::;
\{
with
center
izontal
|1
s,
+
P
ss
eo
^1^ o
?.
.52
the
recta
ngle-bars,
-IS
II
of
-12
nent
ion
<
m
cC
.ti
<i>
^11oc
rt
r^
.,
4J
>.
al
the
its
eo
earns
nd
fi
int
ion
i2
2i
.2
S)
asT-b
irst,
CO
sect
P^
sections
the
oUows:
Ph
such
as
i2
divid
of
ained
hen
ia
-3)
obt
<n
xn
inert
of
1
O M
rj
Section
may
oment
e
S o-^
o
(U
-f-J
sx
^.
H ^
_c3
Ui
(U
^o
Pi
.So
'a
^?
QJ
<u-ti
^
H
;=!
HYDRAULICS
II9
HYDRAULICS
Head and Pressure
The
is
called the
head.
at
any depth
is
p = 0.433 h
in
which
h
0.433
The
high and
inch in cross-section.
pressure on a
submerged surface
is
always
P
h
(in
pounds)
0.433 hF
F=
merged surface,
area of submerged surface
in square inches.
Center of Pressure
of a
submerged surface
all
is
the
the fluid
(in feet)
vertical
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
120
F =
i =
la
rectangular
moment
of inertia of plate
about
its
The distance of the center of pressure of a submerged plate inclined at an angle d with the surface is
d (m
z
feet)
-^-^
rz
h z
F =
Ig
= moment
of inertia of plate
about
its
gravity axis
Due
its
theoretical
is
reduced about 3
value.
Further,
on
64 per cent
= VYgh
gravity =
= acceleration of
= head in feet.
(l>
32.16,
VJgh =
coefficient of velocity.
0.97
Vigh
HYDRAULICS
The discharge through
second
is
Q =
C =
F =
121
CF<j>\/Ygh
0.64 (approx.)
0,62
pVlJh
coeflftcient of
contraction,
FLOW OF WATER
Bernoulli's
IN PIPES
Theorem
A general
pipes
that
is
is,
the
sum
of the velocity
p
head - and the potential head
of flow
at
is
equal to the
any other
sum
head
z at
;r
^ S
of
water in
the pressure
between
=
=
p =
V
I'l
pi
first
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
122
z
potential head at
first
is,
=
=
g
7 =
Zi
1 foot
0.433,
Losses in Pipes
The
theorem.
the total
loss, kj is
the
Loss
The
If several losses
loss of
tion of pipe
head
sum
Due
to Friction
in feet
due to
friction in
a sec-
is
where
=
I =
V =
/=
diameter of pipe in
feet,
and on the
Values of
/,
size of pipe.
"):
I.
P.
HYDRAULICS
Velocity in
feet per
second
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
6.0
12.0
20.0
Diam. Diam.
Diam.
in.
-21 :
= 2 in.
1
Diam.
ir-i
0.0417
0.0834
ft.
ft.
= 0.1667
0.0119
0.0113
0.0104
0.00950
0.00810
0.00734
0.00670
0.0%30 0.00614
0.00615 0.00598
Diam.
ft.
ft.
0.00870
0.00850
0.00822
0.00790
0.00731
0.00692
0.00640
0.00590
0.00579
Diam.
Diam.
Diam.
ft.
0.0150
0.0137
0.0124
0.0110
0.00862
0.00753
0.00689
123
0.00763
0.00750
0.00732
0.00712
0.00678
0.00650
0.00605
0.00560
0.00549
ft.
0.00704
0.00693
0.00677
0.00659
0.00624
0.00600
0.00562
0.00522
0.00508
0.00669
0.00657
0.00642
0.00624
0.00593
0.00570
0.00534
00500
0.00485
ft.
0.00623
0.00614
0.00603
0.00588
0.00559
0.00538
00507
0.00478
ft.
0.00578
0.00567
0.00555
0.00529
0.00509
0.00482
0.00457
Loss at Entrance
The
loss of
head
in
which
eflScient of friction
is
dependent
equal to
is
the co-
is
on
in feet
zJyz:~Ir~~ ^
and \_
the
^" """
= ^
~~~^ ~-
\r__rr~_~'/
Values oi Le[
-=->
^-
"
of the reservoir.
in the
Le
90
80
70
60
0.505
0.565
0.635
0.713
is
50
40
30
and Le is,
0.505
2g
where
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
124
Due
Loss
to
Sudden Enlargement
in feet
.2
(^'J|g
Fi
cross-section area of
square
F =
area
feet,
enlarged
of
feet per
velocity in
section.
Due
Loss
The
loss of
of a pipe
head
to
Sudden Contraction
in feet
is
2g
in
which
V
second
in
con-
""
tracted section,
C =
coefficient of
con-
the
value of which
depends on the
traction,
ratio,
section.
Values
of
C,
the
coefficient
of
contraction,
for
HYDRAULICS
diflferent
values of
125
(from Church):
F_
0.90
1.0
0.624 0.632 0.643 0.659 0.681 0.712 0.755 0.813 0.892 1.0
Loss
The
pipe
loss of
head
r
V
in feet
to
Bends
due to a bend
in a circular
is
[o- 131
Due
=
=
=
1.847
2g
are as follows:
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
0.131 0.138 0.158 0.206 0.294 0.440 0.661 0.977 1.40 1.98
Q =
V
I
d
Le
=
=
=
=
diameter of pipe in
feet,
In general, the
pipe
is
/=
on page 123.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
126
(1)
a given flow of
in
required head
/i
which
keep up
The
in feet necessary to
(in feet)
and diameter
d.
is
+ Le + 4/^)
= |^(l
= 4Q
7rd^
(2)
of the
second.
The
'^'
.=
l
and
is:
+ Le+4/^
Vy
Q =
lirdh
v.
One
trial is
generally
in feet
is
^'^'-"^W^c?)'
h.
HYDRAULICS
and d being solved
127
for,
we must
first
assume a
value for
d,
When
a pipe
is
etc.,
may
be calculated
/f
1?
= 4/- r
dig.
(Chezy's formula)
40
The
=
0.552
+ -^
Vr
is
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
28
r
= mean
by dividing
is,
is,
tion
divided
in feet
in contact
fou'nd
in square feet
(that
is
of the
water surface
m=
which are
Character
of
channel
Value
of
0.06
0.16
0.46
0.85
1.30
1.75
Kutter's Formula
The
equals
0.00281
,, ^^
41.65 H
,
where
and
,s
1.811
HYDRAULICS
129
Value of n
Character of channel
iron.
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.017
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
is
Francis'
The
in
Formula
1 [0.622
h{h-
tV nh)
is
VYgh]
which
= head in feet of water on weir,
b = width of weir in feet,
n =
n =
n =
ior
for
both ends
of
channel.
For
overfall- weirs
is
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
130
in
which the
coefficient
n = 0.6075
=
b =
p =
h
0.0148
h
water on weir,
depth in feet
of
width of weir
in feet,
bottom
of the
sill
of the weir
above the
channel of approach.
The
tensile stress in
due to internal
in
a pipe
P'
fp
^
p(r+t)
=
t =
p =
r
of
internal
over
external
pressure
in
is
= S-^
in
which
P =
P- pS
FLOW OF FLUIDS
Collapsing of
The
pressure
collapsing
Tubes
for
Bessemer
p =1000 (1
-y
p = 86670 3
a
I31
- I6O0Q
steel
lap-
six diameters, is
when ^
<
0.023
>
0.023
or
when
1386
-.
(Stewart's equations)
which
in
excess
of
in
inch,
FLOW OF FLUIDS
Flow
The weight
of Air
of air in
from a reservoir
M=0.^3F-|L
or
Through Apertures
when
pi>2pa
Fliegner's
M = 1.06 F J tAhlJ:A
pi
reservoir pressure in
equations
when pi<2pa
pounds per square inch
absolute,
pa
F =
T\ =
+ 459-6).
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
132
Flow
of
M = 0.0165
M = ^ when
Fpi'-^'
pi> ^p2
Pp2. I^ipl-
1^
P2)
=
p2 =
F =
pi
Q=
when
is
of
Q=
of
Flow
^ 5
T_
M = pounds
Napier's
equations
=
=
=
=
Gas
1000
in Pipes
y^
(Molesworth)
Flow
^
of Air in Pipes
114.5
y^
h
d
(Hawksley)
FLOW OF FLUIDS
133
L =
Q =
Flow
of
Compressed Air
i.0.U61v/^'.
Q =
volume
air,
in Pipes
0.1161
v^^'
minute
of
compressed
at 62 F.,
sq. inch,
=
L =
d
Flow
of
Steam
in Pipes
(Babcock)
=
w =
pi
p2
pressure
in
entrance,
=
L =
d
pressure at exit,
diameter in inches,
length of pipe in feet.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
134
ELECTRICITY
OHMIC RESISTANCE
The
0 Centigrade
is
given
by the formula:
R (in
L =
A =
p
ohms)
p-j
conductor at 0
C,
values of which
TABLE OF RESISTIVITIES
(Resistivity is the resistance in ohms between any two
opposite faces of a 1 inch cube of the material)*
Resistivity at
Metal
0C.
Aluminium (annealed)
Aluminium (commercial)
Aluminium bronze
Bismuth (compressed)
.
Brass
Copper (drawn)
Copper (annealed)
German
silver
Gold (annealed)
Iron (wrought)
Lead (compressed)
Magnesium
Mercury
Nickel (annealed)
Platinum (annealed)
Silver (annealed)
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc (pressed)
1.14 XlO-^
1.05 XlO-6
4.96 XlO-^
51.2
XlO-6
2.82 XlO-^
0.637x10-6
0.625x10-6
8.23 XlO-6
0.803x10-6
3.82 XlO-6
7.68 XlO-6
1.72 XlO-6
XlO-6
37.1
4.89 XlO-6
3.53 XlO-6
0.575x10-6
5.16 XlO-6
2.
X10-
2.28 XlO-6
ELECTRICITY
The resistance
135
of
IS
(1
in
ah)
which
Ri
= known
Centigrade,
R<2,
h degrees
Centigrade,
a = temperature
is
coeffi-
cient (approx.)
forlC.
Aluminium (commercial)
Copper (annealed)
German
silver
Gold (annealed)
Iron (wrought)
Mercury
Platinum
Silver
Tungsten
Zinc (pressed)
0.00435
0.00388
0.00036
0.00365
0.00463
0.00072
0.00247
0.00377
0.00570
0.00365
Note.
for
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
136
u
Qi .J
moo
o
0^\00
o trfso
.
f<^<N<N
0^r<^0
<NfNO\
msoo\
>0'>'0^
i>.sOn
o:
r^scsi
sovo-'r
r^
'^oo
cr^o^^o
vooom
t^vOi>t
,
000
-^uM^ <^oooo
oon^os
o^' -^
odo 000 000 000 o
^r^os
rsi<Nr^
<N<Ni
tncTiso
r>.t>a
fA'^'m'
(D
(DO
00
C
OsOON c<^00 00
OO-^ 0<NOO
om
PvICNfO
000 o<Niri
000 000 000 000 O
0<^0<>
VO'^f^
0^r^
<Nin(N
oo>om
f^OOO
vO-^O
^<N<N
0<N
in'rf<^
vTiOvO
<NvO OsOco
<n<n
ooovo
~
oi~
OOi
000 -"rr^fN
000 rq
000
000 000 000 000 000 o o o o o o
\0<Nir
\0^0
C/3
f^0^
00c
ooc
o_^o^c_
:8:
>OQ
>oo
ir>i
<^
-"r
000
000
000
000
f<^00
OQr^
000
ifiooiO
^<N "^
c<>oom
:;
*^'0.^
n
s
00
^oov
oot^i>*
vomin
8 s S? ^5: sPiS
c^;^^
vol^ro
'3)0
r<
O (N
rO'^vn
\OI>00
O^O
CNfA^
lAsOr^
ELECTRICITY
fsoov
o^o^o
Is
m-Tf-^t-
"^o^io
CN
oo^
<Nt^so
cNo^r^
00
137
*
<NOin mor> r^o^
o-'J"'*
tncNo
Qooo
o-fo
<^rvj
o t>^^
vO'^f<^
oo
oco 52'^
Ah
O&^
T^o^
00
CN
vO-^cr*
tnoO
CNOvO
>A<N'^
a
o
.s
vO 00
173 r>N
oil
f^
vom
fOfNf*^
<N<Nr<^
-"rinvo
000
000
^N00
sOvOr<^
0000
moo
vOm-rr
sii 88
000
000 000
mo
rO<NN
888
000
000
000
<NOv<N
otNin
00
<NOQO
03
vONO
2i;!8
Tfo
oovcm
scm
88
000
000
o^rs.
888 88
000 00
(NOI^
ovOtN
cs
OOs
<NvOcO
OC^O^
<^
^iQ
?:|^Si
00 NO in
c*^ c<^
OMncN
_,
00
o
- 000
000 00
00
c<^f<^r^^
lAOvO
00f<^0
2.
-n-focN
-nr
ON
mfs
_c<^so
lATfcn
CM
P5
c
o
O
<u
inovo
0>0n
f<^S<N
;5;?52:
in (^ vo
o^On
<r\vo
oo^
(NvOcn
OONO
in
oosom
<^<N
00
p^ vO
oo^o
mso
in
0000
t>ivOin
men
<n
o
m
co m
pf^'^m
OnO
|8
r<^
ooo^o
<N
p^m
<NNfs
'invo
<NPvjp^
r>.ooa^
<N<NCN
cn
mm
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
138
Ohm's Law
E = IR
or
=
E=
R =
I
current in amperes,
The proper
size of
current circuit on
copper conductors
a two-wire system
if
the resistance
of
is
cm. =
or
consisting
10.8
X 2dXl
-g
required,
is
2dXl
where
=
E =
/ =
d =
cm. =
r
ohms,
Resistance of Circuits
The
R=
where
The
ri
+ + r3+
r2
is
given
resultant of several
multiple
by the
resistances in parallel or
relation:
1+1+1+..
n
r2
Tz
ELECTRICITY
R is
139
etc.,
in watts
expended
a resistance
in
is
P = EI = PR
E =
=
R =
current in amperes,
resistance in ohms.
seconds
is
when the
current, /,
= EIt= PRt
is
constant;
or, if
the current
is
!>i^Rdt
h
where
is
expressed as a function of
The power
in
any two-wire
P (in
where
cuit
is
and /
t.
watts)
= EI
cir-
in cycles per
second
is
given
relation:
_ R.P.M.
" 60
^2
by the
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
I40
Ra
H~
Rx
which
in
E =
=
Ra =
Rx
e
impressed voltage,
counter-electromotive force,
armature.
At
full
speed,
^""
e
E- e
Ra
K(j>f
E =IaJla+e=IaRa+K<t>f
E - K(j>f
Ra
IgRa
K<t>
f = frequency
</)
magnetic
lines,
cutting arma-
ture conductors,
4/
77^>
where
t is
the
number
of
Its value is
armature turns
in series.
*
ELECTRICITY
141
E = e=
E=
la =
Ra =
e
R =
laRa
generated voltage,
terminal voltage,
armature current
in
amperes,
E^RIa
e=E+IaJla=Ia(R+Ra)
Torque
The torque
of a
dynamo
in foot-pounds equals
T=
KI<I>
where
<^
magnetic
lines, cutting
arma-
ture conductors,
=
=
2.348
'
tP,
Its value
and
the total
number
of poles.
The torque
of a
motor
in terms of the
^^ 33,000 H.P.
or solving for horsepower,
H.P.
lirTn
IwRFn
33,000
33,000
horsepower
is
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
142
n = number
of revolutions per
T =
torque in foot-pounds,
R=
F =
minute,
Induced Voltage
'
^WTt
^^^^'
= number
If
of turns.
dci>
^ in
The
efifective
equals the
-j-
Otherwise,
respect to
t,
(j>
field,
is
the
at right angles
number
first
of lines
derivative
/.
etc., is
given by
the relation:
^ = V2Tfn(t>
4.44/^0
-I^=--li-
This formula
is
on the assumption
/ = frequency
=
n =
(l>
,,
volts
of
is
N being
the total
number
of turns.
ELECTRICITY
143
i
The average induced voltage
4^
Ewhere n
is
the
number
of
of
dynamo
is
volts
armature turns in
series.
Inductance
Inductance, L,
is
the
number
of interHnkages of flux
L
in
(henrys)
j^
which
= number of turns,
/ = current in amperes,
= number of Hues of magnetic
force interhnking
(j>
The
The
is
is
the centimeter.
in
an inductive
circuit is
^ di
The
total voltage
is
constant.
consumed by an inductive
circuit
E.ir+L%
the inductance, L, being constant.
r is the resistance of the circuit in
first
derivative of
with respect to
expressed as a function of
t.
^,
ohms, and
di
-r-
is
the current
the
being
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
144
The inductance
in henrys of
an air-core circular
coil is
0.366
L =
Viooo/
F'
F" =
0.51ogio( 100
XF'F"
UR
+ 2 & + 3 c/
- -T
f
1-
t
1
and
as indicated in
the diagram.
The inductance,
per 1000 feet
L -
105
is
X
4.6
J?o^
j^+4.61og.o^+^^^,_^,^,
^0
3Ro^-
R^
l
where
=
R =
r
distance from center of cable to the inner surface of the outer metallic conductor,
Ro=
distance from center of cable to the outer surface of the outer metallic conductor.
ELECTRICITY
The values
of
r,
145
units.
The
total inductance, L, of a
3.048
(^^
is
D-r
where
/zi
IX
D=
jjL=
separating wires;
for
ly
center to center,
r
radius of conductor, in
same unit as D.
Capacity
The unit
is
of capacity
is
the farad.
a farad,
is
is
being equal to
The charge
is
the centimeter, 9
one-millionth of
The theoretical
unit of capacity
10^^ centimeters
farad.
of a condenser, Q,
may
is
formula:
Q = CE
from which
^=1
and
where
C =
E=
capacity in farads,
potential across the terminals of the condenser
m volts.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
146
The capacity
of a plate
C =
22AS
d X
condenser
KA
is
microfarads
where
A =
different materials.
Induc-
Materials
tivity
Ebonite
India rubber
SheUac
Oil
Glass
Mica
Condensers in
C, equals the
sum
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.10
6.00
When two
Parallel.
or
more con-
When two
or
more con-
is
C =
-^
+ ^- + ^ +
ELECTRICITY
The
147
in microfarads
is
7.37
C =
lOOOlogioP
in
which
p
Po
=
=
distance from center of cable to the inner surface of the outer metallic conductor, in the
same unit
The
as p.
is
given approximately by
the formula:
3.68
C=
lOOOlogio^
r
if
D=
mission
r
The
radius of
differential equations of a
dg
idt
charge
dq
cde
condenser are
j idt
de
The shape
by an alternator
curve.
is,
wave produced
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
148
The number
is
of cycles or complete
for
the
current
complete one
is
to
cycle
a period.
The average
value
of the current
voltage
is
the
average of
all
the
or
The
sum
of
is
effective
the square
values of a half-wave.
If
E is
the
maximum voltage of
a half-cycle of a sine
wave,
average voltage
2
=-
= 0.636^
TT
eflfective
Similarly,
if
the
voltage
= rzE =
maximum
average current =
current
0.707
is /,
-/ = 0.636/
TT
effective current
= 77^/ = 0.707/
a definite value in the cycle
its
corresponding value,
is
said to be leading,
Phase difference
is
always expressed in
ELECTRICITY
149
E = IZ
or
=
=
Z =
current in amperes,
impedance
ohms.
in
=
=
=
X
z
The
relation
pedance
a right
is
ohms
reactance in ohms
impedance in ohms
resistance in
triangle.
= z cos a
X = zsina
r
a =
tan ^r
VrM^
Inductive Circuits
where
/ = frequency
L =
ohms
is
27r/L
inductance in henrys.
The impedance
z
in
in
ohms
is
VrM^ = V/'2+47r2/2L2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
150
in
ohms
is
ItJC
/ = frequency
where
C =
capacity in farads.
The impedance
ohms
in
is
The reactance
X
in
xl
The impedance
z
ohms
and Capacity
is
+ xc=
2 tt/L
j^
ohms equals
in
= Vr^+{xL + xcY
Waves
vector, the
or current
may
magnitude or length
of
be represented
which
equal the
vector
is
maximum
It is
by
it is
it;
equal
some-
let
generally denoted
is
The
expressed in terms of
its
its
is
written
E = e + je'
in
which
where
ELECTRICITY
and
vector,
e'
The imaginary
151
The magnitude
horizontal axis
is
E is
E=
of
e'2
The
Ve^
tan-i
is
the
impedance
Z
and
=^
is
-\-
]x
magnitude
is
Z = Vr2 +
x^
its
The admittance
is
Z
where
-|
-{-
jx
= conductance,
susceptance.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
152
The current
r
equals
E=
~
EY =
E=
Power
+ ji'
{e+je')
is
IZ = (i+ji')
+jx) =
{r
+jV
by the vectors
E = e+jV
E
/A
y^6
^^
e'
the real
power
"T
is
IF
the wattless
= a + eV = EI cose
power
is
Wi = e'i-
ei'
= EI sinff
The power-factor
is
power-factor
cos ^
ELECTRICITY
153
E=
=
/ =
i =
e
volts
between
lines
Phase
connection
For Y-connections,
E = e Vs
7=
V3
and
=i
Line
;Phase
^-
connection
For A-connections,
^;
= i V3;
and
tz^
V3
is
W = V3EI
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
154
W
where cos
= V3 EI
is
cosd
MAGNETISM
Equations of Magnetic Circuits
F =
mmf =
magnetomotive force
in
ampere turns,
= number of turns,
/ = current in amperes,
jS = density in magnetic
lines
meter,
=
=
A
<j>
total
number
of lines of flux,
cross-section
of
magnetic path
in
square
centimeters,
fjL
H
I
m
r
=
=
=
=
=
=
permeability,
intensity of field,
pole strength,
distance between poles.
QAttNT
V
P
4>
0.4 ttNIhA
I
A
0.4 tNIh
I
mmf =
M
0.4 irNI
MAGNETISM
ISS
mH
mm
F =
^
(f)
The
pole
Arirm
magnet
is
P =y
^^^
where 5
by a two
is
the total
is
the
The ampere-turns
sity of
lines
is
IN =
is
Hysteresis Loss
The power
W
/ = frequency
V = volume of
B =
k
fVB'-'
107
magnetic density in
lines
Value
Character of iron
Silicon steel
Cast steel.
Cast iron
0006
0.0008
0.010
0.013
(J.
Annealed sheet
.
iron.
to
to
to
to
of k
0.00075
0.0011
0.012
0.017
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
156
in watts lost
or steel laminations
/ = frequency
is
in iron
approximately
In
0.025 inch.
is
if
eddy current
loss is
65,500
AT/in,
is
4.5
^^
(6.4
- 4.5) = 5.5
(approx.)
MAGNETISM
Silicon Steel
Saturation curve
Saturation curve
AT /in.
B
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
135,000
140,000
145,000
150,000
155,000
2.1
2.7
3.4
4.5
6.4
10
23
35
100
225
AT /in.
B
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
4
4.4
5
9
12
20
33
60
520
1000
2200
3770
5330
6900
Cast Steel
Cast Iron
Saturation curve
Saturation curve
157
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
105,000
AT/in.
11
15
20
29.5
50
105
165
B
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
AT/in.
8
12
17
23
30
43
60
85
110
145
190
158
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
MEASUREMENT
English Weights and Measures
Length
1000 mils
12 inches
3 feet
5280
feet
4 inches
9 inches
2 J feet
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
inch
foot
yard
mile
hand
span
pace
rod
6080.26 feet
I league
7.92 inches
25 links
=
=
link
rod
=
=
furlong
mile
chain
Surface
144 square inches
9 square feet
640 acres
36 square miles
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
square foot
1
1
square yard
square rod
acre
square mile
square rod
square chain
acre
square mile
township
Volume
1728 cubic inches
27 cubic feet
128 cubic feet
=
=
=
=
cubic foot
cubic yard
cord
perch
MEASUREMENT
159
Troy Weight
24 grains
=
=
=
(gr.)
20 pennyweights
12 ounces
pennyweight (dwt.)
ounce (oz.)
pound
(lb.)
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams
=
=
=
=
(dr.)
16 ounces
25 pounds
4 quarters
ounce
(oz.)
pound
(lb.)
quarter (qr.)
ton (T.)
Apothecaries' Weight
20 grains
=
=
=
=
(gr.)
3 scruples
8 drams
12 ounces
scruple
dram
ounce
pound
(sc.
or
9)
(dr.
or 3)
(oz.
or )
(lb)
Dry Measure
2 pints (pt.)
8 quarts
4 pecks
36 bushels
=
=
=
=
quart
peck
bushel (bu.)
chaldron (ch.)
(qt.)
(pk.)
Liquid Measure
gills (gi.)
2 pints
4 quarts
31i gallons
63 gallons
=
=
=
=
=
pint (pt.)
quart
gallon (gal.)
(qt.)
barrel (bar.)
hogshead (hhd.)
Measure
Apothecaries' Fluid
60 minims
8 fluid-drachms
16 fluid-ounces
8 pints
=
=
=
=
60 minutes
30 degrees
(")
=
=
=
fluid-drachm
fluid-ounce
pint
gallon
Measure
Circular
60 seconds
minute
degree
sign
(')
()
(s)
1 circle (cir.)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
i6o
millimeter
centimeter
inch
1 foot
yard
meter
kilometer
mile
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
39.37 mils
0.03937 inch
0.3937 inch
0.0328 foot
2.54 centimeters
0.083 foot
30.48 centimeters
0.305 meter
91.44 centimeters
0.914 meter
39.37 inches
3.28 feet
1.094 yards
3280.8 feet
1093.6 yards
0.6214 mile
5280 feet
1609.3 meters
1.609 kilometer
Surface
1 circular
mil
square mil
1 sq.
millimeter
1 sq.
centimeter
1 sq.
inch
1 sq. foot
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
MEASUREMENT
1 sq.
yard
i6i
0.00836 are
0.000207 acre
1 sq.
meter
1550
sq. inches
are
1 acre
4840
sq.
yards
4047
sq.
meters
0.4047 hectare
hectare
100 ares
2.471 acres
1 sq.
kilometer
247 acres
0.3861 sq. mile
1 sq.
mile
640 acres
2.59 sq. kilometers
Volume
1 cu. centimeter
1 cu. inch
quart (liquid)
quart (dry)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
liter
or cu. decimeter
0.004329 gaUon
0.94636
liter
2 pints (dry)
or cu. decimeter
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
l62
1
quart (dry)
1 liter
Note.
gallon
Pints, quarts,
and
Weight
1
milligram
grain
gram
ounce
poimd
kilogram
ton (short)
ton (metric)
(av.)
(av.)
= 0.01543 grain
= 0.001 gram
= 64.80 milligrams
- 0.002286 ounce (av.)
= 15.43 grains
= 0.03527 ounce (av.)
= 0.002205 pound (av.)
= 437.5 grains
= 28.35 grams
= 0.0625 pound (av.)
= 7000 grains
= 453.6 grams
= 16 ounces
= 0.4536 kilogram
= 35.27 ounces
= 2.205 pounds
= 2000 pounds (av.)
= 907.2 kilograms
= 0.8928 ton (long)
= 0.9072 ton (metric)
= 2205 pounds
= 1000 kilograms
= 1.102 ton (short)
= 0.9842 ton (long)
U.S. measures.
MEASUREMENT
1
ton (long)
=
=
=
163
2240 pounds
1.12 ton (short)
Force
=
=
=
=
=
1 gram
=
=
1 poimdal
=
=
=
1 pound
=
1 kilogram =
=
1
dyne
0.01574 grain
0.00102
gram
0.00007233 poundal
0.07093 poundal
13,825 dynes
0.03108 pound
0.01410 kilogram
444,800 dynes
32.17 poundals
980600 dynes
70.93 poundals
Storage of Water
1 acre-foot
1 gallon
1 cu. foot
1 cu. yard
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
325,800 gallons
43,560 cu. feet
0.000003069 acre-foot
0.00002298 acre-foot
0.00062 acre-foot
Temperature
1
degree Centigrade
degree Fahrenheit
temperature Fahr.
temperature Cent.
=
=
=
=
| (=
f
//
^c
1.8)
degree Fahrenheit
= 0.556) degree
= | /c + 32
= I (^/ 32)
Centigrade
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
164
erg
gram-centimeter
joule
foot-pound
kilogram-meter
1 B.t.u.
watt-hour
kilogram-calorie
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
dyne-cm.
0.0000001 joule
0.00000007376 foot-pound
980.6 ergs
0.00009806 joule
0.00007233 foot-pound
10,000,000 ergs
0.7376 foot-pound
0.2389 gram-calorie
0.102 kilogram-meter
0.0009480 B.t.u.
0.0002778 watt-hour
13,560,000 ergs
1.356 joules
0.3239 gram-calorie
0.1383 kilogram-meter
0.001285 B.t.u.
0.0003766 watt-hour
0.0000005051 horsepower-hour
9.806 joules
7.233 foot-pounds
0.009296 B.t.u.
0.002724 watt-hour
1055 joules
778.1 foot-pounds
252 gram-calories
107.6 kilogram-meters
0.2930 watt-hour
0.0003930 horsepower-hour
3600 joules
2655.4 foot-pounds
860 gram-calories
3.413 B.t.u.
0.001341 horsepower-hour
4186 joules
3088 foot-pounds
MEASUREMENT
1
kilogram-calorie
horsepower-hour
=
=
=
=
=
165
426.9 kilogram-meters
1.163 watt-hours
2,684,000 joules
1,980,000 foot-pounds
745.6 watt-hours
Power
1
watt
horsepower
horsepower (metric)
kilowatt
= 745.6 watts
= 550 foot-pounds per second
= 1.01387 horsepowei (metric)
= 32,550 foot-pounds per minute
= 735.5 watts
= 75 kilogram-meters per second
= 0.9863 horsepower
= 44,256.7 foot-pounds per minute
= 1.3597 horsepower (metric)
= 1.341 horsepower
Electric Units
abvolt
abampere
abohm
=
=
=
10-8 volt
10 amperes
10-
ohm
Pressure Eqiiivalents
atmosphere (standard)
=
=
=
=
=
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
l66
1
inch of mercury at 32 F.
1 foot of
water at 39.1 F.
pound on the
sq. foot
pound on the
sq. inch
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ho = H\l
(/5
(i
H
/
=
=
j8
o""
a)
C,
t]
+m
a =
coefl&cient of linear
=
/ =
p =
V
Vo
-k + 0.00367/760
observed volume,
observed temperature in degrees Centigrade,
pressure in millimeters of mercury.
MEASUREMENT
167
is
Z (in feet) =
=
T =
Ti =
H=
52,500
vertical distance
(r
Ti)]
1000
H-Hi
H + Hi
stations,
Hi = height
of
to 0 C.
For any
altitude,
Z = 60,346ll+0.00256cos(2^) Jl + ^^^^Wgio^
in
which
latitude in degrees.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
i68
Aluminium
Antimony.
Argon
Bromine.
Ir
193.1
Fe
55.84
82.9
139.0
207.10
6.94
174.0
24.32
54.93
200.6
96.0
Bi
Boron
.
Cadmium.
Br
Cd
Caesium ....
Calcium.
Cs
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine.
Ca
Ce
.
CI
Chromium.
Cr
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium.
Co
Erbium
.
Dy
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Fluorine
Gadolinium.
Gallium
Ge
Germanium.
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Indium
Au
He
In
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Kr
La
Pb
Krypton
Lanthanum.
Lead
Lithium
Lutecium.
Cu
Er
Europium.
Li
Lu
Magnesium.
Manganese.
Mercury
27.1
120.2
39.88
74.96
137.37
9.1
208.0
11.0
79.92
112.40
132.81
40.07
12.00
140.25
35.46
52.0
58.97
63.57
162.5
167.7
152.0
19.0
157.3
69.9
72.5
197.2
3.99
1.008
114.8
126.92
As
Ba
Be
weight
Sb
Barium
Bismuth.
Atomic
bol
Al
.
Arsenic
Beryllium.
Sym-
Mg
Mn
Hg
Molybdenum Mo
Element
Neodymium.
Neon
Nickel
Sym-
Atomic
bol
weight
Nd
144.3
20.2
58.68
93.5
14.01
190.9
16.00
106.7
31.04
195.2
Ne
.
Ni
Nb
Niobium
Nitrogen
Osmium
Os
Oxygen
Palladium ....
Phosphorous.
Platinum
Potassium.
Pd
P
Pt
Praseodymium Pr
Radium
Rhodium
Rubidium ....
Ruthenium.
Samarium.
Scandium
.
Ra
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sa
Selenium
Sc
Se
Silicon
Silver
Ag
Si
Na
Sodium
Strontium.
Sulphur
Ta
Te
Tb
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium.
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Sr
Tl
.....
Uranium
Vanadium.
Xenon
Ytterbium.
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium.
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
U
.
V
Xe
Yb
Zn
.
Zr
39.10
140.6
226.4
102.9
85.45
101.7
150.4
44.1
79.2
28.3
107.88
23.00
87.63
32.07
181.5
127.5
159.2
204.0
232.4
168.5
119.0
48.1
184.0
238.5
51.06
130.2
172.0
89.0
65.37
90.6
169
._
Weight in pounds
Metals
relative to
water
per cu. in.
Aluminium
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass (ordinary)
Bronze
Calcium
Copper (pure)
Copper (cast) 39 F..
Copper (rolled) 39 F
Gold
Iron (pure)
Iron (cast) 39 F
Iron (wrought) 39
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury 32 F
Nickel
Platinum
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Steel (hard) 39 F..
Steel (soft) 39 F
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc
0.096
0.244
0.354
0.308
0.319
0.057
0.322
0.314
0.321
0.698
0.284
0.260
0.281
0.411
0.064
0.491
0.318
0.775
0.031
0.379
0.035
0.286
0.283
0.264
0.624
0.253
per cu.
ft.
166.5
422.0
612.0
532.0
552.0
98.5
565.0
541.5
554.0
1205.0
490.0
449.0
485.0
709.7
109.0
848.0
549.0
1340.0
53.9
655.0
60.5
494.0
488.0
455.0
1080.0
437.0
2.67
6.76
9.82
8.55
8.85
1.58
8.93
8.70
8.88
19.32
7.86
7.21
7.78
11.38
1.75
13.60
8.80
21.50
0.87
10.50
0.97
7.92
7.83
7.30
17.30
7.00
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
170
(Continued)
Density
Weight in pounds
Liquids
relative to
water
Acid, hydrochloric
Acid, nitric
Acid, sulphuric
Alcohol
Carbon disulphide
Glycerine
Naphtha.
linseed
Oil, lubricating
Oil,,
Petroleum
Turpentine.
Water, pure, at
...
32 F. (freezing point)
39.1 F. (max. density)...
62 F. (standard temp.).
212 F. (boiling point)...
Water, Sea, 62 F
.
per cu.
0.0433
0.0440
0.0675
0.0286
0.0455
0.0455
0.0307
0.0332
0.0328
0.0307
0.0314
74.8
76.0
116.5
49.5
78.5
78.5
53.0
57.4
56.6
53.0
54.1
0.036121
0.036125
0.036085
0.034549
0.037023
ft.
62.417
62.425
62.355
59.700
63.976
20
1.22
1.84
0.79
1.26
1.26
85
0.92
0.91
0.85
87
1.0010
1.0011
1.0000
0.9574
1.0260
Gases
per cu.
Acetylene, C2H2
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Carbon monoxide, CO.
Carbon dioxide, CO2.
.
Ethylene, C2H4
Hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Hydrogen, H2
Hydrogen
sulphide,
H2S
Methane, CH4
Nitrous oxide, N2O.
Nitrogen, N2
Oxygen, O2
Sulphur dioxide, SO2.
Nitric oxide,
NO
Density
relative to
ft.
0.0725
0.0807
0.0475
0.0781
0.1227
0.0781
0.1023
0.00562
0.0949
0.0446
0.1235
0.0831
0.0783
0.0892
0.1786
0.0502
0.898
1.000
0.589
0.967
1.520
0.967
1.268
0.0695
1.175
0.553
1.530
1.030
0.970
1.105
2.210
0.622
^
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS
171
Ash
Beech
Cedar
Cork
{Continued)
Weight in
in pounds
per cu. ft.
45
46
39
38
37
Fir
Lignum-litae
Mahogany.
Maple
62
51
42
47
38
28
Oak
Pine, YellowPine, White.
'Poplar
30
28
36
Spruce
Walnut
Other materials
Weight
pounds
in
percu.
Asphaltum
Brick,
common.
87
112
Cement, average..
Clay
Coal, anthracite.
Coal, bituminous.
Concrete, average
Earth, loose
Earth, packed.
Glass, average.
Glass, flint
Granite
Gravel, average.
Ice
Limestone
Marble
Quartz
Sand, average
Slate
90
135
95
84
135
75
100
164
188
165
110
56
165
170
165
100
175
water
0.72
0.73
0.62
0.24
0.61
0.59
1.00
0.81
0.68
0.75
0.61
0.45
0.48
0.45
0.58
15
Elm
Density
relative to
ft.
Density
relative to
water
1.39
1.79
1.45
2.15
1.50
1.35
2.20
1.20
.60
.60
.02
,65
1.75
0.90
2.65
2.73
2.65
1.60
2.80
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
172
atmospheric
Melting point
pressure
Element
Degrees C.
Aluminium
Antimony
Areon
Arsenic
Barium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
1214
1166
1800
1440
3272
2624
-188
-306
-186
-303
850
269
2000
-7.3
516
3630
Chlorine
-102
-151.5
Fluorine
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
2310
4190
-370
-187
-305
1062
1944
2530
4586
3992
-38.8
-37.8
1452
2648
184.4
364
4442
2450
2776
1525
2552
1400
2052
1120
3452
1900
674
356.7
4226
2330
-347
-195.7 -320
235
2742
621
367
1172
2205
3990
Oxvs^en
-235
-391
Sodium
-33^6 -28.5
-223
2200
Silicon
Silver
2590
subl imes \
6330 I
\3500
63
145.5
778
1432
2200
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorous
Platinum
Potassium
Selenium
1420
2712
2714
1982
-210.5
1549
44.1
1710
62.5
217
1420
960
97.0
1489
1490
1083
113
1505
327
186
633
1207
1562
Calcium
Carbon
Cobalt
Copper
subl imes
842
\450
/
(volatilizes")
18.8
610
1436
7230
Chromium
Degrees
657
630
321
780
4000
Cadmium
Degrees
Degrees F.
2820
111.5
3110
144.5
423
2588
1760
206.6
-182*9 -297
2540
287
2450
758
690
3500
1955
877
4600
549
4440
1397
1274
6330
3551
1612
^
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS
1 73
Melting point
atmospheric
pressure
Element
Degrees C.
Strontium
Sulphur (rhombic)
Tantalum
900
115
2910
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
232
2500
3083
418
1300
Zinc
Zirconium
Degrees F.
1650
239
5270
449.6
4530
5582
784
2372
Degrees
Degrees
C.
'445'
'833'
2270'
4122
3700"
6700
1683
918
SPECIFIC HEATS
The
Aluminium
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass
Copper
Gold
Iodine
Iron (wrought)
Iron (cast)
.
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese.
Nickel
Phosphorous.
Platinum
Silicon
Silver
Steel
Sulphur
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc
Specific heat
0.219
0.051
0.0304
0.094
0.095
0.032
0.054
0.114
0.130
0.031
0.246
0.122
0.109
0.189
0.033
0.183
0.057
0.117
0.203
0.056
0.034
0.096
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
174
SPECIFIC HEATS
(Continued)
Liquids
Specific heat
Alcohol, methyl
Bismuth (melted)
Brine (density 1.2) 32 F.
Lead (melted)
Mercury 68 F
0.600
0.0363
0.710
0.0402
0.0333
0.47
0.94
0.234
0.064
0.47
1.0083
0.9992
Oil, olive
Sea- water
Sulphur (melted)
Tin (melted)
Turpentine
Water 32 F
Water 68 F
Water 212 F
1.0051
Specific heat at
constant pressure
Gases
Air
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
.
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Specific heat at
constant volume
0.2375
0.508
0.2479
0.217
0.404
3.409
0.2438
0.2175
0.1685
0.299
0.1758
0.171
0.332
2.412
0.1727
0.1550
Other materials
Specific heat
0.241
0.16
0.12
0.19
0.504
0.40
0.21
0.20
0.69
0.255
0.18
Charcoal.
Glass, crown.
.
Glass, flint.
Granite
Ice
India rubber.
Marble
Masonry
Paraffin wax.
Porcelain.
.
Quartz
Note. The specific heat of a material
Units necessary' to raise the temperature
is
of
the
1
number
pound
of
of British
the material
Thermal
1
F.
75
The
lo{l
temperature,
and a the
known
being the
lo
t
is
It
coefl&cient of linear
is
not large.
The
coefficient of
coefl&cient of
surface
cubical ex-
Metals
Aluminium
Aluminium bronze
Antimony
Bismuth
Brass
Bronze
Carbon, graphite
Copper
German
Gold
Gun metal
Iron (cast)
Iron (wrought)
Lead
Nickel
Platinum
Silver
Solder
Steel
Tin
Type metal
Zinc
(275 F.)
C.
0.0000222
0.000017
0.0000113
0.0000176
0.0000189
0.0000177
0.0000079
0.0000160
0.0000184
0.0000142
0.0000181
0.0000100
0.0000117
0.0000283
0.0000125
0.00000863
0.0000194
0.0000250
0.0000114
0.0000209
0.0000190
0.0000253
(a)
ForTF.
0.0000123
0.0000095
0.00000627
0.00000975
0.0000105
0.00000985
0.0000044
00000887
0.0000102
00000786
0000101
00000556
00000648
0000157
00000695
0.00000479
0000108
0.0000139
00000636
0.0000116
0.0000106
0.0000141
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
176
(a)
{Continued)
For
Other materials
Brick
Concrete
Ebonite
Glass, soft
Glass, hard
Glass, flint
Granite
Ice
Marble
Masonry (average)
Porcelain
Silica
(0to212F0
Slate
C.
ForlF.
0.00000550
0.0000143
0.0000770
0.00000850
0.00000714
0.00000812
0.00000789
0.0000507
0.0000040
0.0000060
0.0000036
0.00000050
0.0000104
00000305
00000795
0.0000428
0.00000470
0.00000397
0.00000451
00000438
0.0000282
0.0000022
0.0000033
0.0000020
0.00000028
0.00000577
0.0000030
0.0000050
0.0000017
0.0000028
0.0000600
0.0000400
0.0000340
0.0000330
0.0000220
0.0000190
beech
mahogany
pine
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HEAT CONTENT,
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B.T.U.
1050
MOLLIER
1450.
13S0
1200
1250
1300
1390
2.10
1400
AM CHART
"Properties of Steam and
iley
&
Sons.
1.30
1450
Ammonia," published by
TABLES
I8S
TABLES
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES
'
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
3.1416
6 2832
9.4248
12.5664
15.7080
18.850
21.991
25.133
28.274
31.416
34.558
37.699
40.841
43.982
47.124
50.265
53.407
56.549
59.690
62.832
65.973
69.115
72.257
75.398
78.540
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Area
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
0.7854
3.1416
7.0686
12.5664
19.635
28.274
38.485
50.266
63.617
78.540
95.033
113.10
132.73
153.94
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
176.71
201.06
226.98
254.47
283.53
314.16
346.36
380.13
415.48
452.39
490.87
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
81.681
84.823
87.965
91.106
94.248
97.389
100.53
103.67
106.81
109.96
113.10
116.24
119.38
122.52
125.66
128.81
131.95
135.09
138.23
141.37
144.51
147.65
150.80
153.94
157.08
Area
530.93
572.56
615.75
660.52
706.86
754.77
804.25
855.30
907.92
962.11
1017.88
1075.21
1134.11
1194.59
1256.64
1320.25
1385.44
1452.20
1520.53
1590.43
1661 .90
1734.94
1809.56
1885.74
1963.50
Note.
The surface of a sphere of given diameter may be found directly
from the above table, since it is equal to the area of a circle of twice the diameter of the sphere.
i86
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
51
52
53
160.22
163.36
166.50
169.65
172.79
175.93
179.07
182.21
185.35
188.50
191.64
194.78
197.92
201.06
204.20
207.34
210.49
213.63
216.77
219.91
223.05
226.19
229.34
232.48
235.62
54
55
56
5.7
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Area
2042.82
2123.72
2206.18
2290.22
2375.83
2463.01
2551.76
2642.08
2733.97
2827.43
2922.47
'3019.07
3117.25
3216.99
3318.31
3421.19
3525.65
3631.68
3739.28
3848.45
3959 19
4071.50
4185.39
4300.84
4417.86
.
Diam-
Circum-
eter
ference
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
238.76
241.90
245.04
248 19
251.33
254.47
257.61
260.75
263.89
267 .04
270.18
273.32
276.46
279.60
282.74
285.88
289.03
292.17
295.31
298.45
301.59
304.73
307.88
311.02
314.16
.
Area
4536.46
4656.63
4778.36
4901.67
5026.55
5153.00
5281 .02
5410.61
5541.77
5674.50
5808.80
5944.68
6082.12
6221.14
6361.73
6503.88
6647.61
6792.91
6939.78
7088.22
7238.23
7389.81
7542.96
7697.69
7853.98
TABLES
187
Square
Cube
Square root
Cube
1.000000 1.0000000
1.259921 .5000000
1.442250 .3333333
1.587401 .2500000
1.709976 .2000000
root
Reciprocal
4
9
8
27
16
25
125
1.000000
1.414214
1.732051
2.000000
2.236068
216
343
512
729
1000
2.449490
2.645751
2.828427
3.000000
3.162278
1.817121
1.912931
2.000000
2.080084
2 154435
144
169
196
225
1331
1728
2197
2744
3375
3.316625
3.464102
3.605551
3.741657
3.872983
2.223980
2.289429
2.351335
2.410142
2.466212
.0769231
.0714286
.0666667
256
289
324
361
400
4096
4913
5832
6859
8000
4.000000
4.123106
4.242641
4.358899
4.472136
2.519842
2.571282
2.620741
2.668402
2.714418
.0625000
.0588235
.0555556
.0526316
.0500000
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
36
49
64
81
100
121
64
.1666667
.1428571
1250000
.1111111
.1000000
.
.0909091
m33333
441
9261
24
25
484
529
576
625
10,648
12,167
13,824
15,625
4.582576
4.690416
4.795832
4.898980
5.000000
2.758924
2.802039
2.843867
2.884499
2.924018
.0476190
.0454545
.0434783
.0416667
.0400000
26
27
28
29
30
676
729
784
841
900
17,576
19,683
21,952
24,389
27,000
5.099020
5.196152
5.291503
5.385165
5.477226
2.962496
3.000000
3.036589
3.072317
3.107233
.0370370
.0357143
.0344828
.0333333
31
32
33
34
35
961
1024
1089
1156
1225
29,791
32,768
35,937
39,304
42,875
5.567764
5.656854
5.744563
5.830952
5.916080
3.141381
3.174802
3.207534
3.239612
3.271066
.0322581
.0312500
.0303030
.0294118
.0285714
36
37
1296
1369
46,656
50,653
6.000000
6.082763
3.301927
3.332222
.0277778
.0270270
.0384615,
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
i88
Number
Cube
Square root
Cube
root
Reciprocal
38
39
40
1444
1521
1600
54,872
59,319
64,000
6.164414
6.244998
6.324555
3.361975
3.391211
3.419952
.0263158
.0256410
.0250000
41
42
43
1681
1764
1849
1936
2025
68,921
74,088
79,507
85,184
91,125
6.403124
6.480741
6.557439
6.633250
6.708204
3.448217
3.476027
3.503398
3.530348
3.556893
.0243902
.0238095
.0232558
.0227273
.0222222
2116
2209
2304
2401
2500
97,336
103,823
110,592
117,649
125,000
6.782330
6.855655
6.928203
7.000000
7.071068
3.583048
3.608826
3.634241
3.659306
3.684031
.0217391
.0212766
.0208333
.0204082
.0200000
55
2601
2704
2809
2916
3025
132,651
140,608
148,877
157,464
166,375
7.141428
7.211103
7.280110
7.348469
7.416199
3.708430
3.732511
3.756286
3.779763
3.802953
.0196078
.0192308
.0188679
.0185185
.0181818
56
57
58
59
60
3136
3249
3364
3481
3600
175,616
185,193
195,112
205,379
216,000
7.483315
7.549834
7.615773
7.681146
7.745967
3.825862
3.848501
3.870877
3.892997
3.914868
.0178571
.0175439
.0172414
.0169492
.0166667
61
62
63
64
65
3721
3844
3969
4096
4225
226,981
238,328
250,047
262,144
274,625
7.810250
7.874008
7.937254
8.000000
8.062258
3.936497
3.957892
3.979057
4.000000
4.020726
.0163934
.0161290
.0158730
.0156250
.0153846
66
67
68
69
70
4356
4489
4624
4761
4900
287,496
300,763
314,432
328,509
343,000
8.124038
8.185353
8.246211
8.306624
8.366600
4.041240
4.061548
4.081655
4.101566
4.121285
.0151515
.0149254
.0147059
.0144928
.0142857
71
72
73
5041
5184
5329
357,911
373,248
389,017
8.426150
8.485281
8.544004
4.140818
4.160168
4.179339
.0140845
.0138889
.0136986
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Square
TABLES
POWERS, ROOTS,
Number
AND RECIPROCALS
Cube
Square
189
Square root
Cube
(Continued)
Reciprocal
root
75
5476
5625
405.224
421,875
8.602325
8.660254
4 198336
4.217163
.0135135
.0133333
76
77
78
79
80
5776
5929
6084
6241
6400
438,976
456,533
474,552
493,039
512,000
8.717798
8.774964
8.831761
8.888194
8.944272
4.235824
4.254321
4.272659
4.290840
4.308870
.0131579
.0129870
.0128205
.0126582
.0125000
81
82
83
6561
6724
6889
7056
7225
531,441
551,368
571,787
592,704
614,125
9.000000
9.055385
9.110434
9.165151
9.219545
4.326749
4.344482
4.362071
4.379519
4.396830
.0123457
.0121951
.0120482
.0119048
.0117647
7396
7569
7744
7921
8100
636,056
658,503
681,472
704,969
729,000
9.273619
9.327379
9.380832
9.433981
9.486833
4.414005
4.431048
4.447960
4.464745
4.481405
.0116279
.0114943
.0113636
.0112360
.0111111
8281
8464
8649
8836
9025
753,571
778,688
804,357
830,584
857,375
9.539392
9.591663
9.643651
9.695360
9.746794
4.497941
4.514357
4.530655
4.546836
4.562903
.0109890
.0107527
.0106383
.0105263
884,736 9.797959
912,673 9.848858
941,192
9.899495
970,299 9.949874
1,000,000 10.000000
4.578857
4.594701
4.610436
4.626065
4.641589
.0104167
.0103093
.0102041
.0101010
.0100000
74
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
9216
9409
9604
9801
10,000
0108696
is
This paper
called loga-
is
most con-
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
190
if
The
paper
is
for
y
If
two pairs
ax^
of values of
sponding points
may
and joined by a
straight line.
cient a
is
The value
of the coeffi-
exponent n
of the
is,
is
which
is
intercept
= loga
+ n log x
and n the
line,
slope.
intercept
it
Use
of
line,
is,
the
and from
Logarithm Tables
is
To find
If the
the
The mantissa
the part which
number
of the logarithm
ures on the
is
is
left of
is
greater than
one unit
less
1,
the characteristic
fig-
TABLES
number
If the
logarithm
number
than
1,
of
is less
191
negative,
Thus,
log 20.6
log 2.06
log 0.206
log 0.0206
To
find the
common
If
=
=
=
=
(base 10)
1.3139
0.3139
0.3139
0.3139
=
=
9.3139
8.3139
number corresponding
logarithm
10
10
to a given
the characteristic of
a given logarithm
is
posi-
number
number
is
number
first
one
of zeros
significant
less
than the
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
192
0000
0414
0792
0043
0453
0828
0086
0492
0864
0128
0170
0569
0934
0212
0607
0969
0253
0645
0294
0682
0334
0719
1139
1173
1492
1206
1523
1239
1553
1271
1303
1614
1004
1335
1644
1038
1367
1673
1072
1399
1703
0374
0755
1106
1430
1732
1818
2095
2355
1931
1959
2833
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
2148
2405
2648
2878
2201
2304
2553
2788
1790
2068
2330
2577
2810
2227
2480
2718
2945
1987
2253
2504
2742
2967
2014
2279
2529
2765
2989
3032
3243
3444
3636
3820
3054
3263
3464
3655
3838
3075
3284
3483
3674
3856
3096
3304
3502
3692
3874
3181
3201
22
23
24
3010
3222
3424
3617
3802
3385
3579
3766
3945
3404
3598
3784
3962
25
26
27
28
29
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
4031
4200
4362
4518
4669
30
4771
31
4914
32
33
34
5051
4786
4928
5065
5198
5328
4800
4942
5079
5465
5587
5705
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1461
1761
2041
5185
5315
35
5441
36
37
38
39
5563
5682
5798
5911
5453
5575
5694
5809
5922
40
6021
6031
41
6128
6232
6335
6435
6138
6243
6345
6444
6532
6628
6721
6542
6637
6730
6812
6902
6821
6911
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
6998
7084
7168
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
7251
7332
2601
0531
0899
1584
1875
1903
2175
2430
2672
2900
2455
2695
2923
3118
3324
3522
3139
3345
3711
3892
3729
3909
3160
3365
3560
3747
3927
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
4116
4440
4594
4742
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
4814
4955
5092
5224
5353
4829
4969
5105
5237
5366
4843
4983
5119
5250
5378
4857
4997
5132
5263
4871
5011
5391
5145
5276
5403
4886
5024
5159
5289
5416
4900
5038
5172
5302
5428
5490
5933
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
5729
5843
5955
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5670
5786
5899
6010
6042
6149
6253
6355
6454
6053
6160
6263
6365
6464
6064
6170
6274
6375
6474
6075
6180
6284
6385
6484
6085
6096
6191
6201
6294
6395
6493
6304
6405
6503
6107
6212
6314
6415
6513
6117
6???
6325
6425
6522
5211
5340
5821
5611
3541
4281
5551
6551
6561
6571
6646
6739
6830
6920
6656
6749
6839
6928
6665
6758
6848
6937
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6609
6702
6794
6884
6972
6618
6712
6803
6893
7007
7093
7177
7259
7340
7016
7024
7110
7193
7275
7356
7033
7118
7202
7284
7364
7042
7126
7210
7292
7372
7050
7135
7218
7300
7380
7059
7143
7226
7308
7388
7067
7152
7235
7316
7396
7101
7185
7267
7348
6981
TABLES
193
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
7451
7818
7889
7959
8028
8096
7774
7825
7896
7966
8035
8102
7832
7903
7973
7839
7910
7980
8048
8116
7846
7917
7987
8055
8122
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
8176
8414
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
8476
8537
8597
8657
8716
8482
8543
8603
8663
8722
8488
8549
8609
8669
8727
8494
8555
8615
8675
8733
8500
8506
8567
8627
8686
8745
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
7427
7505
7582
7657
60
7782
7853
7924
7993
8062
7789
7860
7796
7868
7938
8007
8075
7803
7875
7945
8014
8082
7810
7882
7952
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
8156
8222
8287
62
63
64
7931
8000
8069
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
61
7459
7536
7612
7686
7760
55
56
57
58
59
7731
8021
8089
7528
7604
7679
7752
8041
8109
7474
7551
7627
7701
65
66
67
68
69
8129
8195
8325
8388
8331
8142
8209
8274
8338
8395
8401
70
8451
8513
8573
8633
8692
8457
8519
8579
8639
8698
8463
8525
8585
8645
8704
8470
71
8756
8814
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
8774
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8791
8887
8943
8998
8848
8904
8960
9015
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8802
8859
8915
9042
9096
9149
9047
9243
9036
9090
9143
9196
9248
9253
9154
9206
9258
9053
9106
9159
9212
9263
9058
9112
9165
9217
9269
9063
9117
9170
9222
9274
9069
9122
9175
9227
9279
9074
9128
9180
9232
9284
9079
9133
9186
9238
9289
85
86
87
88
89
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
90
9542
9599
9638
9685
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736
9552
9600
9647
9694
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745
9562
9609
9657
9703
9750
9566
9614
9571
9576
9624
9581
9708
9754
9619
9666
9713
9759
9586
9633
9680
9727
9773
9782
9827
9872
9917
9786
9832
9877
9791
9795
9836
9841
9881
9921
9961
9965
9926
9969
9886
9930
9974
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
72
73
74
8261
75
76
77
78
79
8751
80
9031
81
9085
9138
82
83
84
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
8808
8865
8921
8976
9191
9731
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
8136
8202
8267
8871
8927
8982
9201
9741
8531
8591
8651
8710
9101
8351
8831
9661
8241
8306
8370
8432
9671
9717
9763
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
8561
8621
8681
8739
9628
9675
9722
9768
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
8971
9025
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
194
TO
10 (Base e)
0.0000
0.0953
0.1823
0.2624
0.3365
0.0099
0.1044
0.1906
0.2700
0.3436
0.0198
0.1133
0.1989
0.2776
0.3507
0.0296
0.1222
0.2070
0.2852
0.3577
0.0677
0.1570
0.2390
0.3148
0.3853
0.4055
0.4700
0.5306
0.5878
0.6419
0.4121
0.4762
0.5365
0.5933
0.6471
0.4187
0.4824
0.5423
0.5988
0.6523
0.4253
0.4886
0.5481
0.6043
0.6575
0.4318
0.4947
0.5539
0.6098
0.6627
0.4383
0.5008
0.5596
0.6152
0.6678
0.4447
0.5068
0.5653
0.6206
0.6729
0.5128
0.5710
0.6258
0.6780
0.6932
0.7419
0.7885
0.8329
0.8755
0.9163
0.9555
0.9933
1.0296
1.0647
0.9203
0.9594
0.9970
1.0332
0.9243
0.9632
1.0006
1.0367
1.0681 1.0716
0.9282
0.9670
1.0043
0403
1.0750
0.9322
0.9708
1.0080
1.0438
1.0784
1.0986
1.1314
1.1632
1.1939
1.2238
1.1019
1.1346
1.1663
1.1970
1.2267
1.1053
1.1378
1694
1.2000
1.2296
1.1086
1.1410
1.1725
1.2030
1.2326
1.1119
1.1442
1.1756
1.2060
1.2355
1.1474
1.1787
1.2090
1.2384
1.1506
1.1817
1.2119
1.2413
1.2528
1.2809
1.3083
1.3350
1.3610
1.2556
1.2837
1.3110
1.3376
1.3635
1.2585
1.2865
1.3137
1.3403
1.3661
1.2613
2892
1.3164
1.3429
1.3686
1.2920
1.3191
1.3455
1.3712
1.2641 1.2670
1.2947
1.3218
1.3481
1.3737
1.2698
1.2975
1.3244
1.3507
1.3762
1.3863
1.4110
1.4351
1.4586
1.4816
1.3888
1.4134
4375
1.4609
1.4839
1.3913
1.4159
1.4398
1.4633
1.4861
1.3938
1.4183
1.4422
1.4656
1.4884
1.3962
1.4207
1.4446
1.4679
1.4907
5129
5347
1.5476 1.5497 1.5518 1.5539
55^0
1.5686 1.5707 1.5728 1.5749
5769
1.5892 1.5913 1.5933 1.5953 1.5974
1
1
1.6094
1.6292
1.6487
1.6677
1.6864
1.6114
1.6312
1.6506
1.6696
1.6883
1.6134
1.6332
1.6525
1.6715
1.6154 1.6174
1.6351 1.6371
1.6545 1.6563
1.6734 1.6753
1.6901 1.6919 1.6938
0.0770
0.1655
0.2469
0.3221
0.3920
0.0862
0.1740
0.2546
0.3293
0.3988
0.4574
0.5188
0.5766
0.6313
0.6831
0.4637
0.5247
0.5822
0.6366
0.7276
0.7747
0.8198
0.8629
0.9042
0.7324
0.7793
0.8242
0.8671
0.9083
0.7372
0.7839
0.8286
0.8713
0.9123
0.9361 0.9400
0.9746 0.9783
1.0116 1.0152
1.0473 1.0508
1.0818 1.0852
0.9439
0.9820
1.0189
1.0543
1.0886
0.9478
0.9858
1.0225
1.0578
1.0919
0.9517
0.9895
1.0260
1.0613
1.0953
1.1151 1.1184
1.1217
1.1537
1.1848
1.2149
1.2442
1.1249
1.1569
1.1878
1-2179
1.2470
1.1282
1
1600
1.1909
1.2208
1.2499
1.2726
1.3002
1.3533
1.3788
1.2754
1.3029
1.3297
1.3558
1.3813
1.2782
1.3056
1.3324
1.3584
1.3838
1.3987 1.4012
1.4231 1.4255
1.4469 1.4493
1.4702 1.4725
1.4929 1.4951
1.4036
1.4279
1.4516
1.4748
1.4974
1.4061
1.4303
1.4540
1.4770
1.4996
1.4085
1.4327
1.4563
1.4793
1.5019
1.5173
1.5390
1.5603
1.5810
1.5994 1.6014
1.5195
1.5412
1.5624
1.6034
1.5217
1.5433
1.5644
1.5852
1.6054
1.5239
1.5454
1.5665
1.5872
1.6074
1.6214
1.6409
1.6601
1.6790
1.6975
1.6233
1.6429
1.6620
1.6808
1.6993
1.6253
1.6448
1.6639
1.6827
1.7011
1.6273
1.6467
1.6658
1.6846
1.7029
1.5151
1.5369
1.5581
1.5790
1.6194
1.6390
1.6582
1.6771
1.6956
0.4511
1.3271
1.5831
0.6881
TABLES
195
1.7138 1.7156
1.7317 1.7334
1.7491 1.7509
1.7664 1.7682
1.7834 1.7851
1.7174
1.7352
1.7527
1.7699
1.7868
1.7192
1.7370
1.7544
1.7716
1.7884
1.7210
1.7387
1.8034
1.8197
1.8358
1.8516
1.8672
1.8050
1.8213
1.8374
1.8532
1.8687
1.8067
1.8229
1.8390
1.8547
1.8703
1.9110
1.9257
1.9402
1.8825
1.8976
1.9125
1.9272
1.9416
1.8840
1.8991
1.9140
1.9286
1.8856
1.9006
1.9155
1.9431
1.9301
1.9445
1.9516
1.9657
1.9796
1.9933
2.0069
1.9530 1.9545
1.9671 1.9685
1.9810 1.9824
1.9947 1.9961
2.0082 2.0096
1.9559
1.9699
1.9838
1.9974
2.0109
1.9573
1.9713
1.9851
1.9988
2.0122
1.9587
1.9727
1.9865
2.0001
2.0136
2.0202
2.0334
2.0464
2.0592
2.0719
2.0216
2.0347
2.0477
2.0605
2.0732
2.0229
2.0360
2.0490
2.0618
2.0744
2.0242
2.0373
2.0503
2.0631
2.0757
2.0255
2.0386
2.0516
2.0643
2.0769
2.0268
2.0399
2.0528
2.0656
2.0782
2.0832
2.0956
2.1078
2.1199
2.1318
2.0882
2.1005
2.1126
2.1247
2.1365
2.0894
2.1017
2.1138
2.1259
2.1377
2.0906
2.1029
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
2.1401
2.1518
2.1633
2.1748
2.1861
2.1412
2.1529
2.1645
2.1759
2.1872
2.1424
2.1541
2.1656
2.1770
2.1883
2.1436
2.1552
2.1668
2.1782
2.1894
2.1448
2.1564
2.1679
2.1793
2.1905
2.1459
2.1576
2.1691
2.1804
2.1917
2.1587
2.1702
2.1816
2.1928
2.1483
2.1599
2.1713
2.1827
2.1939
2.1494
2.1610
2.1725
2.1838
2.1950
2.1506
2.1622
2.1736
2.1849
9.0
9.3
9.4
2.1972
2.2083
2.2192
2.2300
2.2407
2.1983
2.2094
2.2203
2.2311
2.2418
2.1994
2.2105
2.2214
2.2322
2.2428
2.2006
2.2116
2.2225
2.2332
2.2439
2.2017
2.2127
2.2235
2.2343
2.2450
2.2028
2.2138
2.2246
2.2354
2.2460
2.2039
2.2149
2.2257
2.2365
2.2471
2.2050
2.2159
2.2268
2.2375
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
2.2544
2.2649
2.2752
2.2854
2.2956
2.2555
2.2659
2.2762
2.2865
2.2966
2.2565
2.2570
2.2773
2.2875
2.2976
2.2576
2.2680
2.2783
2.2885
2.2986
2.2586
2.2690
2.2793
2.2895
2.2996
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.7048
1.7228
1.7405
1.7579
1.7750
1.7066
1.7246
1.7422
1.7596
1.7767
1.7084
1.7263
1.7440
1.7613
1.7783
6.0
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.7918
1.8033
1.8246
1.8406
1.8563
1.7934
1.8099
1.8262
1.8421
1.8579
1.8116
1.8278
1.8437
1.8594
1.8017
1.8181
1.8342
1.8500
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
1.8718
1.8871
1.9021
1.9169
1.9315
1.8733
1.8886
1.9036
1.9184
1.9330
1.8749
1.8901
1.9051
1.9199
1.9344
1.8764
1.8916
1.9066
1.9213
1.9359
1.8779
1.8931
1.9081
1.9228
1.9373
1.8795
1.8946
1.9095
1.9243
1.9387
1.8810
7.0
7.2
7.3
7.4
1.9459 1.9473
1.9601 1.9615
1.9741 1.9755
1.9879 1.9892
2.0015 2.0028
1.9488
1.9629
1.9769
1.9906
2.0042
1.9502
1.9643
1.9782
1.9920
2.0055
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
6.1
7.1
8.1
9.1
9 2
1.7102 1.7120
1.7281 1.7299
1.7457 1.7475
1.7630 1.7647
1.7800 1.7817
1.8656
1.8961
2.1471
2.2481
1.7561
1.7733
1.7901
2.1151
2.1270
2.1389
2.1961
2.2061
2.2072
2.2170
2.2279
2.2386
2.2492
2.2181
2.2289
2.2397
2.2502
2.2597
2.2607
2.2701
2.2803
2.2905
2.3006
2.2711
2.2814
2.2915
2.3016
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
196
0.0
0.1
7.697
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
8.796
9.084
9.307
9.489
9.643
9.777
9.895
8.391
5.395
7.793
8.439
8.829
9.108
9.327
9.506
9.658
9.789
9.906
6.088
7.880
8.486
6.493
7.960
8.530
6.781
8.861
8.891
8.921
9.132
9.346
9.522
9.156
9.365
9.538
9.685
9.814
9.927
9.179
9.384
9.554
9.699
9.826
9.938
7.004
8.103
8.614
8.950
9.201
9.402
9.569
9.712
9.837
9.949
7.187
8.167
8.653
8.978
9.223
9.420
9.584
9.726
9.849
9.959
9.671
9.802
9.917
8.034
8.573
7.341
7.474
8.285
8.727
9.032
9.266
9.455
9.614
9.752
9.872
9.980
8.228
8.691
9.006
9.245
9.438
9.600
9.739
9.861
9.970
7.592
8.339
8.762
9.058
9.287
9.472
9.629
9.764
9.883
9.990
2.398
3.045
3.434
3.714
3.932
2.485
3.091
3.466
3.738
2.565
3.136
3.497
2.773
3.258
3.584
3.829
4.025
2.890
3.332
3.638
3.970
2.708
3.219
3.555
3.807
4.007
2.833
3.296
3.951
2.639
3.178
3.526
3.784
3.989
4.111
4.143
4.511
4.615
4.419
4.533
4.635
4.543
4.644
4.174
4.318
4.443
4.554
4.654
4.190
4.291
4.159
4.304
10
4.094
4.249
4.382
4.500
4.605
4.127
4.277
4.407
4.522
4.625
11
4.701
12
13
14
15
4.788
4.868
4.942
4.710
4.796
4.875
4.949
5.017
4.719
4.804
4.883
4.956
5.024
4.727
4.812
4.890
4.963
5.030
4.736
4.820
4.898
4.970
5.037
16
5.075
5.136
5.193
5.247
5.298
5.081
5.088
5.148
5.204
5.258
5.308
5.094
5.153
5.210
5.263
5.313
5.100
5.159
5.215
5.268
5.318
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
17
18
19
20
2.303
2.996
3.401
3.689
3.912
5.011
4.263
4.394
5.142
5.199
5.252
5.303
3.761
4.431
3.850
4.043
3.871
4.060
2.944
3.367
3.664
3.892
4.078
4.454
4.564
4.663
4.205
4.344
4.466
4.575
4.673
4.220
4.357
4.477
4.585
4.682
4.234
4.369
4.489
4.595
4.691
4.745
4.828
4.905
4.977
5.043
4.754
4.836
4.913
4.984
5.050
4.762
4.844
4.920
4.990
5.056
4.771
4.852
4.927
4.997
5.063
4.779
4.860
4.935
5.004
5.069
5.106
5.165
5.220
5.273
5.323
5.226
5.278
5.328
5.124
5.182
5.236
5.288
5.338
5.130
5.187
5.242
5.293
5.342
4.331
5.112
5.171
3.611
5.118
5.176
5.231
5 283
5.333
TABLES
LOGARITHMIC
197
SINES, COSINES,
TANGENTS,
AND COTANGENTS
COS
tan
7.4637
7.7648
7.9409
8.0658
8.1627
2.5363
2.2352
2.0591
1.9342
1.8373
90
89
89
89
89
89
00'
7.4637
7.7648
7.9408
8.0658
8.1627
10.0000
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9998
9.9998
8.2419.
120'
130'
140'
150'
8.2419
8.3088
8.3668
8.4179
8.4637
8.5050
8.3089
8.3669
8.4181
8.4638
8.5053
1.7581
1.6911
1.6331
1.5819
1.5362
1.4947
89
88
88
88
88
88
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
2
2
2
2
2
2
00'
8.5428
8.5776
8.6097
8.6397
8.6677
8.6940
9.9997
9.9997
9.9996
9.9996
9.9995
9.9995
8.5431
8.5779
8.6101
8.6401
8.6682
8.6945
1.4569
1.4221
1.3899
1.3599
1.3318
1.3055
88
87
87
87
87
87
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
3
3
3
3
3
3
00'
8.7188
8.7423
8.7645
8.7857
8.8059
8.8251
9.9994
9.9993
9.9993
9.9992
9.9991
9.9990
8.7194
8.7429
8.7652
8.7865
8.8067
8.8261
1.2806
1.2571
1.2348
1.2135
1 1933
1.1739
87
86
86
86
86
86
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8.8436
8.8613
8.8783
8.8946
8.9104
8.9256
9.9989
9.9989
9.9988
9.9987
9.9986
9.9985
8.8446
8.8624
8.8795
8.8960
8.9118
8.9272
1.1554
1.1376
1.1205
1.1040
1.0882
1.0728
86
85
85
85
85
85
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8.9403
8.9545
8.9682
8.9816
9.9983
9.9982
9.9981
9.9980
8.9420
8.9563
8.9701
8.9836
1.0580
1.0437
1.0299
1.0164
85
84
84
84
00'
50'
40'
30'
Degrees
sin
000'
00
0 10'
020'
0 30'
040'
050'
r 00'
1 10'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
4
4
4
4
4
4
00'
5
5
5
5
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
cos
sin
00
cot
cot
+ 00
tan
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
198
sin
COS
tan
cot
5 40'
5 50'
8.9945
9.0070
9.9979
9.9977
8.9966
9.0093
1.0034
0.9907
84 20'
84 10'
6
6
6
6
6
6
00'
9.0192
9.0311
9.0426
9.0539
9.0648
9.0755
9.9976
9.9975
9.9973
9.9972
9.9971
9.9969
9.0216
9.0336
9.0453
9.0567
9.0678
9.0786
0.9784
0.9664
0.9547
0.9433
0.9322
0.9214
84
83
83
83
83
83
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
7
7
7
7
7
7
00'
9.0859
9.0961
9.1060
9.1157
9.1252
9.1345
9.9968
9.9966
9.9964
9.9963
9.9961
9.9959
9.0891
9.0995
9.1096
9.1194
9.1291
9.1385
0.9109
0.9005
0.8904
0.8806
0.8709
0.8615
83
82
82
82
82
82
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.1436
9.1525
9.1612
9.9958
9.9956
9.9954
9.9952
9.9950
9.9948
9.1478
9.1569
9.1658
9.1745
9.1831
9.1915
0.8522
0.8431
0.8342
0.8255
0.8169
0.8085
82
81
81
81
81
81
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
10'
8
8
8
8
8
8
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.1781
9.1863
9
9
9
9
9
9
00'
9 1943
10'
9.2022
9.2100
9.2176
9.2251
9.2324
9.9946
9.9944
9.9942
9.9940
9.9938
9.9936
9.1997
9.2078
9.2158
9.2236
9.2313
9.2389
0.8003
0.7922
0.7842
0.7764
0.7687
0.7611
81
80
80
80
80
80
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10
10
10
10
10
10
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.2397
9.2468
9.2538
9.2606
9.2674
9.2740
9.9934
9.9931
9.9929
9.9927
9.9924
9.9922
9.2463
9.2536
9.2609
9.2680
9.2750
9.2819
0.7537
0.7464
0.7391
0.7320
0.7250
0.7181
80
79
79
79
79
79
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
11 00'
11 10'
9.2806
9.2870
9.9919
9.9917
9.2887
9.2953
0.7113
0.7047
79 00'
78 50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
9 1697
.
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
199
sin
COS
tan
cot
11
11
11
11
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.2934
9.2997
9.3058
9.3119
9.9914
9.9912
9.9909
9.9907
9.3020
9.3085
9.3149
9.3212
0.6980
0.6915
0.6851
0.6788
78
78
78
78
40'
30'
20'
12
12
12
12
12
12
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.3179
9.3238
9.3296
9.3353
9.3410
9.3466
9.9904
9.9901
9.9899
9.9896
9.9893
9.9890
9.3275
9.3336
9.3397
9.3458
9.3517
9.3576
0.6725
0.6664
0.6603
0.6542
0.6483
0.6424
78
77
77
77
77
77
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
13
13
13
13
13
13
00'
9.3521'
10'
9.3575
9.3629
9.3682
9.3734
9.3786
9.9887
9.9884
9.9881
9.9878
9.9875
9.9872
9.3634
9.3691
9.3748
9.3804
9.3859
9.3914
0.6366
0.6309
0.6252
0.6196
0.6141
0.6086
77
76
76
76
76
76
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.3837
9.3887
9.3937
9.3986
9.4035
9.4083
9.9869
9.9866
9.9863
9.9859
9.9856
9.9853
9.3968
9.4021
9.4074
9.4127
9.4178
9.4230
0.6032
0.5979
0.5926
0.5873
0.5822
0.5770
76
75
75
75
75
75
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.9849
9.9846
9.9843
9.9839
9.9836
9.9832
9.4281
9.4331
9.4381
9.4430
9.4479
9.4527
0.5719
0.5669
0.5619
0.5570
0.5521
0.5473
75
74
74
74
74
74
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.9828
9.9825
9.9821
9.9817
9.9814
9.9810
9.4575
9.4622
9.4669
9.4716
9.4762
9.4808
0.5425
0.5378
0.5331
0.5284
0.5238
0.5192
74
73
73
73
73
73
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
14
14
14
14
14
14
00'
15
15
15
15
15
15
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.4130
9.4177
9.4223
9.4269
9.4314
9.4359
16
16
16
16
16
16
00'
9.4403
10'
9 .4447
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.4491
9.4533
9.4576
9.4618
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
200
17
17
17
17
17
17
00'
18
18
18
18
18
18
00'
19
19
19
19
19
19
00'
sin
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
COS
cot
9.4659
9.4700
9.4741
9.4781
9.4821
9.4861
9.9806
9.9802
9.9798
9.9794
9.9790
9.9786
9.4853
9.4898
9.4943
9.4987
9.5031
9.5075
0.5147
0.5102
0.5057
0.5013
0.4969
0.4925
73
72
72
72
72
72
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.4900
9.4939
9.4977
9.5015
9.5052
9.5090
9.9782
9.9778
9.9774
9.9770
9.9765
9.9761
9.5118
9.5161
9.5203
9.5245
9.5287
9.5329
0.4882
0.4839
0.4797
0.4755
0.4713
0.4671
72
71
71
71
71
71
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5126
9.5163
9.5199
9.5235
9.5270
9.5306
9.9757
9.9752
9.9748
9.9743
9.9739
9.9734
9.5370
9.5411
9.5451
9.5491
9.5531
9.5571
0.4630
0.4589
0.4549
0.4509
0.4469
0.4429
71
70
70
70
70
70
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
20
20
20
20
20
20
00'
21
21
21
21
21
21
00'
22
22
22
22
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
9.5341
9.5375
9.5409
9.5443
9.5477
9.5510
9.9730
9.9725
9.9721
9.9716
9.9711
9.9706
9.5611
9.5650
9.5689
9.5727
9.5766
9.5804
0.4389
0.4350
0.4311
0.4273
0.4234
0.4196
70
69
69
69
69
69
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5543
9.5576
9.5609
9.5641
9.5673
9.5704
9.9702
9.9697
9.9692
9.9687
9.9682
9.9677
9.5842
9.5879
9.5917
9.5954
9.5991
9.6028
0.4158
0.4121
0.4083
0.4046
0.4009
0.3972
69
68
68
68
68
68
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.5736
9.5767
9.5798
9.5828
9.9672
9.9667
9.9661
9.9656
9.6064
9.6100
9.6136
9.6172
0.3936
0.3900
0.3864
0.3828
68
67
67
67
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
LOGARITHMIC
SINES, COSINES,
AND COTANGENTS
Degrees
sin
201
COS
tan
TANGENTS,
{Continued)
cot
22 40'
22 50'
9.5859
9.5889
9.9651
9.9646
9.6208
9.6243
0.3792
0.3757
67 20'
67 10'
23
23
23
23
23
23
00'
9.5919
9.5948
9.5978
9.6007
9.6036
9.6065
9.9640
9.9635
9.9629
9.9624
9.9618
9.9613
9.6279
9.6314
9.6348
9.6383
9.6417
9.6452
0.3721
0.3686
0.3652
0.3617
0.3583
0.3548
67
66
66
66
66
66
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
24
24
24
24
24
24
00'
9.6093
9.6121
9.6149
9.6177
9.6205
9.6232
9.9607
9.9602
9.9596
9.9590
9.9584
9.9579
9.6486
9.6520
9.6553
9.6587
9.6620
9.6654
0.3514
0.3480
0.3447
0.3413
0.3380
0.3346
66
65
65
65
65
65
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
25
25
25
25
25
25
00'
9.6259
9.6286
9.6313
9.6340
9.6366
9.6392
9.9573
9.9567
9.9561
9.9555
9.9549
9.9543
9.6687
9.6720
9.6752
9.6785
9.6817
9.6850
0.3313
0.3280
0.3248
0.3215
0.3183
0.3150
65
64
64
64
64
64
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
26
26
26
26
26
26
00'
9.6418
9.6444
9.6470
9.6495
9.6521
9.6546
9.9537
9.9530
9.9524
9.9518
9.9512
9.9505
9.6882
9.6914
9.6946
9.6977
9.7009
9.7040
0.3118
0.3086
0.3054
0.3023
0.2991
0.2960
64
63
63
63
63
63
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
27
27
27
27
27
27
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.6570
9.6595
9.6620
9.6644
9.6668
9.6692
9.9499
9.9492
9.9486
9.9479
9.9473
9.9466
9.7072
9.7103
9.7134
9.7165
9.7196
9.7226
0.2928
0.2897
0.2866
0.2835
0.2804
0.2774
63
62
62
62
62
62
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
28 00'
28 10'
9.6716
9.6740
9.9459
9.9453
9.7257
9.7287
0.2743
0.2713
62 00'
61 50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
202
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
30
30
30
30
30
30
00'
31
31
31
31
31
31
00'
32
32
32
32
32
32
00'
33
33
33
33
33
33
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
sin
COS
tan
cot
9.6763
9.6787
9.6810
9.6833
9.9446
9.9439
9.9432
9.9425
9.7317
9.7348
9.7378
9.7408
0.2683
0.2652
0.2622
0.2592
61
61
61
61
40'
30'
20'
9.6856
9.6878
9.6901
9.6923
9.6946
9.6968
9.9418
9.9411
9.9404
9.9397
9.9390
9.9383
9.7438
9.7467
9.7497
9.7526
9.7556
9.7585
0.2562
0.2533
0.2503
0.2474
0.2444
0.2415
61
60
60
60
60
60
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.6990
9.7012
9.7033
9.7055
9.7076
9.7097
9.9375
9.9368
9.9361
9.9353
9.9346
9.9338
9.7614
9.7644
9.7673
9.7701
9.7730
9.7759
0.2386
0.2356
0.2327
0.2299
0.2270
0.2241
60
59
59
59
59
59
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7118
9.7139
9.7160
9.7181
9.7201
9.7222
9.9331
9.9323
9.9315
9.9308
9.9300
9.9292
9.7788
9.7816
9.7845
9.7873
9.7902
9.7930
0.2212
0.2184
0.2155
0.2127
0.2098
0.2070
59
58
58
58
58
58
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7242
9.7262
9.7282
9.7302
9.7322
9.7342
9.9284
9.9276
9.9268
9.9260
9.9252
9.9244
9.7958
9.7986
9.8014
9.8042
9.8070
9.8097
0.2042
0.2014
0.1986
0.1958
0.1930
0.1903
58
57
57
57
57
57
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7361
9.7380
9.7400
9.7419
9.7438
9.7457
9.9236
9.9228
9.9219
9.9211
9.9203
9.9194
9.8125
9.8153
9.8180
9.8208
9.8235
9.8263
0.1875
0.1847
0.1820
0.1792
0.1765
0.1737
57
56
56
56
56
56
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
203
34
34
34
34
34
34
00'
35
35
35
35
35
35
00'
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
sin
cot
9.9186
9.9177
9.9169
9.9160
9.9151
9.9142
9.8290
9.8317
9.8344
9.8371
9.8398
9.8425
0.1710
0.1683
0.1656
0.1629
0.1602
0.1575
56
55
55
55
55
55
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7586
9.7604
9.7622
9.7640
9.7657
9.7675
9.9134
9.9125
9.9116
9.9107
9.9098
9.9089
9.8452
9.8479
9.8506
9.8533
9.8559
9.8586
0.1548
0.1521
0.1494
0.1467
0.1441
0.1414
55
54
54
54
54
54
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7692
9.7710
9.7727
9.7744
9.7761
9.7778
9.9080
9.9070
9.9061
9.9052
9.9042
9.9033
9.8613
9.8639
9.8666
9.8692
9.8718
9.8745
0.1387
0.1361
0.1334
0.1308
0.1282
0.1255
54
53
53
53
53
53
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.7795
9.7811
9.7828
9.7844
9.7861
9.7877
9.9023
9.9014
9.9004
9.8995
9.8985
9.8975
9.8771
9.8797
9.8824
9.8850
9.8876
9.8902
0.1229
0.1203
0.1176
0.1150
0.1124
0.1098
53
52
52
52
52
52
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8965
9.8955
9.8945
9.8935
9.8925
9.8915
9.8928
9.8954
9.8980
9.9006
9.9032
9.9058
0.1072
0.1046
0.1020
0.0994
0.0968
0.0942
52
51
51
51
51
51
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8905
9.8895
9.8884
9.8874
9.8864
9.8853
9.9084
9.9110
9.9135
9.9161
9.9187
9.9212
0.0916
0.0890
0.0865
0.0839
0.0813
0.0788
51
50
50
50
50
50
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
9.7893
9.7910
9.7926
9.7941
9.7957
9.7973
39
39
39
39
39
39
00'
10'
20'
30^
40'
50'
9.7989
9.8004
9.8020
9.8035
9.8050
9.8066
10'
tan
9.7476
9.7494
9.7513
9.7531
9.7550
9.7568
38
38
38
38
38
38
00'
COS
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
204
40
40
40
40
40
40
00'
41
41
41
41
41
41
00'
42
42
42
42
42
42
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
43
43
43
43
43
43
00'
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
sin
COS
tan
cot
9.8081
9.8096
9.8111
9.8125
9.8140
9.8155
9.8843
9.8832
9.8821
9.8810
9.8800
9.8789
9.9238
9.9264
9.9289
9.9315
9.9341
9.9366
0.0762
0.0736
0.0711
0.0685
0.0659
0.0634
50
49
49
49
49
49
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8169
9.8184
9.8198
9.8213
9.8227
9.8241
9.8778
9.8767
9.8756
9.8745
9.8733
9.8722
9.9392
9.9417
9.9443
9.9468
9.9494
9.9519
0.0608
0.0583
0.0557
0.0532
0.0506
0.0481
49
48
48
48
48
48
00'
9.8255
9.8269
9.8283
9.8297
9.8311
9.8324
9.8711
9.8699
9.8688
9.8676
9.8665
9.8653
9.9544
9.9570
9.9595
9.9621
9.9646
9.9671
0.0456
0.0430
0.0405
0.0379
0.0354
0.0329
48
47
47
47
47
47
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8338
9.8351
9.8365
9.8378
9.8391
9.8405
9.8641
9.8629
9.8618
9.8606
9.8594
9.8582
9.9697
9.9722
9.9747
9.9772
9.9798
9.9823
0.0303
0.0278
0.0253
0.0228
0.0202
0.0177
47
46
46
46
46
46
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
9.8418
9.8431
9.8444
9.8457
9.8469
9.8482
9.8495
9.8569
9.8557
9.8545
9.8532
9.8520
9.8507
9.8495
9.9848
9.9874
9.9899
9.9924
9.9949
9.9975
0.0000
0.0152
0.0126
0.0101
0.0076
0.0051
0.0025
0.0000
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
tan
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
10'
10'
10'
00'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
205
TANGENTS, AND
COTANGENTS
Degrees
sin
000'
010'
020'
030'
040'
050'
.0000
.0029
.0058
.0087
.0116
.0145
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
100'
COS
tan
cot
.9999
.9999
.0000
.0029
.0058
.0087
.0116
.0145
343.77
171.89
114.59
85.940
68.750
90
89
89
89
89
89
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
120'
130'
140'
150'
.0175
.0204
.0233
.0262
.0291
.0320
.9998
.9998
.9997
.9997
.9996
.9995
.0175
.0204
.0233
.0262
.0291
.0320
57.290
49.104
42.964
38.188
34.368
31.242
89
88
88
88
88
88
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
2
2
2
2
2
2
00'
.0349
.0378
.0407
.0436
.0465
.0494
.9994
.9993
.9992
.9990
.9989
.9988
.0349
.0378
.0407
.0437
.0466
.0495
28.636
26.432
24.542
21.470
20.206
88
87
87
87
87
87
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
3
3
3
3
3
3
00'
.0523
.0552
.0581
.0610
.0640
.0669
.9986
.9985
.9983
.9981
.9980
.9978
.0524
.0553
.0582
.0612
.0641
.0670
19.081
18.075
17.169
16.350
15.605
14.924
87
86
86
86
86
86
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
4
4
4
4
4
4
00'
.0698
.0727
.0756
.0785
.0814
.0843
.9976
.9974
.9971
.9969
.9967
.9964
.0699
.0729
.0758
.0787
.0816
.0846
14.301
13.727
13.197
12.706
12.251
11.826
86
85
85
85
85
85
00'
5
5
5
5
00'
.0872
.0901
.0929
.0958
.9962
.9959
.9957
.9954
.0875
.0904
.0934
.0963
11.430
11.059
10.712
10.385
85
84
84
84
00'
cos
sin
cot
1 10'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
00
22 .904
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
50'
40'
30'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
2o6
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
Degrees
sin
COS
tan
cot
5 40'
5 50'
.0987
.1016
.9951
.9948
.0992
.1022
10.078
9.7882
6
6
6
6
6
6
00'
.1045
.1074
.1103
.1132
.1161
.1190
.9945
.9942
.9939
.9936
.9932
.9929
.1051
.1080
.1110
.1139
.1169
.1198
9.5144
9.2553
9.0098
8.7769
8.5555
8.3450
84
83
83
83
83
83
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
7
7
7
7
7
7
00'
.1219
.1248
.1276
.1305
.1334
.1363
.9925
.9922
.9918
.9914
.9911
.9907
.1228
.1257
.1287
.1317
.1346
.1376
8.1443
7.9530
7.7704
7.5958
7.4287
7.2687
83
82
82
82
82
82
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
8
8
8
8
8
8
00'
.1392
.1421
.1449
.1478
.1507
.1536
.9903
.9899
.9894
.9890
.9886
.9881
.1405
.1435
.1465
.1495
.1524
.1554
7.1154
6.9682
6.8269
6.6912
6.5606
6.4348
82 00'
81
81
81
81
40'
30'
20'
9
9
9
9
9
9
00'
.1564
.1593
.1622
.1650
.1679
.1708
.9877
.9872
.9868
.9863
.9858
.9853
.1584
.1614
.1644
.1673
.1703
.1733
6.3138
6.1970
6.0844
5.9758
5.8708
5.7694
81
80
80
80
80
80
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10
10
10
10
10
10
00'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.1736
.1765
.1794
.1822
.1851
.1880
.9848
.9843
.9838
.9833
.9827
.9822
.1763
.1793
.1823
.1853
.1883
.1914
5.6713
5.5764
5.4845
5.3955
5.3093
5.2257
80
79
79
79
79
79
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
11 00'
11 10'
.1908
.1937
.9816
.9811
.1944
.1974
5.1446
5.0658
79 00'
78 50'
cos
sin
cot
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
tan
84 20'
84 10'
10'
10'
81^50'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
207
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
cot
11
11
11
11
20'
30'
40'
50'
.1965
.1994
.2022
.2051
.9805
.9799
.9793
.9787
.2004
.2035
.2065
.2095
4.9894
4.9152
4.8430
4.7729
78
78
78
78
40'
30'
20'
12
12
12
12
12
12
00'
.2079
.2108
.2136
.2164
.2193
.2221
.9781
.9775
.9769
.9763
.9757
.9750
.2126
.2156
.2186
.2217
.2247
.2278
4.7046
4.6382
4.5736
4.5107
4.4494
4.3897
78
77
77
77
77
77
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
13
13
13
13
13
13
00'
.2250
.2278
.2306
.2334
.2363
.2391
.9744
.9737
.9730
.9724
.9717
.9710
.2309
.2339
.2370
.2401
.2432
.2462
4.3315
4.2747
4.2193
4.1653
4.1126
4.0611
77
76
76
76
76
76
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
14
14
14
14
14
14
00'
.2419
.2447
.2476
.2504
.2532
.2560
.9703
.9696
.9689
.9681
.9674
.9667
.2493
.2524
.2555
.2586
.2617
.2648
4.0108
3.9617
3.9136
3.8667
3.8208
3.7760
76
75
75
75
75
75
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
15
15
15
15
15
00'
.2588
.2616
.2644
.2672
.2700
.2728
.9659
.9652
.9644
.9636
.9628
.9621
.2679
.2711
.2742
.2773
.2805
75
74
74
74
74
74
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.2836
3.7321
3.6891
3.6470
3.6059
3.5656
3.5261
.2756
.2784
.2812
.2840
.2868
.2896
.9613
.9605
.9596
.9588
.9580
.9572
.2867
.2899
.2931
,2962
.2994
.3026
3.4874
3.4495
3.4124
3.3759
3.3402
3.3052
74
73
73
73
73
73
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
cot
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
15 50'
16
16
16
16
16
16
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
208
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
(Continued)
sin
COS
tan
.2924
.2952
.2979
.3007
.3035
.3062
.9563
.9555
.9546
.9537
.9528
.9520
.3057
.3089
.3121
.3153
.3185
.3217
3.2709
3.2371
3.2041
3.1716
3 1397
3.1084
73
72
72
72
72
72
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3090
.3118
.3145
.3173
.3201
.3228
.9511
.9502
.9492
.9483
.9474
.9465
.3249
.3281
.3314
.3346
.3378
.3411
3.0777
3.0475
3.0178
2.9887
2.9600
2.9319
72
71
71
71
71
71
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3256
.3283
.3311
.3338
.3365
.3393
.9455
.9446
.9436
.9426
.9417
.9407
.3443
.3476
.3508
.3541
.3574
.3607
2.9042
2.8770
2.8502
2.8239
2.7980
2.7725
71
70
70
70
70
70
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.3420
.3448
.3475
.3502
.3529
.3557
.9397
.9387
.9377
.9367
.9356
.9346
.3640
.3673
.3706
.3739
.3772
.3805
2.7475
2.7228
2.6985
2.6746
2.6511
2.6279
70
69
69
69
69
69
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.3584
.3611
.3638
.3665
.3692
.3719
.9336
.9325
.9315
.9304
.9293
.9283
.3839
.3872
.3906
.3939
.3973
.4006
2.6051
2.5826
2.5605
2.5386
2.5172
2.4960
69
68
68
68
68
68
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
22 00'
22 10'
22 20'
22 30'
.3746
.3773
.3800
.3827
.9272
.9261
.9250
.9239
.4040
.4074
.4108
.4142
2.4751
2.4545
2.4342
2.4142
68
67
67
67
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
Degrees
17
17
17
17
17
17
00'
18
18
18
18
18
18
00'
19
19
19
19
19
19
00'
20
20
20
20
20
20
00'
21
21
21
21
21
21
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
cot
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
209
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
22 40'
22 50'
.3854
.3881
.9228
.9216
.4176
.4210
2.3945
2.3750
67 20'
67 10'
23
23
23
23
23
23
.3907
.3934
.3961
.3987
.4014
.4041
.9205
.9194
.9182
.9171
.9159
.9147
.4245
.4279
.4314
.4348
.4383
.4417
2.3559
2.3369
2.3183
2.2998
2.2817
2.2637
67
66
66
66
66
66
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4067
.4094
.4120
.4147
.4173
.4200
.9135
.9124
.9112
.9100
.9088
.9075
.4452
.4487
.4522
.4557
.4592
.4628
2.2460
2.2286
2.2113
2.1943
2.1775
2.1609
66
65
65
65
65
65
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4226
.4253
.4279
.4305
.4331
.4358
.9063
.9051
.9038
.9026
.9013
.9001
.4663
.4699
.4734
.4770
.4806
.4841
2.1445
2.1123
2.0965
2.0809
2.0655
65
64
64
64
64
64
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.4384
.4410
.4436
.4462
.4488
.4514
.8988
.8975
.8962
.8949
.8936
.8923
.4877
.4913
.4950
.4986
.5022
.5059
2.0503
2.0353
2.0204
2.0057
1.9912
1.9768
64
63
63
63
63
63
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
20'
30'
40'
50'
.4540
.4566
.4592
.4617
.4643
.4669
.8910
.8897
.8884
.8870
.8857
.8843
.5095
.5132
.5169
.5206
.5243
.5280
1.9626
1.9486
1.9347
1.9210
1.9074
1.8940
63
62
62
62
62
62
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
28 00'
28 10'
.4695
.4720
.8829
.8816
.5317
.5354
1.8807
1.8676
62 00'
61 50'
cos
sin
cot
Degrees
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
cot
2 1283
.
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
2IO
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
cot
28
28
28
28
20'
30'
40'
50'
.4746
.4772
.4797
.4823
.8802
.8788
.8774
.8760
.5392
.5430
.5467
.5505
1.8546
1.8418
1.8291
1.8165
61
61
61
61
40'
30'
20'
29
29
29
29
29
29
00'
.4848
.4874
.4899
.4924
.4950
.4975
.8746
.8732
.8718
.8704
.8689
.8675
.5543
.5581
.5619
.5658
.5696
.5735
1.8040
1.7917
1.7796
1.7675
1.7556
1.7437
61
60
60
60
60
60
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5000
.5025
.5050
.5075
.5100
.5125
.8660
.8646
.8631
.8616
.8601
.8587
.5774
.5812
.5851
.5890
.5930
.5969
1.7321
1.7205
1.7090
1.6977
1.6864
1.6753
60
59
59
59
59
59
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5150
.5175
.5200
.5225
.5250
.5275
.8572
.8557
.8542
.8526
8511
.8496
.6009
.6048
.6088
.6128
.6168
.6208
1.6643
1.6534
1.6426
1.6319
1.6212
1.6107
59
58
58
58
58
58
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
.5299
.5324
.5348
.5373
.5398
.5422
.8480
.8465
.8450
.8434
.8418
.8403
.6249
.6289
.6330
.6371
.6412
.6453
1.6003
1.5900
1.5798
1.5697
1.5597
1.5497
58
57
57
57
57
57
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5446
.5471
.5495
.5519
.5544
.5568
.8387
.8371
.8355
.8339
.8323
.8307
.6494
.6536
.6577
.6619
.6661
.6703
1.5399
1.5301
1.5204
1.5108
1.5013
1.4919
57
56
56
56
56
56
00'
cos
sin
cot
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
33
33
10'.
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
Degrees
TABLES
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
Degrees
211
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
.5592
.5616
.5640
.5664
.5688
.5712
.8290
.8274
.8258
.8241
.8225
.8208
.6745
.6787
.6830
.6873
.6916
.6959
1.4826
1.4733
1.4641
1.4550
1.4460
1.4370
56
55
55
55
55
55
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5736
.5760
.5783
.5807
.5831
.5854
.8192
.8175
.8158
.8141
.8124
.8107
.7002
.7046
.7089
.7133
.7177
.7221
1.4281
1.4106
1.4019
1.3934
1.3848
55
54
54
54
54
54
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.5878
.5901
.5925
.5948
.5972
.5995
.8090
.8073
.8056
.8039
.8021
.8004
.7265
.7310
.7355
.7400
.7445
.7490
1.3764
1.3680
1.3597
1.3514
1.3432
1.3351
54
53
53
53
53
53
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6018
.6041
.6065
.6088
.6111
.6134
.7986
.7969
.7951
.7934
.7916
.7898
.7536
.7581
.7627
.7673
.7720
.7766
1.3270
1.3190
1.3111
1.3032
1.2954
1.2876
53
52
52
52
52
52
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
38 40'
38 50'
.6157
.6180
.6202
.6225
.6248
.6271
.7880
.7862
.7844
.7826
.7808
.7790
.7813
.7860
.7907
.7954
.8002
.8050
1.2799
1.2723
1.2647
1.2572
1.2497
1.2423
52
51
51
51
51
51
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
39
39
39
39
.6293
.6316
.6338
.6361
.7771
.7753
.7735
.7716
.8098
.8146
.8195
.8243
1.2349
1.2276
1.2203
1.2131
51
50
50
50
00'
50'
40'
30'
cos
sin
cot
34
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
38 00'
38 10'
38 20'
?>%''
30'
00'
10'
20'
30'
cot
.4193
tan
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
Degrees
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
212
NATURAL
SINES, COSINES,
COTANGENTS
TANGENTS, AND
{Continued)
sin
COS
tan
39 40'
39 50'
.6383
.6406
.7698
.7679
.8292
.8342
1.2059
1 1988
50 20'
50 10'
40
40
40
40
40
40
.6428
.6450
.6472
.6494
.6517
.6539
.7660
.7642
.7623
.7604
.7585
.7566
.8391
.8441
.8491
.8541
.8591
.8642
1.1918
1.1847
1.1778
1.1708
1 1640
1.1571
50
49
49
49
49
49
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
49
48
48
48
48
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
Degrees
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
cot
10'
^
41 00'
41
41
41
41
41
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
42
42
42
42
42
42
00'
43
43
43
43
43
43
00'
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
00'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00'
.6561
.6583
.6604
.6626
.6648
.6670
.7547
.7528
.7509
.7490
.7470
.7451
.8693
.8744
.8796
.8847
.8899
.8952
1.1504
1.1436
1.1369
1.1303
1.1237
1.1171
.6691
.6713
.6734
.6756
.6777
.6799
.7431
.7412
.7392
.7373
.7353
.7333
.9004
.9057
.9110
.9163
.9217
.9271
1.1106
1.1041
1.0977
1.0913
1.0850
1.0786
48
47
47
47
47
47
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6820
.6841
.6862
.6884
.6905
.6926
.7314
.7294
.7274
.7254
.7234
.7214
.9325
.9380
.9435
.9490
.9545
.9601
1.0724
1.0661
1.0599
1.0538
1.0477
1.0416
47
46
46
46
46
46
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
.6947
.6967
.6988
.7009
.7030
.7050
.7071
.7193
.7173
.7153
.7133
.7112
.7092
.7071
.9657
.9713
.9770
.9827
.9884
.9942
1.0355
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
00'
50'
40'
30'
20'
cos
sin
1.0000
cot
.0295
1.0235
1.0176
1.0117
1.0058
1.0000
tan
^48 10'
10'
10'
10'
00'
Degrees
TABLES
213
sinh n
cosh n
sinh n
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1.0000
1.0013
1.0050
1.0112
1.0201
1.0314
0.0000
0.0500
0.1002
0.1506
0.2013
0.2526
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
3.9484
4.1443
4.3507
4.5679
4.7966
5.0372
3.8196
4.0219
4.2342
4.4571
4.6912
4.9369
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1.0453
1.0619
1.0811
1 1030
1.1276
0.3045
0.3572
0.4108
0.4653
0.5211
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
5.2905
5.5569
5.8373
6.1323
6.4426
5.4662
5.7510
6.0502
6.3645
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
1.1551
1855
1.2188
1.2552
1.2947
0.5782
0.6367
0.6967
0.7586
0.8223
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
6.7690
7.1123
7.4735
7.8533
8.2527
6.6947
7.0417
7.4063
7.7894
8.1919
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.3374
1.3835
1.4331
1.4862
1.5431
0.8881
0.9561
1.0265
1.0995
1.1752
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
8.6728
9.1146
9.5791
10.0677
10.5814
8.6150
9.0596
9.5268
10.0179
10.5340
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.6038
1.6685
1.7374
1.8107
1.8884
1.2539
1.3356
1.4208
1.5097
1.6019
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
11.1215
11.6895
12.2866
12.9146
13.5748
11.0765
11.6466
12.2459
12.8758
13.5379
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.9709
2.0583
2.1509
2.2488
2.3524
1.6984
1.7991
1.9043
2.0143
2.1293
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
14.2689
14.9987
15.7661
16.5728
17.4210
14.2338
14.9654
15.7343
16.5426
17.3923
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
2.4619
2.5775
2.6995
2.8283
2.9642
2.2496
2.3757
2.5075
2.6456
2.7904
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
18.3128
19.2503
20.2360
21.2723
22.3618
18.2855
19.2243
20.2113
21.2488
22.3394
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
3.1075
3.2583
3.4177
3.5855
3.7622
2.9422
3.1013
3.2682
3.4432
3.6269
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
23.5072
24.7113
25.9773
27.3082
23.4859
24.6911
25.9581
27.2899
5 1952
.
214
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Numerical Constants
TT
logioir
1
K
t"
VV
e
logio e
loge
10
logiologioe
logeTT
loge 2
logio
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.718
281828
INDEX
Acceleration, 78, 79, 80.
Admittance,
theorem,
121-122.
Bernoulli's
electric, 151.
Binomial theorem,
Air:
173.
British thermal unit, 164, 174.
Calculus, 30-54.
Calorie, 164.
165.
145-147, 150.
2.
Algebra, 1-9.
Alternating currents, 147-154.
Altitude, determination of, 167.
Ampere,
hydraulics,
formulae
for,
72-74.
Areas:
iii-
of,
113.
Arithmetical progression, 2.
Asymptotes of hyperbola, 25.
Atmosphere, standard, 165.
Atomic weights, 168.
Avoirdupois weight, 159.
in,
127-
129.
Barometer:
reduction of readings to 0
C,
Chord
166.
Beams:
of circle, 11.
Circle:
moment
sector
Circles,
of, 11.
to, 21.
table
and areas
of
circumferences
Circumferences of
of, 11.
and segment
tangent
cantilever, 99.
deflection of, 97.
flexure of, 95-97.
Bending moment
beam, 96.
185, 186.
215
circles,
table of,
INDEX
2l6
Coefl5cients
expansion,
linear
of
Differential equations
cont.
175. 176.
Collapsing of tubes, 131.
first
62, 63.
Common
base
of
degree,
logarithms:
of, 3.
numbers, table
192, 193.
quantities, 7.
due
Condensers,
to, 92.
94.
Diverging series, 5,
Dry measure, 159.
frustum
Dyne,
Convergent
Conversion
series, 5.
12.
Sietric,
160-163.
factors,
electric, 139.
Cycloid, 25.
Cylinder, right circular:
lateral surface and volume, 12.
EngUsh
and
metric
conversion
factors, 160-163.
of, 11.
Energy:
32.
Cylinders, stresses
4, 39, 40.
of,
Ellipse:
187-189.
Curvature, radius
modulus
Coulomb, 145.
Cubes and cube roots of numbers,
Cubic equations,
Eddy
Elasticity,
English and
moment
163.
e,
and volume,
of,
6.
of, 114.
of, 13.
lateral surface
table
Distance:
8.
Composition of
Compression:
tion, I.
of,
Complex imaginary
Curve
first
70, 71.
9.
English
130.
weights
and measures,
158, 159.
Epicycloid, 26.
De
Moivre's theorem, 9.
Density of various substances,
169-171.
Equations:
cubic and higher,
Differential calculus:
transcendental,
Equivalents:
application
to
geometry
and
physics, 30-32.
formulae, 33.
Differential equations, 58-71.
quadratic,
4, 39, 40.
i.
heat, electric,
4, 5.
and mechanical,
164-166.
pressure, 165, 166
Erg, 164.
Euler's formula for columns, 106,
107.
INDEX
Exponential transformations,
Exponents, i.
9.
217
213.
of,
Hypocycloid,
Hysteresis
26, 27.
loss, 155.
I-beam, 118.
Farad, 145.
Flexure of beams, 95-97.
of air, 131, 132, 133.
Imaginary quantities, 7, 8.
Impact, 86, 87.
Impedance, electric, 149, 150.
Impulse, 86.
of water, 120-130.
Infinite series, 5, 6, 7.
Fliegner'sequations,flowofair,i3i.
Flow
Flow
Flow
composition
resolution
Francis'
Integral calculus:
of, 88.
volumes, 38.
129.
Integration,
Frustum
Frustum
methods
of:
148.
of
parts, 43.
pyramid,
12.
J.
Geometrical progression, 2, 3.
Geometry, 10-13.
Gordon's formula for columns,
Joule, 164.
107, 108.
Gyration, radius
of, 80.
Length, measures
of, 77.
Length
Head
Heat,
of water, 119.
electric,
for
128, 129.
132.
,
B.
Johnson's formula
columns, 109, no.
and
lae,
mechanical
equivalents, 164-166.
Henry, 143.
Higher degree equations,
Horsepower, i6r5.
4, 39, 40.
Hydraulics,
1 19-13 1.
Hyperbola:
asymptotes, 25.
of, 158,
of curves, integral
160.
formu-
36.
of,
175, 176.
4.
Logarithms
numbers, tables
of
of,
192-196.
Logarithms
of trigonometric func-
INDEX
2l8
Maclaurin's
flow of water
127-129.
Oscillation, radius of, 77, 78.
series, 35.
Magnetism, 154-157.
Magnets, attractive force, 155.
Materials, mechanics of, 91-118.
Materials, strength
Parabola:
arc
and area
English
factors, 160-163.
Modulus
of,
113.
Pendulum,
173.
and
of, 11.
Metric
in,
center of gravity
34, 35.
conversion
85.
Percussion, center
of, 77.
Permeability, 154.
Moment
Ohm, 165.
Ohm's law, 138.
Open channels,
of inertia:
sohds, table
Pipes:
of,
115.
of,
116-
Moment
of resistance of
a beam,
in, 1
Momentum,
of, 20.
Polygon, 10.
Poundal, 163.
Power, electric, 139, 152, 153, 154.
Powers of numbers, table of, 187189.
Pressure:
132.
Natural logarithms:
of, 3.
205-212.
Navigation, 17-19.
Neutral axis of beams, 95, 96.
Normal
of, 29.
85.
Motion:
Motors,
21-127.
96.
base
flow of water
118.
water, 119.
Prism, right, 12.
Progression:
arithmetical,
of
Pyramid:
center of gravity
frustum
Oblique spherical triangles,
2.
geometrical, 2, 3.
Projectiles, 80-82.
16, 17.
of,
114.
of, 12.
lateral area
and volume
of,
12.
INDEX
Quadratic equations,
Segment of circle:
ar^ and chord of,
i.
Radian, 82.
center of gravity
Radius of curvature:
formula for, 32.
of beams, 97.
Radius of gyration:
formula for, 77.
of
Segment
Maclaurin's, 35.
standard, 6, 7.
Taylor's, 35.
Shafts, torsion of, 94, 95.
Shear, 94, 97, 98.
107-108.
Sine
wave
of voltage or current,
187-189.
5,
39, 40.
Sphere:
moment
10.
of, 13.
Steam
Steam:
12.
Reluctance, 154.
Resistance, electric:
copper wire tables, 136, 137.
moment
113.
of sphere, 13.
infinite, 5, 6, 7.
Regular polygon,
11.
of,
Series:
Radius
219
Steam
tables, 177-184.
Straight
16.
line,
equations
of, 19,
20,
30.
area, 10.
no.
Strength of materials, table
Stress, mechanical, 91, 92.
Stresses
in
pipes and
of, 93.
cylinders.
130, 131-
157.
Seconds-pendulum, 85.
Section modulus of standard
tions, 116-118.
Sector of circle:
arc and area of, 11
center of gravity of, 112.
Tangent:
to circle, 21.
to ellipse, 24.
to hyperbola, 25.
to parabola, 23.
INDEX
220
Tangent to curve, slope
Taylor's
Troy weight,
of, 30.
Temperature
159.
Tubes, collapsing
series, 35.
of,
131.
coefficients of elec-
Tension, 92.
Thermometers,
conversion
of
scales, 163.
electric,
Volume, measures
Volumes:
reduction
of, 112.
and mechanical
equivalents, 164-166.
standard
to
condi-
tions, 166.
area, 10.
Water, density
Watt, 165.
Weight
of, 170.
of various substances,
169-
171.
Work,
85, 86.
THE LITERATURE
OF ENGINEERING
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