ASEN 3112 - Structures

5
Stress-Strain
Material Laws

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 1

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Strains and Stresses are Connected

by Material Properties of the Body (Structure)
Recall the connections displayed in previous lecture:
MP
internal forces stresses strains displacements size&shape changes

MP
displacements strains stresses internal forces
The linkage between stresses and strains is done through
material properties, as shown by symbol MP over red arrow
Those are mathematically expressed as constitutive equations

Historically the first C.E. was Hooke's elasticity law, stated in 1660 as "ut tensio sic vis"
Since then recast in terms of stresses and strains, which are more modern concepts.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 2

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Assumptions Used In This Course As Regards

Material Properties & Constitutive Equations
Macromodel

material is modeled as a continuum body; finer

scale levels (crystals, molecules, atoms) are ignored

Elasticity

stress-strain response is reversible and has a preferred

natural state, which is unstressed & undeformed

Linearity

relationship beteen strains and stresses is linear

Isotropy

properties of material are independent of direction

Small strains

deformations are so small that changes of geometry are

neglected as loads (or temperature changes) are applied

For additional explanations see Lecture notes.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 3

ASEN 3112 - Structures

The Tension Test Revisited:

Response Regions for Mild Steel
Nominal stress
= P/A 0

Max
nominal
stress

Strain
hardening

Localization

Yield
Elastic
limit
Linear elastic
behavior
(Hooke's law is
valid over this
response region)
Undeformed state

Nominal
failure
stress

Mild Steel
Tension Test

L0

gage length

Nominal strain = L /L0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 4

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Other Tension Test Response Flavors

Brittle
(glass, ceramics,
concrete in tension)

Moderately
ductile
(Al alloy)

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 5

Nonlinear
from start
(rubber,
polymers)

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Tension Test Responses of Different Steel Grades

Nominal stress
= P/A0
Tool steel

Note similar
elastic modulus

High strength steel

Mild steel
(highly ductile)
Conspicuous yield
Nominal strain = L /L 0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 6

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Material Properties For A

Linearly Elastic Isotropic Body
E

Elastic modulus, a.k.a. Young's modulus

Physical dimension: stress=force/area (e.g. ksi)

Poisson's ratio
Physical dimension: dimensionless (just a number)

Shear modulus, a.k.a. modulus of rigidity

Physical dimension: stress=force/area (e.g. MPa)

Coefficient of thermal expansion

Physical dimension: 1/degree (e.g., 1/ C)

E, and G are not independent. They are linked by

E = 2G (1+),

G = E/(2(1+)),

= E /(2G)1

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 7

ASEN 3112 - Structures

State of Stress and Strain In Tension Test

Cross section (often circular) of area A

(a)
P

gaged length

xx = P/A (uniform over cross section)

y
z

(b)
P
Stress
state

xx
0
0

x Cartesian axes

xx

0
0
at all points in the gaged region

0
0
0

0
0
0

For isotropic material, yy = zz

Strain
state

yy

is called the lateral strain

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 8

0
0

zz

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio

Isotropic material properties E and are obtained from the linear elastic
response region of the uniaxial tension test (last slide). For simplicity call
= xx = axial stress, = xx = axial strain,

yy = zz = lateral strain

The elastic modulus E is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain:
def

E =

whence = E , =

Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain:

def

lateral strain
axial strain

lateral strain
axial strain

The sign in the definition of is introduced so that it comes out positive.

For structural materials n lies in the range [0,1/2). For most metals (and their
alloys) is in the range 0.25 to 0.35. For concrete and ceramics, 0.10.
For cork 0. For rubber 0.5 to 3 places. A material for which = 0.5 is
called incompressible. If is very close to 0.5, it is called nearly incompressible.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 9

ASEN 3112 - Structures

State of Stress and Strain In Torsion Test

Circular cross section

(a) T

T
gaged length
For distribution of shear stresses and
strains over the cross section, cf. Lecture 7
y
z
x Cartesian axes

(b) T

Stress
state

yx

xy
0
0

0
0
0

Strain
state

yx

xy

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
at all points in the gaged region. Both the shear stress yx = xy as well
as the shear strain xy = yx vary linearly as per distance from the
cross section center (Lecture 7). They attain maximum values on the
max
specimen surface. For simplicity, call those values = max
xy and = xy

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 10

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining Shear Modulus Of An Isotropic

Linearly Elastic Material
Isotropic material property G (the shear modulus, also called modulus
of rigidity) is obtained from the linear elastic response region of the
torsion test of a circular cross section specimen (last slide).
For simplicity call
max
= xy
= max shear stress on specimen surface over gauged region
max
= xy = max shear strain on specimen surface over gauged region

The shear modulus G is defined as the ratio of the foregoing

shear stress and strain:
def

G =

whence = G , =

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 11

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining The Coefficient of Thermal

Expansion Of An Isotropic Material
Take a standard uniaxial test specimen:

x
gaged length
At the reference temperature T0 (usually the room temperature) the
gaged length is L 0 . Heat the unloaded specimen by T while allowing it
to expand freely in all directions. The gaged length changes to
L = L 0 + L. The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined as
def

L
L0 T

whence L = L 0 T

T
The ratio T = xx
= L /L 0 = T is called the thermal strain in the
axial (x) direction. For an isotropic material, the material expands equally in
T
all directions: xx
= Tyy = zzT , whereas the thermal shear strains are zero.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 12

ASEN 3112 - Structures

1D Hooke's Law Including Thermal Effects

Stress To Strain:

+ T = M + T
E

expresses that total strain = mechanical strain +

thermal strain: the strain superposition principle
Strain To Stress:

= E ( T )
A problem in Recitation 3 uses this form

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 13

ASEN 3112 - Structures

3D Generalized Hooke's Law (1)

Stresses To Strains (Omitting Thermal Effects)

1
E

x x

 yy E

zz E

=
x y 0

yz

zx

E
1
E

E
1
E

0
0

0
1
G
0

0
1
G
0

0
1
G

For derivation using the strain superposition principle,

as well as inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 14

x x

yy

zz

x y

yz

zx

ASEN 3112 - Structures

3D Generalized Hooke's Law (2)

Strains To Stresses (Omitting Thermal Effects)

x x
E (1 )
yy E

zz E

=
0
x y

0
yz
0
zx
in which

E
E (1 )
E
0
0
0
E =

E
E
E (1 )
0
0
0

0
0
0
G
0
0

0
0
0
0
G
0

x x
0
0  yy

0 zz

0 x y

0
yz
G
zx

E
(1 2)(1 + )

This is derived by inverting the matrix of previous slide. For the

inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 15

ASEN 3112 - Structures

2D Plane Stress Specialization

Stresses


x x
yx
0

x y
yy
0

Strains
0
0
0

x x
yx
0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 16

x y
 yy
0

0
0
zz

ASEN 3112 - Structures

2D Plane Stress Generalized Hooke's Law

Strains To Stresses (Omitting Thermal Effects)

1
E
x x

 yy E

=
zz

E
x y
0

E
1
E

E
0


x x
0
yy
0
xy
1
G

Stresses To Strains (Omitting Thermal Effects)

in which

x x
yy
x y


E
= E
0
E =

E
E
0

0
0
G

E
1 2

Used in Exercise 3.1 of Homework #3

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 17

x x
 yy
x y