Civappb

Appendix B.
Anchor Bolt Selection and Layout
Abstract
The purpose of this appendix is to present design concepts and a procedure that can
be used in designing anchor bolts or evaluating an existing anchor bolt arrangement.
Contents
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Page
B1.0
Introduction
B-2
B1.1
Failure Modes
B1.2
Nomenclature
B2.0
Design Concepts
B2.1
Bolt Capacities
B2.2
High-strength Bolts
B2.3
Concrete Tensile Capacity
B2.4
Concrete Shear Capacity
B2.5
Combined Shear and Tension
B2.6
Factor of Safety
B2.7
Allowable Loads
B2.8
Standard Drawing GD-Q68922
B3.0
Special Design For Anchor Bolt Load Transfer to Reinforcing Steel B-19
B3.1
Reinforcement For Tension Force
B3.2
Reinforcement For Shear Force
B3.3
Reinforcement For Lateral Bursting Force
B3.4
Bolt Embedment and Reinforcing Steel Development Length
B4.0
Design Procedure
B4.1
Basic Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations Can be Met
B4.2
Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations Cannot be Met
B5.0
Design Examples
B5.1
Design Example 1
B5.2
Design Example 2
B6.0
References
B-6
B-28
B-31
B-39
B-1
June 1997
Appendix B
B1.0
Civil and Structural Manual
Introduction
In the past, embedment lengths and bolt capacities for anchor bolts in tension were
based on the bond strength developed between the bolt shank and the concrete foundation. The bond strength was based on requirements for plain reinforcing bars and
reinforced concrete members established to avoid any slippage of the steel. This
steel-to-concrete bond strength was small and resulted in large embedment lengths.
Anchor bolt pull-out tests have indicated that embedment lengths, based on this
concept, are overly conservative.
Placing a standard bolt head at the anchor bolt end, without a plate or washer, and
relying on the compression on the bolt head, is reliable and practicable. Therefore,
headed bolt or stud is the preferred bolt for anchorage.
Properly detailed reinforcing steel in close proximity to the bolt can increase the
reliability, reduce the bolt spacing and edge distance requirements and thus, result
in a more economical foundation design. Design of foundations in petrochemical
facilities often involves anchorage for tall vessels and structures which are
subjected to high wind and seismic forces, resulting in large diameter anchor bolts.
The required embedment length, spacing, and edge distance of these anchor bolts
can sometimes become excessive, and often control the size of the foundation.
Two design concepts are presented in this appendix i.e., Cast-in-place Anchor Bolt
in Plain Concrete and Cast-In-Place Anchor Bolt in Reinforced Concrete. Sections
B2.3 through B2.7 provide guidance for design of anchor bolt in plain concrete
which is based on the requirements of Section 1925 of Vol. II of the 1994 edition of
the Uniform Building Code (UBC) [6]. The guidance also includes the design of
anchor bolts in concrete with minimum reinforcement parallel or perpendicular to
the bolt. However, it does not take full advantage of the reinforcing bar to reduce
bolt spacing and edge distance. The standard drawing for anchor bolts, GDQ68922 is developed using the concepts presented in these sections.
Section B3.0 provides guidance for the design of Cast-In-Place Anchor Bolt in
Reinforced Concrete, which is developed based on the guidelines contained in a
new ASCE publication entitled Design of Anchor Bolts in Petrochemical Facilities [13]. This design concept take full advantages of the reinforcing bar in the
concrete to reduce the required edge distance and bolt spacing without any reduction in capacity or ductility of the bolt. This type of anchorage design methodology
is highly suitable for structures or equipment founded on small pier or pedestal
foundations where the embedment, spacing, and edge distance limitations of standard drawing GD-Q68922 can not be met.
B1.1
Failure Modes
Without Reinforcing
Anchoring embedded bolts in concrete is designed to prevent tension, shear, wedge
splitting, and lateral bursting failure of the concrete. The desired failure mode is
bolt yielding because it is more reliable and ductile. The five concrete failure modes
are described briefly below:
June 1997
B-2
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
Tension: The concrete above the anchor head pulls out in the shape of a cone
which radiates towards the surface from the anchor bolt head. The cone angle
increases with increasing embedment depth and has conservatively been taken
to be 45 (Figure B-1).
Shear: The failure mode of concrete for an anchor bolt in shear near an edge is
one half of a 45 cone. The cone extends laterally from the centerline of the
bolt at the concrete surface towards the edge in the direction of the shear
(Figure B-2).
Lateral Bursting: Another failure mode of concrete around an anchor bolt in

tension is a 45 cone which extends laterally towards the edge of the concrete
from the anchor bolt head (Figure B-3). This failure mode occurs only for bolts
with small edge distances.
Wedge Splitting: The concrete cracks or splits in the direction of the nearest
obstruction. This mode of failure happens most frequently when bolts are
placed too close together or near an edge, and the cracking forces are not
resisted by adequate reinforcement (Figure B-4).
Concrete Crushing: For an anchor bolt in shear, the concrete next to the anchor
bolt near the surface crushes and allows the anchor bolt to displace and break.
This failure mode occurs when edge distances are large.
With Reinforcing
Where the main reinforcement is parallel to and in close proximity to the bolt, the
bolt tension is transferred to the reinforcing bars. For this to occur, the bolts and
reinforcing steel must be confined by hoops, spirals, or sufficient concrete edge
distance to contain the high-compressive stresses which form in the region of the
bolt head. When these stresses are confined, tests have shown the failure mode to
be a splitting in the concrete similar to the failure mode for deformed reinforcing
bars in tension. Where minimal reinforcement exists perpendicular to the bolt, tests
show that the shear cone is interrupted and ultimate shear values may be higher.
The cause of failure is diagonal tension; however, the solution is beyond analysis
and results are given based on empirical data. Solutions to both cases are shown in
this text.
Fig. B-1
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Tension Failure Cone
B-3
June 1997
Appendix B
Fig. B-2
Shear Failure Cone
Fig. B-3
Lateral Bursting Failure

TENSION
FORCE
POTENTIAL
FAILURE
PLANE
Fig. B-4
June 1997
Wedge Splitting Failure
B-4
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B1.2
Appendix B
Nomenclature
AB
Gross area of the anchor bolt (in2)
AR
Root area of the anchor bolt (in2)
ABT
Tensile stress area of bolt = 0.7854 (d-0.9734/N)2 (in2)

Where:
d = Nominal bolt diameter (in)
N = Number of threads per inch
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ALB
Ineffective cone surface area due to inadequate bolt spacing (in 2)
ASFC
Projected area of shear failure cone (in2)
AS
Sloping area of the assumed failure surface (in2)
ASR
Total area of reinforcing steel (in2)
AT
The flat bottom area of the truncated pyramid of an assumed tension

failure surface (in2)
Distance between two bolts measured from center of bolt (in)
BACT
Actual bolt spacing to be used in field (in)
BCR
Critical bolt spacing (in)
Distance to concrete edge measured from center of bolt (in)
EACT
Actual edge distance to be used in field (in)
ECR
Critical edge distance (in)
FY
Yield tensile stress of bolt material (33000 psi for A-307 material) or
reinforcing steel (psi)
FUR
Ultimate tensile stress of bolt material (60,000 psi for A-307 material),
psi
Embedment length of the bolt (in)
LACT
Actual embedment length to be used in field (in)
LCR
Critical embedment length. Minimum embedment length required for

full development of the tension failure cone based on ductile failure
mode (in)
L.F.
Load factor as defined by the Uniform Building Code [6]
Design tensile load on the bolt (lbs)
PA
Allowable bolt tension: lesser of PB or P (ductile connection ) or

CR
-------------P CR
2.7
--------------- (non-ductile connection) (lbs)
4
PB
Allowable bolt capacity in tension based upon the steel properties of the
bolt (lbs)
B-5
June 1997
Appendix B
B2.0
PBY
Yield capacity of bolt (lbs)
PBU
Ultimate capacity of bolt (lbs)
PCR
Tensile capacity of the concrete cone reduced for spacing and edge interferences (lbs)
PC
Tensile capacity of the full concrete cone (lbs)
TU
Factored tensile force on the bolt (lbs)
Design shear load on the bolt (lbs)
VA
Allowable bolt shear: lesser of VB or V (lbs)

CR
--------------1.9
VB
Allowable bolt capacity in shear based upon the steel properties of the
bolt (lbs)
VC
Shear capacity of concrete (lbs)
VCR
Shear capacity of the concrete shear cone reduced for bolt spacing (lbs)
db
Nominal diameter of the reinforcing steel (in)
Short dimension of hexagon head of bolt or bottom plate (in)
fc
Specified compressive strength of concrete (psi)
ft
Tensile strength of concrete (psi)
ld
Development length required for the anchor bolt reinforcing steel (in)
Strength-reduction factor
Bolt head lateral force coefficient
Design Concepts
Anchor bolts embedded in concrete foundations should be placed and sized so that
the tension capacities of an anchorage system are governed by the steel properties
of the anchor bolts rather than the concrete properties of the foundation. This
results in a ductile connection that prevents sudden failure since the anchor bolts
will yield and gradually deform plastically before the concrete approaches its
tensile capacity and fails suddenly. A ductile connection is particularly important
for connections which are designed to resist earthquake loads or other dynamic
loads.
Since the steel shear failure of an anchor bolt has little ductility, ensuring a ductile
shear connection is meaningless. However, it is preferable to have the shear
capacity of the concrete be greater than the shear capacity of the bolt.
June 1997
B-6
Chevron Corporation
B2.1
Appendix B
Bolt Capacities
To design a ductile anchorage system, the anchor bolt steel and concrete capacities
must be calculated and compared. The allowable capacities for anchor bolt shear
and tension should be determined according to the allowable stresses specified in
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (1989 Edition). The allowable
capacities for tension and shear based on the steel properties of the bolt are listed in
Figure B-5.
Properties of A-307 Bolts
Fig. B-5
Nominal
Bolt
Diameter d
(in.)
Tensile
Stress Area
ABT (in2)
Bolt Gross
Area AB
(in2)
Bolt Root
Area AR
(in2)
Bolt Head
Dia. h
(in)
Allowable
Tensile
Capacity of
Bolt PB (lbs)
Allowable
Shear
Capacity of
Bolt VB (lbs)
1/2
.142
.196
0.129
0.750
2,800
1,290
5/8
.226
.307
0.207
0.938
4,500
2,070
3/4
.334
.442
0.309
1.125
6,700
3,090
7/8
.462
.601
0.429
1.313
9,200
4,290
.606
.785
0.563
1.500
12,100
5,630
1-1/8
.763
.994
0.709
1.688
15,300
7,090
1-1/4
.969
1.227
0.908
1.875
19,400
9,080
1-1/2
1.41
1.767
1.32
2.250
28,200
13,200
1-3/4
1.90
2.405
1.78
2.625
38,000
17,800
2.50
3.142
2.34
3.000
50,000
23,400
2-1/2
4.00
4.909
3.78
3.750
80,000
37,800
5.97
7.069
5.70
4.500
119,400
57,000
Notes:
1. Allowable Stress = 20 ksi tension (Based on tensile stress area)

2. Allowable Stress = 10 ksi shear (Based on root area)
B2.2
High-strength Bolts
Only standard A-307 or A-36 type bolts with American standard hexagon heads are
considered in this appendix. High- strength bolts (A-325 and A-490) are not recommended because the higher yield strength requires greater embedment, edge
distance, and more reinforcing. High-strength anchor bolts also do not have as
much ductility as A-307 bolts.
If high-strength bolts are required, they should be designed according to the principles presented in this appendix.
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B-7
June 1997
Appendix B
B2.3
Concrete Tensile Capacity

Concrete with no Reinforcement or with Reinforcement Perpendicular to
Bolt
Where concrete is unreinforced or the main reinforcement is perpendicular to the
anchor bolt, the load transferred by the bolt to the foundation must be developed by
the concrete. Concrete capacities are determined by evaluating the failure cones.
These develop in the concrete when applying tension to the anchor bolt. Tests have
shown that as tension loads are applied, the concrete capacity can be represented by
a failure cone that radiates out at a 45 angle from the bolt head and intersects the
concrete surface as diagrammed in Figure B-1.
The tensile capacity of the full concrete cone, PC , can be determined by applying
the tensile strength of concrete f t = 4 f c over the sloping area of an assumed
failure surface, AS, and the flat bottom area of the truncated pyramid of an assumed
tension failure surface, AT. Summing the stresses on the concrete failure surface in
the vertical direction yields the following equation:
P C = f c ( 2.8A S + 4A T )
(Eq. B-1)
where:
fc = specified compressive strength of concrete (psi).
AS = the sloping area (in square inches) of an assumed failure surface.
The surface to be that of a cone or truncated pyramid radiating at
a 45 slope from the bearing edge of the anchor or anchor group
to the surface. For shallow concrete sections with anchor groups,
the failure surface shall be assumed to follow the extension of the
slope through to the far side rather than truncate as in AT.
AT = the flat bottom area (in square inches) of the truncated pyramid
of an assumed tension failure surface.
= concrete strength reduction factor. It is 0.85 when reinforcing
steel is placed parallel to the bolt and 0.65 when parallel reinforcing steel is not present.
For all bolt arrangements, (except the special case listed below), the failure surface
should be based upon full failure cones and reduced for interferences as needed.
The sloping area of the failure surface for full failure cones can be calculated by
using equations B-2 and B-3 listed below:
A S = ( L + h )L 2 (for tension failure cones)
(Eq. B-2)
A T = 0 (for tension failure cones)

(Eq. B-3)
June 1997
B-8
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
For the special case of four or more anchors simultaneously in tension and in a rectangular pattern which are spaced closer together than twice their embedded length,
the failure surface is a single pyramid truncated at the anchor-bolt heads rather than
separate cones.
Adding a Plate at the Bolt Head

The size of the tension-failure cone can be increased by adding a plate just above
the bolt head. The plate increases the failure cone dimensions; and, therefore, the
concrete pull-out strength. Because the bond between the plate and the concrete
below is small and cannot be assured, the concrete area above the plate should not
be included in calculating the cone capacity. The concrete strength, PC , is then
only a function of the surface area, AS, which projects from the edge of the plate to
the concrete surface.
The plate should be thick enough to resist the compressive forces which develop on
its upper side. It should also be strong enough to remain intact up to the ultimate
strength of the bolt. Also, the edge distance required for lateral bursting is related to
the size of the bolt head; therefore, lateral bursting may have to be reevaluated.
Anchor Bolt Interference Tension (Figure B-6)

Where anchor bolts are spaced less than two times their embedment depth or placed
closer to a concrete edge than their embedment depth, the capacity of the tension
failure cone must be reduced.
For bolt groups with tension failure cones that have restrictive spacings, the reduction of the tension failure cone capacity should be based upon overlapping tension
cones.
The ineffective sloping area, ALB, of the tension failure cone due to an adjacent
bolt can be determined from the following equation which is based on cone geometry:
0.5BACT
A LB = ( LACT + 0.5h ) 2 COS 1 ------------------------------- 0.5B ACT [ ( L ACT + 0.5h ) 2 ( 0.5B ACT ) 2 ] 1 / 2
L ACT + 0.5h
(Eq. B-4)
For restrictive edge distances, the concrete pullout strength should be reduced by
the ratio of the edge distance over the embedment length, EACT/LACT.
For bolt groups with overlapping tension failure cones, the tensile capacity of the
concrete cone reduced for edge and spacing interferences (PCR) becomes:
E ACT
P CR = f c [ 2.8 ( A S A LB ) ] -------------L
ACT
(Eq. B-5)
The reduction for edge distance is more severe than bolt spacing because tests [12]
show that the effective tensile capacity of concrete drops from 4 f c to 2 f c for
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B-9
June 1997
Appendix B
small edge distances. The value of EACT/LACT can never be greater than one. Also,
logically, as the edge distance goes to zero, the concrete cone strength should also
go to zero, not half its original value.
If a bolt has multiple restricting edge distances the concrete cone strength shall be
reduced accordingly. A bolt group strength shall be the weakest bolt times the
number of bolts.
Bolt Layout Example
Fig. B-6
Concrete
edge
Ve r tica l
In te rs e c tio n
p la n e d u e to
a d ja ce n t b o lt
In e ffe ctive
slo p in g a re a s
Ve rtic a l
In te rs e ctio n
p la n e s d u e to
co n c re te e d g e s
C o n c re te
edge
r = L + 0 .5 h
Critical Dimensions
The minimum embedment length, edge distance, and bolt spacing are found in
Figure B-7 for values of fc = 3000 psi. These dimensions should be met at all times
and are based on test results and theory.
Critical Dimensions (fc = 3000 PSI) (1 of 2)
Fig. B-7
June 1997
Bolt
Diameter (in)
LCR (in)
ECR
(min. reinf.) (in)
ECR
(no reinf.) (in)
BCR
(in)
1/2
4.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
5/8
5.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
3/4
6.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
7/8
7.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
B-10
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Appendix B
Critical Dimensions (fc = 3000 PSI) (2 of 2)
Fig. B-7
1.
Bolt
Diameter (in)
LCR (in)
ECR
(min. reinf.) (in)
ECR
(no reinf.) (in)
BCR
(in)
7.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
1-1/8
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
1-1/4
9.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
1-1/2
11.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
1-3/4
13.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
14.0
6.0
11.0
6.0
2-1/2
18.0
8.0
13.0
8.0
21.0
8.0
16.0
8.0
Critical Embedment Length

LCR=7d
2.
(for all bolt sizes)
Critical Edge Distance

a.
b.
With minimum steel reinforcement as indicated in Standard Drawing

GB-Q68922
ECR = 4 inches
d < 1 inch
ECR = 6 inches
1 inch d < 2 inches
ECR = 8 inches
d 2 inches
PA 1 / 2 h
+ --Without steel reinforcement = E CR = ----------------
2
12 f c
(Eq. B-6)
This equation is based on preventing a lateral concrete failure or blowout at the

anchor bolt head for a force of .25 PCR with a safety factor as defined by
Equation B-15. If an anchorage system governed by the concrete properties
(Equation B-16) is being used, ECR may be recalculated by substituting 1.5P for PA
in Equation B-6.
3.
Critical bolt spacing, BCR = 6 inches d < 2 inches

BCR = 8 inches
d 2 inches
Reinforcement Parallel to Bolt

Where concrete reinforcement is near the anchor bolt, as in a typical pedestal for a
vertical vessel, the load transferred by the bolt to the foundation will be transferred
into the reinforcement. The calculation for transfer of bolt tension to the reinforcement is based on tests by the University of Texas [4]. These tests showed a region
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B-11
June 1997
Appendix B
of very high compressive stresses, a critical stress area, in the region at the bolt
head. If this region is not confined by sufficient cover and reinforcement, spalling
or a lateral blowout occurs, resulting in a reduction in bolt capacity. This blowout is
similar to lateral bursting. The minimum edge distances needed to satisfy lateral
bursting can be found in Figure B-7.
When reinforcing steel is placed parallel to the bolt, 0.85 can be used for . When
calculating PCR, however, the additional resistance provided by the reinforcing steel
was conservatively not included. The required area of reinforcing steel needed for
the anchor bolt load to be transferred into the concrete is found by Equation B-7
listed below:
1.3P ( L.F. )
A SR = -------------------------0.9F Y
(Eq. B-7)
FY is the grade of reinforcing steel in this equation. A conservative method of satisfying Equation B-7 when using A-307 or A-36 bolts and grade 60 reinforcing steel
is to provide an area of reinforcing steel equal to the tensile stress area of the bolt.
This will slightly oversatisfy Equation B-7.
The reinforcing steel should be placed within a circle having a radius equal to five
bolt diameters, using the bolt as the center of the circle. As a minimum, the bolt
should have two reinforcing bars within six inches of the bolt and all reinforcement
should be distributed evenly. The reinforcing steel should have a minimum clear
distance between the bolt head and reinforcing bars of 1 inch or the bolt diameter.
Reinforcement should be developed on both sides where it intersects with the
surface of the predicted tension failure cone.
Figure B-8 and Standard Drawing GD-Q68922 are developed using this approach.
For major equipment, the aforementioned approach may be considered to be too
conservative and an alternative design method may be used. This method allows the
concrete to crack and transfers the load across the crack by the reinforcing steel. To
transfer the load and develop sufficient ductility, the length of the reinforcing steel
on either side of the crack should equal or exceed the recommended development
length of ACI 318. A minimum edge distance and sufficient stirrups shall be
provided to prevent lateral bursting and splitting of concrete caused by the high
stress level at the bolt head. Consult with the CRTC Civil/Structural Technical
Service Team or a Structural Engineer for this type of application.
Reinforcement Perpendicular to Bolt

Reinforcement perpendicular to the anchor bolt should be placed when the edge
distance of the bolt is less than the embedment length of the bolt. This reinforcement should consist of continuous spirals of a #3 bar (minimum) with a maximum
pitch of six inches, or closed hoops of #4 bar (minimum) spaced at six inches
starting two inches from the surface of the concrete and continuing past the bolt
embedment length.
June 1997
B-12
Chevron Corporation
B2.4
Appendix B
Concrete Shear Capacity

Unreinforced Concrete
The failure cone, developed as shear loads are applied to the anchor bolt in unreinforced concrete, is illustrated in Figure B-2. This potential failure cone has an apex
at the intersection of the bolt and the concrete surface. It projects to the concrete
edge, the face of which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the anchor bolt. If the
embedment length is very small, the failure mode for a bolt in shear can be a
tension failure cone. Therefore, sufficient embedment depth should be provided to
ensure against this failure mode.
The shear capacity, VC , of unreinforced concrete is given by the following expressions:
When loaded toward an edge greater than
10 diameters away.
V C = 800A BT f c
(Eq. B-8)
When loaded toward an edge less than 10

diameters away.
V C = 4A SFC f c
(Eq. B-9)
where:
ASFC = E2
--2
E = distance from the anchor axis to the free edge.
= concrete strength reduction factor. It is always 0.65 except it may
be 0.85 in Equation B-9 if hairpin reinforcing bars are used. See
Reinforcement Parallel to the Shear Loads.
The shear capacities will change with varying bolt areas and concrete edge
distances.
Reinforced Concrete
With minimum reinforcement, tests show a different behavior for shear than for
tension or shear in unreinforced concrete. The shear cone of reinforced concrete is
interrupted, and the stress distributed over a wider area than the shear cone of unreinforced concrete. A value for VC shown by tests [3] is:
V C = 60 f c E
(Eq. B-10)
where:
fc =
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specified compressive strength of concrete (psi)
B-13
June 1997
Appendix B
When the edge distance is greater than nine inches, adding perpendicular reinforcing has little effect; however, perpendicular reinforcing is recommended for
shear loads whenever the edge distance is less than 10 diameters.
Anchor Bolt Interference Shear

If anchor bolts are spaced less than two times their edge distance, the capacity of
the shear cone must be reduced. The reduction should be calculated using
Equation B-4 and replacing LACT + 0.5h with EACT. The reduced shear cone
strength for unreinforced concrete then becomes:
A LB
f
V CR = 4 A SFC ---------------c
2 2
(Eq. B-11)
In Equation B-11, VCR can never be greater than VC as calculated by

Equation B-8.
There is little information on the effect of anchor bolt spacing on the concrete shear
resistance when perpendicular reinforcing is present. Therefore, in the absence of
more exacting information, for one bolt interference reduce the concrete shear resistance given by Equation B-10 by the bolt spacing divided by two times the edge
distance. Equation B-10 then becomes:
B ACT
V CR = 60 f c -------------2
For BACT < 2 EACT

(Eq. B-12)
When more than one interference exists for a particular bolt, the concrete capacity
must be reduced further. This reduction should be based upon engineering judgment.
Reinforcement Parallel to the Shear Loads

Studies [11] have shown that using 180 hairpin reinforcing bars around the bolt
can increase the shear resistance of the bolt when edge distances are small. The reinforcing steel should be designed for the required loads according to ACI 318-95.
The edge distance should be greater than the critical edge distance shown in
Figure B-7. The allowable shear loads should be found in equations B-17 and B-11
using 0.85 for . The value of VCR can not exceed that found by Equation B-8.
When using Equation B-8, is always 0.65.
The hairpin should be placed directly against the bolt and vertically as close to the
concrete surface as possible considering the required concrete cover. The legs of the
hairpin must be long enough to satisfy the development lengths described in ACI
31895.
June 1997
B-14
Chevron Corporation
B2.5
Appendix B
Combined Shear and Tension

When tension and shear act simultaneously, the following interaction formula shall
be met:
P 5 / 3 V 5 / 3
-----+ -------1
P
V
A
(Eq. B-13)
B2.6
Factor of Safety
The factors of safety must satisfy the previously stated design concepts. Factors of
safety can be broken down into three groups:
Tension loads, ductile design

Tension loads, non-ductile design
Shear loads
Tension Loads
Ductile Design
For an anchor bolt to have a ductile performance, the bolt must yield before it is
pulled out of the concrete. In design, this can be met by satisfying the following
equation:
P CR
--------------- 1.2
P BY
(Eq. B-14)
The bolt yield capacity, PBY, should be determined for A-307 bolts by using the
tensile stress area, ABT, and a yield tensile strength, FY, of 33,000 psi.
The recommended safety factor for a ductile performing bolt is 2.7 and is expressed
by the following equation:
P CR
--------------- 2.7
PA
(Eq. B-15)
The value of 2.7 is a calculated value based upon factors found in the UBC [6].
Restrictions may exist with certain installations that limit the placement of the
anchor bolts. Bolts spaced close together or placed close to the concrete edge interfere with the full development of the failure cones in the concrete. This limitation
decreases the tension capacity of the concrete cone, and can be calculated using the
principles found in Section B2.3. The loss in capacity can be compensated for by
increasing the embedment length of the bolt, increasing edge distance, or increasing
spacing.
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B-15
June 1997
Appendix B
Non-Ductile Design
Where ductile anchorage systems are not practical, an alternative is an anchorage
system governed by concrete properties. Although it is not preferred, this anchorage
system may be used for resisting both static and dynamic loads. Care should be
taken to avoid using these bolts for resisting earthquake tension loads on large
pieces of equipment because the bolts may not have a ductile performance. This
alternate system bases the placement of the anchor bolts in the foundation on the
actual applied loads rather than on the anchor bolt capacities. A factor of safety of
four shall be used with this design as described by the following equations:
P CR
--------------- 4
P
(Eq. B-16)
The factor of safety is higher than for a ductile failure because a concrete failure is
sudden, with no warning.
Shear Loads
As stated in Section B2.0, steel shear failure has little ductility. Therefore, the
required safety factor against concrete breakage can be lower for shear than for
tension. The following is recommended:
V CR
---------------- 1.9
VA
(Eq. B-17)
B2.7
Allowable Loads
Tension
For a ductile connection, the allowable load of an anchor bolt is the lesser of that
based on the steel properties of the bolt, PB, or that based on the tension failure
cone capacity, PCR, of the concrete with a factor of safety of 2.7
PA = PB
or,
whichever is less
P CR
P A = -------------2.7
June 1997
B-16
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
PB is shown in Figure B-5. PCR should be calculated in accordance with

Section B2.3.
For connections that do not meet the ductility requirement of Section B2.6, the
required tension failure cone strength is based upon the applied load rather than on
the anchor bolt capacity. The required factor of safety is 4.0.
P CR
P = -------------4
Shear
The allowable shear load for a bolt is the lesser of that based on the steel properties
of the bolt, VB, or that based on the concrete properties, VCR, with a safety factor
of 1.9.
VA = VB
or
V CR
V A = --------------1.9
whichever is less
VB is shown in Figure B-5. VCR should be calculated according to Section B2.4.
B2.8
Standard Drawing GD-Q68922

The values shown on Standard Drawing GD-Q68922 are for ASTM A-307 bolts
and concrete with a specified concrete strength, fc , of 3000 psi.
Figure B-8 repeats the same information listed on the standard drawing, but has
been expanded to include larger bolts.
Fig. B-8
Standard Anchor Bolts (1 of 2)
BOLT
DIAMETER
(IN)
TENSILE
STRESS
AREA
(IN2)
EMBEDMENT
LENGTH (IN)
EDGE
DISTANCE
(IN)
MINIMUM
SPACING
(IN)
TENSION
CAPACITY
WITH PARALLEL
REINFORCEMENT
CASE A
(LBS)
ABT
PA
VA
1/2
0.142
2,800
1,300
2,800
5/8
0.226
4,500
2,000
3,700
3/4
0.334
10
6,700
3,000
5,200
7/8
0.462
11
12
9,200
4,200
7,500
0.606
12
16
12,100
5,500
9,700
1-1/8
0.763
14
18
15,300
6,900
12,800
1-1/4
0.969
15
20
19,400
8,900
16,200
Chevron Corporation
B-17
SHEAR
CAPACITY
WITH MINIMUM
REINFORCEMENT
CASE B
(LBS)
TENSION
CAPACITY WITHOUT
PARALLEL
REINFORCEMENT
CASE B
( LBS)
June 1997
Appendix B
Fig. B-8
Standard Anchor Bolts (2 of 2)
BOLT
DIAMETER
(IN)
TENSILE
STRESS
AREA
(IN2)
EMBEDMENT
LENGTH (IN)
EDGE
DISTANCE
(IN)
MINIMUM
SPACING
(IN)
TENSION
CAPACITY
WITH PARALLEL
REINFORCEMENT
CASE A
(LBS)
ABT
PA
VA
1-1/2
1.41
18
24
28,200
10,200
21,900
1-3/4
1.90
21
11
28
38,000
14,400
31,300
2.50
24
12
32
50,000
17,100
39,000
2-1/2
4.00
30
15
43
80,000
26,700
64,700
5.97
36
18
51
119,400
38,400
92,300
SHEAR
CAPACITY
WITH MINIMUM
REINFORCEMENT
CASE B
(LBS)
TENSION
CAPACITY WITHOUT
PARALLEL
REINFORCEMENT
CASE B
( LBS)
The embedment length, edge distance, and bolt spacing listed on Standard Drawing
GD-Q68922 are as follows:
L
= 12d
= 6d
= 13d for d<1 inch
= 16d for 1 inch d < 2 inches
= 17d for d 2 inches
The bolt embedment length of 12d was used because with the edge distance and
bolt spacing shown on the standard drawing, PCR increases very little with embedment depths greater than 12d. The edge distance of 6d is from the UBC and will
also meet the blowout requirements listed in Figure B-7. The bolt spacing was set
to satisfy Equation B-15 for bolts with parallel reinforcement and assuming the bolt
geometry shown in Figure B-9.
The tension capacities with parallel reinforcing were determined according to the
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (1989 Edition), using the tensile
stress area instead of the nominal area. The allowable corner bolt and tension
without parallel reinforcing values are based upon a ductile failure and the safety
factor of Equation B-15; and the embedment, spacing, and edge distances shown on
the standard drawing. The allowable shear loads are the lesser of VB shown in
Figure B-5 or that found by Equation B-17 using the geometries listed on the standard drawing.
Two graphs are shown on the standard drawing. An interaction graph is given for
simultaneous shear and tension loads. This graph applies in all cases with the given
spacing, geometries, and allowable forces shown on the standard drawing. The
other graph given is a scaling graph which adjusts for concrete with other than
3000 psi specified compressive strength. This scaling graph can be used by simply
multiplying the table value by the factor corresponding to the specified design
concrete compressive strength. This table applies to tension without parallel reinforcing and corner bolt values only.
June 1997
B-18
Chevron Corporation
Fig. B-9
Appendix B
Anchor Bolt Arrangement Assumed on the Standard Drawing
Since the allowable loads for the tension with parallel reinforcing and most of the
shear values are based upon the steel strength of the bolt, these values can not be
increased beyond those shown on the standard drawing. They can, however, be
decreased for concrete strengths below 3000 psi.
Since the tension without parallel reinforcing and the corner bolt values are limited
by the concrete strength, these values can be increased when edges greater than
those listed on the standard drawing are used. For the corner bolt values, the new
allowable load is found by multiplying the value listed on the standard drawing by
(EACT / E)2. The value of E in this case is shown on Standard Drawing GDQ68922. For the tension without parallel reinforcing values, the new allowable load
is found by multiplying the listed value by (EACT /E). The new allowable loads can
never exceed the tension with parallel reinforcing values. At some edge distance
then, the tension capacity with parallel reinforcement values can be used without
including the parallel reinforcement. A simple way for omitting the parallel reinforcement when using these values is to increase the edge distance listed on the
standard drawing by 1/3.
B3.0
Special Design For Anchor Bolt Load Transfer to Reinforcing

Steel
Unlike the previous sections, this design concept utilizes the full strength of the
reinforcing bar rather than the concrete shear cone to resist the anchor bolt forces.
It is assumed that the anchor bolt tension and shear forces are transferred to the
piers vertical reinforcement and ties, respectively. The critical edge distances
(with or without minimum reinforcement) and critical bolt spacing shown in
Chevron Corporation
B-19
June 1997
Appendix B
Figure B-7 can be used without any capacity reduction if all detailing requirements
presented in this section are fully adhered.
The method for load transfer is as follows:
- Tension force:
Transfer tension through vertical pier reinforcement,

i.e., no additional bar or hairpin is needed.
- Shear force:
Transfer shear through ties in the pier.
- Lateral bursting force: Provide side cover which is sufficient to prevent side
bursting, i.e.,ECR (w/o reinforcement) in Figure B-7.
Alternatively, provide ties at bolt head and provide
minimum side cover ECR (w/ min. reinforcement) in
Figure B-7.
The procedure to determine the required size of anchor bolts in reinforced concrete
is basically the same as that for anchor bolt in plain concrete described in
Section B2.1 and B2.5 which is based on the bolts allowable load shown in
Figure B-5 and satisfying the shear-tension interaction ratio per Equation B-13.
B3.1
Reinforcement For Tension Force

A recommended arrangement of reinforcement for resisting concrete tensile stress
in pier foundation of square, rectangular, and octagonal cross-section is shown in
Figures B-10 and B-11. Vertical pier reinforcement intercepts potential crack
planes adjacent to the bolt head. The reinforcement should be developed on both
sides of the potential crack plane. To be considered effective, the distance of the
reinforcement from the anchor bolt head should not exceed the lesser of one-third
of ld or 6 inches as required by ACI 349. In order to minimize the embedment
length of a bolt, a larger number of smaller-size bars is preferred over fewer, largersize bars. In larger foundations, such as an octagon, two concentric layers of
vertical reinforcement may be provided (as shown on Figure B-11) if required.
The arrangement of reinforcement should take into consideration the minimum
clearance for placing and vibrating of concrete, minimum bar spacing required by
ACI 318, and the need for adequate room below the bolt head or nut to ensure there
is sufficiently compacted concrete.
The required area of reinforcing steel needed to resist the tension force transferred
from the anchor bolt is found by Equation B-18:
TU
A SR = --------F y
(Eq. B-18)
June 1997
B-20
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
where:
ASR = the area of vertical pier reinforcement per bolt, in2.
TU = factored tensile load per bolt, kips (ACI 318-95, Chapter 9)
Fy = minimum specified yield strength of reinforcement steel, ksi
= 0.90, strength reduction factor (ACI 318-95, Chapter 9)
.
Chevron Corporation
B-21
June 1997
Appendix B
Fig. B-10 Reinforcement for Resisting Bolt Tension in Square and Rectangular Pedestals
June 1997
B-22
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
Fig. B-11 Reinforcement for Resisting Bolt Tension in Octagons
Chevron Corporation
B-23
June 1997
Appendix B
For ductile performance, the bolt must yield prior to yielding the reinforcing bar.
To achieve this condition, the factored load TU in Equation B-18 should be set
equal to or larger than the nominal tension capacity of the bolt i.e.,
TU = 0.75 FUB ABT. When using A307 or A36 bolts and grade 60 reinforcing steel,
(FUB = 60 ksi and Fy = 60 ksi.) Equation B-18 becomes:
ASR = 0.883 ABT
(Eq. B-19)
where:
ABT = tensile stress area of bolt.
A conservative method of satisfying Equation B-18 when using A307 or A36 bolts
and grade 60 steel is to provide an area of reinforcing steel equal to the tensile
stress areas of the bolt.
The area of vertical pier reinforcement calculated using Equation B-18 is not to be
considered as additive to the reinforcement required strictly for resisting the
moment and tension in sections of the pier. The anchor bolt tension load should
have already been included in the loads used in determining the required vertical
reinforcement in the pier. Therefore, calculated area of steel required for resisting
the external loads applied to the pier should be compared with the area of steel
required for resisting the tension force in the anchor bolts. The area of vertical pier
steel provided should equal or exceed the area of steel required for resisting the
anchor bolt tension.
B3.2
Reinforcement For Shear Force

Figure B-2 illustrates a shear failure cone in unreinforced concrete resulting from a
shear force applied to an anchor bolt toward an edge of the concrete. This type of
failure is generally caused by inadequate edge distance. To reinforce the concrete
in the failure plane, 2 sets of ties at 3 inch spacing are provided at the top of the
piers. The first set of ties should be located at 2 inches from the top of pier.
Figure B-12 illustrates the arrangement of tie reinforcement to resist shear force in
typical square and rectangular piers. To be considered effective, the ties should be
placed such that they intercepts the potential crack plane. Equation B-20 is used to
calculate the required area of steel to resist the shear force.
VU
A SV = ------------F y n
(Eq. B-20)
where:
ASV = area of reinforcement (one leg of tie) required, in2.
VU = factored shear force resisted by the bolt, kips (ACI 318-95,
Chapter 9)
June 1997
B-24
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B

n = number of legs in the top 2 sets of ties resisting the shear force.
In Figure B-12, the failure plane only intersects the top tie, thus n
= 1 for section A and n = 2 for section B.
As an alternative to tie reinforcement, an equivalent spiral reinforcement may be
used.
For large shear forces, it is more economical and reliable to use steel shear lugs to
transfer the load to the concrete pier. In order to uniformly distribute the shear
force on the top of the pier, the shear lug should be oriented perpendicular to the
direction of the shear force.
B3.3
Reinforcement For Lateral Bursting Force

Figure B-3 illustrates lateral bursting failure in unreinforced concrete resulting from
the bolt tension forces. This type of failure is generally caused by inadequate edge
distance or confinement at the bolt head. The minimum edge distance required for
preventing lateral bursting at the bolt head of concrete with no reinforcement calculated using the ACI 349 criteria, for ASTM A 307 or A36 bolts, is about 5 times
bolt diameter, and is shown in Figure B-5 as ECR (w/ no reinf.). A smaller edge
distance is allowed, such as ECR (w/ min reinf.) shown in Figure B-7, if transverse
reinforcement (ties) or hairpins at the bolt head are provided. Figures B-10, B-11,
and B-12 illustrate typical arrangements of ties and hairpins for confinement at the
bolt head. The required area of reinforcing steel to resist the lateral bursting force
can be calculated using Equation B-21 as follows:
T U
A SB = ------------F y n
(Eq. B-21)
where:
ASB = area of reinforcement (one leg of tie) required, in2.
= 0.25, lateral force coefficient (ACI 349)
TU = factored tensile load per bolt, kips
n = number of legs of the 2 sets of ties at the bolts head. In
Figure B-12, the failure plane only intersects the top tie, thus n =
1 for section A and n = 2 for section B. In Figure B-11, n = 4 for
2 sets hairpin.
Chevron Corporation
B-25
June 1997
Appendix B
Fig. B-12 Reinforcement for Resisting Bolt Shear in Square and Rectangular Pedestals
June 1997
B-26
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
For ductile performance, TU should be set equal to or larger than the ultimate
capacity of the bolt i.e., TU = FUB. ABT. When using A307 or A36 bolts and grade
60 reinforcing steel, i.e., FUB = 60 ksi and Fy = 60 ksi., Equation B-21 becomes:
ASB = 0.29 ABT
(Eq. B-22)
As an alternative to tie reinforcement, an equivalent spiral reinforcement may be

used.
B3.4
Bolt Embedment and Reinforcing Steel Development Length

Figures B-10, B-11, and B-12 illustrate the anchor bolt and reinforcing steel
arrangement and requirement to ensure a reliable of load transfer from bolt to reinforcing bar, and ductility of the anchor bolt system. From these figures, it can be
seen that the required bolt embedment length (L) may be controlled by the development length of the reinforcing bar, which can be determined as follows:
L = ld + 2 inches (Top clear cover) + (L/3 or 6 inches max)
Using the 6 inch max spacing between bolts head and the parallel bar, this equation
can be reduced as follows:
L= ld + 8 inches
ld is the development length of the reinforcing steel determined in accordance with
ACI 318-95. It should be noted that the reinforcing steel must be developed on
both sides of the failure cone. For straight bars, Gr. 60, concrete strength of 3000
psi, and minimum clear cover of 2.5 inches, the development length is as follows:
for # 3 through #6 bars
ld = 27 db
L = 27 db + 8 inches
for # 7 through #10 bars
ld = 33 db
for #11 and larger bars
ld = 55 db
Figure B-13 shows the bolts embedment length required for various reinforcing bar
combinations. The critical edge distance and bolt spacing from Figure B-7 are also
included in the table.
Shorter development lengths than are shown above can be used if the reinforcing
bar is terminated in a standard hook. The required development length for reinforcement terminating in a standard hook should also be determined in accordance
with ACI 318-95. When the reinforcing bar inside the failure cone (i.e., above the
bolt head) is terminated in a standard hook, it should be bent toward the anchor bolt.
Chevron Corporation
B-27
June 1997
Appendix B
Fig. B-13 Critical Dimension and Size of Reinforcing Steel (fc = 3000 psi and Fy = 60,000 psi)
BOLT
TENSILE
DIAMETER STRESS
(IN)
AREA
d
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
11/8
11/4
11/2
13/4
2
21/2
3
B4.0
MINIMUM
EDGE
DISTANCE
(with no .reinf)
Ecr
MINIMUM
C. TO C.
SPACING
ABT
MINIMUM
EDGE
DISTANCE
(with min. reinf.)
Ecr
MINIMUM PARALLEL REBARS AND BOLT EMBEDMENT LENGTH

REBAR SIZE EMBEDMENT REBAR SIZE EMBEDMENT REBAR SIZE EMBEDMENT
LENGTH
LENGTH
LENGTH
Bcr
db
db
db
(IN2)
0.142
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
(IN)
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
(1 bar)
#4
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#8
#10
#11
-
(IN)
22
22
25
28
37
41
41
50
84
-
(IN)
19
19
22
22
25
25
28
37
41
50
-
(4 bars)
0.969
1.41
1.9
2.5
4
5.97
(IN)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
(2 bars)
0.763
(IN)
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
11
13
16
(IN)
19
19
22
22
22
25
28
37
46
50
2 - #3
2-#3
2 - #4
2 - #4
2 - #5
2 - #5
2 - #6
2 - #7
2 - #8
2 - #10
-
4 - #3
4 - #3
4 - #4
4 - #4
4 - #4
4 - #5
4 - #6
4 - #7
4 - #9
4 - #10
Design Procedure
The design concepts presented in the previous sections are outlined below to assist
in placing standard A-307 anchor bolts in concrete foundations. This general procedure addresses alternatives and special conditions for different embedment lengths,
bolt spacings, and edge distances. In general, Standard Drawing GD-Q68922 will
cover most cases. Determining design loads is not covered; however, these loads
can be computed from other design practices and computer programs depending on
the type of structure or equipment that is being investigated.
B4.1
Basic Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations Can be

Met
Design should begin by calculating the design loads on the anchor bolts and determining their physical placement limitations. If the main loads are due to wind or
earthquake, the allowable loads given on the standard anchor bolt drawing (GDQ68922) may be increased by one third. An anchor bolt size should be selected
from the standard drawing so that its capacity is greater than the loads placed on it.
Shear/tension interaction should be checked in accordance with the interaction
graph.
If any spacing, edge distance, or embedment requirements cannot be met by
increasing the size of the foundation, an additional design is required.
Where design for reinforcement parallel to the bolt is required, it must be developed as described in Section B2.3.
A more detailed procedure for anchor bolts that meet the limitations of the standard
drawing can be found in subsection 241 of this manual.
June 1997
B-28
Chevron Corporation
B4.2
Appendix B
Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations

Cannot be Met
Step 1.
Basic Design Steps
Follow the basic design steps listed in Sub-section 241 of this manual to get a
preliminary solution.
Step 2.
Check Critical Spacing, Edge Distance, and Embedment Length
Check the geometric limitations given (edge distance, etc.) against the values found
in Figure B-7. If the values cannot be met, one of the following alternatives may be
used:
1.
Increase foundation size.
2.
Revise anchor bolt configuration using:
3.
smaller bolts for restrictive edge distances, or

larger bolts for restrictive bolt spacing.
Increase concrete strength.
Step 3.
Options where Interference Exists
For cases where the dimensions listed on Standard Drawing GD-Q68922 cannot be
met, due to interference from adjacent bolts and/or edge distance, the tension and
shear strength of the concrete should be checked using the following procedure:
1.
Check the tension failure cone

This procedure is valid only if the critical dimensions listed in Figure B-7 can
be met. If they cannot, see alternatives recommended in Step 2.
a.
Lay out bolt arrangement, and define the tensile failure planes. Find the
tensile failure cone capacity reduced for bolt interference and edge
distance (PCR) described in Section B2.3, assuming no parallel reinforcing steel is present ( = 0.65).
b.
If PCR >1.2 PBY, the connection is ductile. Proceed to step c.

If PCR < 1.2 PBY, the following options exist:
Chevron Corporation
1.
Increase edge distance.
2.
Increase bolt spacing.
3.
Increase embedment length.
4.
Add reinforcing steel parallel to bolt ( = 0.85).
5.
B-29
June 1997
Appendix B
6.
Design for concrete failure using Equation B-16. (Not recommended

for earthquake loads).
If one of the options 1 through 5 is chosen, PCR is recalculated and this

step is repeated.
c.
If PCR > 2.7 PA, the full allowable anchor bolt load, PB, listed in
Figure B-5 can be used.
If PCR < 2.7 PA, the following options exist:
1.
2.
3.
Increase embedment length.
4.
Add reinforcing parallel to the bolt ( = 0.85).

P CR
Use a lower allowable load PA = --------------2.7
5.
6.
2.
Check the shear failure cone
Since the steel strength of the anchor bolt controls for most of the bolts listed on the
standard drawing, the allowable shear load of a bolt not meeting the required placement dimensions may be the same. To find the allowable load, use the following
procedure:
a.
Calculate VCR as described in section B2.4
b.
Find the allowable shear load, VA, on the bolt by taking the lesser of
V CR
---------------- or VB listed in Figure B-5. If more shear resistance is
1.9
needed, use one of the following options:
1.
Use a shear key.
2.
3.
4.
Include hoop reinforcing bars for shear (see Step 4).
5.
6.
Design connection so that the threads of the bolt are out of the shear
plane.
Options 2 through 5 will increase the allowable bolt shear loads when the
concrete properties control. When option 6 is used, the gross area instead of
the root area can be used in calculating the allowable bolt shear capacity, VB.
This will increase the allowable bolt shear load, VA, when the steel strength of
the bolt governs.
June 1997
B-30
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
Step 4.
Adding Reinforcement
Adding reinforcement parallel to the applied loads can increase the reliability and
ductility of the anchor bolt system. Therefore, a of 0.85 instead of 0.65 can be
used. The reinforcing steel must be able to resist the required loads and be fully
developed on both sides of the failure cone as described in section B2.3. The
following procedure is recommended:
1.
Provide parallel reinforcing steel according to the following.

1.3P ( L.F. )
A SR = -------------------------0.9F Y
(Tension)
For tension, the above can be met by providing an area of reinforcing steel (60
ksi) parallel to the bolt and equal to or greater than the bolt area. The minimum
number of reinforcing bars is two, and the bars should be spaced equally
around the bolt within a radius as described in Section B2.3.
As mentioned earlier, 180 hairpin reinforcing bars can increase the shear resistance of a bolt when edge distances are small. Hairpin steel should be placed as
described in Section B2.4.
Reinforcement perpendicular to the bolt should be included according to
Section B2.3.
2.
Develop the reinforcing steel.

Reinforcing steel must be developed on both sides of the failure cone
according to ACI 318-95 with confinement steel as described in Section B2.3.
Hairpin legs should be developed according to ACI 318-95. If the reinforcing
bars cannot be developed, the following options exist:
B5.0
a.
Reconfigure the reinforcing with smaller bars.
b.
Use a lower reinforcing steel yield strength.
c.
Increase foundation thickness and/or bolt embedment.
d.
Increase concrete compressive strength.
Design Examples
B5.1
Design Example 1
Determine the anchor bolt diameter and placement dimensions required to anchor a
vertical pressure vessel to a reinforced concrete foundation. Assume the anchor bolt
circle diameter and number of anchor bolts are fixed due to the vessel design.
The anchor bolt layout and foundation are shown in Figure B-14.
Given:
Chevron Corporation
B-31
June 1997
Appendix B
Earthquake Loads (Simultaneous):

P = 16,000 lbs/bolt
V = 3,200 lbs/bolt
Geometric Conditions:
Anchor bolt spacing: 13.7 inches
Edge distance: 4.5 inches
Fig. B-14 Anchor Bolt Layout and Foundation (Design Example 1)
In the solution (given next), standard drawing refers to GD-Q68922.

Solution:
1.
Find anchor bolt diameter:

Try a 1 inch diameter bolt. From the standard drawing, PA = 12,100 lbs.
Since the loads are seismic, the allowable values may be increased by 1/3.
2.
3.
Check shear:
VA
5,500 lbs
3,200 lbs < 1.33 VA = (1.33) 5,500 = 7,300 lbs
OK
Check tension:
P
June 1997
(from standard drawing)
16,000 lbs < 1.33 PA =(1.33)12,100 = 16,100 lbs
B-32
OK
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
Check interaction:
V
3 ,200
------------------ = ------------- = 0.44
1.33V A
7 ,300
16 ,000
P
----------------- = ---------------- = 0.99
16 ,100
1.33P A
P 5 / 3 V 5 / 3
----------------+ -----------------= 1.24 > 1.0
1.33P
1.33V
A
Therefore: No Good
Note 1.33 VA and 1.33 PA were substituted for VA and PA in the interaction
equation because the loads are seismic.
4.
Choose a larger bolt. d = 1-1/8 inch

PA
15,300 lbs
1.33 PA =
(1.33)15,300 = 20, 400 lbs
VA
6,900 lbs
1.33 VA =
(1.33)6,900 = 9,200 lbs
Check interaction:
V
P
16 ,000
3 ,200
----------------- = ---------------- = 0.78 ------------------ = ------------- = 0.35
1.33V A
1.33P A
20 ,400
9 ,200
P 5 / 3 V 5 / 3
----------------+ -----------------= 0.84 < 1.0
1.33P
1.33V
A
A
Therefore: Bolt size is O.K.
5.
Check spacing:
BACT
= 13.7 inches
(from equipment requirement)
= 18 inches
BCR
= 6.0 inches
(From Figure B-7)
6 inches < 13.7 inches < 18 inches

Therefore: No Good
It is readily apparent that the design cannot be met using the values printed on
the standard anchor bolt drawing; therefore, use the procedure detailed in this
appendix. Since the bolt spacing provided is less than that shown on the standard drawing but greater than the critical spacing, Step 3 (Options where Interference Exists) will be required.
6.
Evaluate the bolts for interference: (Step 3)

Tension failure cone capacity
Chevron Corporation
B-33
June 1997
Appendix B
Because the bolt spacing cannot be changed and the edge distance is less than
the edge distance shown on the standard drawing, the capacity of the tensile
failure cone PCR will not meet our required safety factors and needs to be
increased. Therefore, increase the edge distance E to that recommended on the
standard drawing and check the concrete cone strength.
E ACT = 7
L ACT = 14
E ACT
P CR = f c [ 2.8 ( A S A LB ) ] -------------L
ACT
A S = 2 ( L ACT + h )L ACT = 976 in 2

(Eq. B-2)
From Equation B-4

0.5B ACT
A LB = ( L ACT + 0.5h ) 2 COS 1 ------------------------------- 0.5B ACT [ ( L ACT + 0.5h ) 2 ( 0.5BACT ) 2 ] 1 / 2
L ACT + 0.5h
A LB = 212 in 2 (per bolt interference), ALB = 2(212) in this example

7
P CR = 0.65 3 ,000 [ 2.8 ( 976 2 ( 212 ) ) ] ------ = 27 ,500 lbs
14
P BY = 33 ,000 ( A BT ) = 25 ,180 lbs
P CR P BY = 1.09 < 1.2
Therefore, we have a non-ductile connection. Since the loads are seismic,
ductility is particularly important. Therefore, choose one of the options that will
increase the concrete cone strength. Try increasing the edge distance to 9 inches.
EACT = 9 inches
Recalculating the concrete cone strength
P CR = 35 ,400 lbs
P CR
35 ,400
--------------- = ---------------- = 1.41 > 1.2
P BY
25 ,180
Therefore, the connection is ductile.
June 1997
B-34
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
P CR
35 ,400
-------------- = ---------------- = 2.31 < 2.7
PA
15 ,300
Therefore, since the maximum allowable bolt load is desired, increase the concrete
design strength, PCR, by adding parallel reinforcing steel, is then 0.85.
P CR = 46 ,250 lbs
P A
46 ,250
----------- = ---------------- = 3.02 > 2.7
P BY
15 ,300
OK
Alternatively, the edge distance could be increased to 11 inches and parallel reinforcing would not be required.
Shear failure cone capacity
Since EACT is 9 inches, calculate the shear cone capacity assuming unreinforced
concrete. From Equation B-11:
A LB
V CR = 4 A SFC --------------- f c
2 2
A SFC = --- E ACT = --- ( 9 ) 2 = 127 in 2

2
2
ALB for shear is:
0.5B ACT
A LB = ( EACT ) 2 COS 1 ---------------------- 0.5B ACT [ ( E ACT ) 2 ( 0.5B ACT ) 2 ] 1 / 2
E ACT
A LB = 24 in 2
2 ( 24 )
V CR = 0.65 ( 4 ) 127 -------------- 3 ,000
2 2
V CR = 15 ,670 lbs
Check if the required safety factor is met.

V CR
15 ,670
---------------- = ---------------- = 2.27 < 1.9
VA
6 ,900
OK
Therefore, the full allowable shear load may be used. Note that since
VCR/VB > 1.9, the full allowable shear load based on the steel properties could be
used, i.e., VA = VB = 7,090 lbs.
7.
Adding Reinforcement (Step 4)

Parallel:
Provide ASR = ABT = 0.763 in2 within a maximum radius of five bolt diameters = 5.6 inches and a minimum radius of 1-1/8 inches + h/2 + db/2 = 2.22
Chevron Corporation
B-35
June 1997
Appendix B
inches (#4 bar assumed). The minimum radius satisfies the required clear
distance between the bolt head and the reinforcing steel.
Use four #4 bars in a five-inch radius circle.
Perpendicular: (from paragraph B2.3)
Use hoop ties which require #4 bars in a closed hoop with a maximum spacing
of six inches.
8.
Developing the Reinforcement

From the standard drawing, the development length needed is 17 inches for a
straight bar and eight inches for a hooked bar.
With the reinforcing bar at five inches from the bolt, the bar needs to extend:
h
17 + 5 --- = 21 above the bolt head without a hook
2
h
8 5 --- = 3.8 below the bolt head, assuming a hook
2
Since 21.1 inches > LACT = 14 inches, hook the top end of the reinforcing
bar.
h
OK
8 + 5 --- = 12.1 < 14
2
Also, increase the foundation thickness by one inch to accommodate the reinforcing bar.
Summary:
Use 1-1/8 inch diameter bolts with an embedment of 14 inches, given spacing
of 13.7 inches and an edge distance of nine inches. Use four #4 bars spaced
evenly around each bolt and hooked on both ends, and #4 closed hoop ties at
two inches from the top of the pedestal and six inches below the top mat. The
total foundation thickness is 21 inches.
B5.2
Design Example 2
Determine the anchor bolt diameter and placement dimensions required to anchor a
structural column to a reinforced concrete foundation. Assume that the anchor bolt
spacing and number of anchor bolts are fixed due to the column design.
The anchor bolt layout and foundation are shown in Figure B-15
Given:
Loads: (Simultaneous)
June 1997
B-36
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
Fig. B-15 Anchor Bolt Layout and Foundation (Design Example 2)
P = 5,000 lbs (only the two western most bolts at once)

V = 1,400 lbs
Geometric Condition:
Anchor bolt spacing: 8
Edge distance: 18 inches
In the solution (given next), standard drawing refers to GD-Q68922.
Solution:
1.
Find anchor bolt diameter:

From the standard drawing, try 3/4-inch diameter bolt; PA= 6,700 lbs.
Since the loads are not from wind or earthquake, the allowable loads are not
increased by 1/3.
PA = 6,700 lbs > P = 5,000 lbs
2.
OK
Check shear:
From the standard drawing VA = 3,000 lbs.
VA = 3,000 lbs > V = 1,400 lbs
3.
Chevron Corporation
OK
Check interaction:
B-37
June 1997
Appendix B
5 ,000
P
------- = ------------- = 0.75
6 ,700
PA
1 ,400
V
-------- = ------------- = 0.47
3 ,000
VA
P 5 / 3 V 5 / 3
-----+ -------= ( 0.75 ) 5 / 3 + ( 0.47 ) 5 / 3 = 0.90 < 1.0
P
V
A
4.
OK
Check spacing:
BACT =
8 inches (from column design)
9 inches (from standard drawing)
BCR
6 inches (from Figure B-7)
The required spacing is less than given for the standard drawing. It is, however,
more than critical (see Design Step 2, Section B4.2); therefore, the standard
drawing limitations cannot be met. Step 3 (Options Where Interference Exists)
will be required.
5.
6.
Check edge distance:

EACT
18 inches (from column design)
EACT
>
OK
Find embedment:
L
Since the depth of the foundation is 18 inches and minimum cover is three
inches, this embedment is O.K.
7.
Evaluate the bolts for interference. Since only the two bolts 8 inches apart are
in tension, only their interference is considered below:
Tension failure cone capacity
EACT
P CR = f c [ 2.8 ( A S A LB ) ] ------------LACT
A S = 2 ( LACT + h )LACT
0.5B ACT
A LB = ( L ACT + 0.5h ) 2 COS 1 ------------------------------- 0.5B ACT [ ( L ACT + 0.5h ) 2 ( 0.5BACT ) 2 ] 1 / 2
L ACT + 0.5h
where:
LACT = 9 inches
EACT = 18 inches > LACT ( Use EACT = 9 inches for Equation B-5
above)
BACT = 8 inches
h = 1.125 inches
June 1997
B-38
Chevron Corporation
Appendix B
= 0.65 (No parallel reinforcement assumed)

With these five initial numbers, the rest is determined.
AS = 2 (9 + 1.125) 9 = 405 in2
Similarly:
ALB = 98 in2 (For the interference of the bolt 8 inches away)
PCR = 30,600 lbs
PBY = 33,000 ABT = 11,020 lbs
PCR/PBY = 2.78 > 1.2
Therefore, the connection is ductile.
P CR
30 ,600
--------------- = ---------------- = 4.57 > 2.7
PA
6 ,700
Since PCR/PA > 2.7, the full allowable load can be used.
Shear failure cone capacity
Since EACT is much greater than that listed on the standard drawing, and BACT
is only slightly smaller, it is readily apparent that the concrete shear strength is
OK.
8.
Adding reinforcement
Parallel:
Since 0.65 was used for when calculating PCR, reinforcement parallel to
the bolt is not required.
Perpendicular:
Since EACT is greater than L, and EACT > 10d, additional horizontal reinforcement is not required for the anchor bolts.
Summary:
Use 3/4-inch diameter anchor bolts with an embedment of 9 inches and the
column bolt spacing of 8 inches. No additional reinforcement is required for
the given edge distance.
B6.0
References
Chevron Corporation
1.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Civil Design Standard DS-C6.1, Concrete

Anchorages, August 1976.
2.
Prestressed Concrete Institute Design Handbook, Welded Headed Studs, Part

6.1.13, First Edition 1972.
B-39
June 1997
Appendix B
3.
California Department of Transportation, Lateral Resistance of Anchor Bolts

Installed in Concrete, Technical Report, May 1977 (Report No. FHWA-CA-ST4167-77-12).
4.
J. E. Breen, Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas, Development Length for Anchor Bolts, Technical Report, April 1964.
5.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Engineering Design, Anchorage to

Concrete, Technical Report, December 1975 (Report No. CEB 75-32).
6.
International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code,

Volume II, Section 1925, Anchorage to Concrete, 1994 Edition.
7.
ACI Journal, Proposed Additions to Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety

and Related Concrete Structures (ACI 349-76), Report Title Number 75-35,
August 1978.
8.
Concrete International, Guide to the Design of Anchor Bolts and Other Steel
Embedments, Vol. 3 No. 7, July 1981.
9.
The University of Texas, Tensile Capacity of Short Anchor Bolts and Welded
Studs, by R. E. Klingner and J. A. Mendonca, June 1981.
10. R. E. Klingner and J. A. Mendonca Shear Capacity of Short Anchor Bolts and
Welded Studs: A Literature Review, ACI Journal, September - October 1982.
(pp. 339 - 349)
11. R. E. Klingner, J. A. Mendonca, J. B. Malik Effect of Reinforcing Details on
the Shear Resistance of Anchor Bolts Under Reversed Cyclic Loading, ACI
Journal, January-February 1982 (pp. 3-12)
12. A. F. Shaikh and W. Yi In-Place Strength of Welded Headed Studs, PCI
Journal, March - April 1985. (pp. 56-81)
13. ASCE Publication, Design of Anchor Bolts in Petrochemical Facilities, 1996.
June 1997
B-40
Chevron Corporation

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Appendix B.

Anchor Bolt Selection and Layout

Concrete Tensile Capacity

Concrete Shear Capacity

Combined Shear and Tension

Standard Drawing GD-Q68922

Reinforcement For Tension Force

Reinforcement For Shear Force

Reinforcement For Lateral Bursting Force

Bolt Embedment and Reinforcing Steel Development Length

Basic Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations Can be Met

Design Steps Where Standard Drawing Limitations Cannot be Met

Civil and Structural Manual

Civil and Structural Manual

Lateral Bursting: Another failure mode of concrete around an anchor bolt in

Tension Failure Cone

Civil and Structural Manual

Shear Failure Cone

Lateral Bursting Failure

Wedge Splitting Failure

Civil and Structural Manual

Gross area of the anchor bolt (in2)

Root area of the anchor bolt (in2)

Tensile stress area of bolt = 0.7854 (d-0.9734/N)2 (in2)

Ineffective cone surface area due to inadequate bolt spacing (in 2)

Projected area of shear failure cone (in2)

Sloping area of the assumed failure surface (in2)

Total area of reinforcing steel (in2)

The flat bottom area of the truncated pyramid of an assumed tension

Distance between two bolts measured from center of bolt (in)

Actual bolt spacing to be used in field (in)

Critical bolt spacing (in)

Distance to concrete edge measured from center of bolt (in)

Actual edge distance to be used in field (in)

Critical edge distance (in)

Embedment length of the bolt (in)

Actual embedment length to be used in field (in)

Critical embedment length. Minimum embedment length required for

Load factor as defined by the Uniform Building Code [6]

Design tensile load on the bolt (lbs)

Allowable bolt tension: lesser of PB or P (ductile connection ) or

Civil and Structural Manual

Yield capacity of bolt (lbs)

Ultimate capacity of bolt (lbs)

Tensile capacity of the full concrete cone (lbs)

Factored tensile force on the bolt (lbs)

Design shear load on the bolt (lbs)

Allowable bolt shear: lesser of VB or V (lbs)

Shear capacity of concrete (lbs)

Nominal diameter of the reinforcing steel (in)

Short dimension of hexagon head of bolt or bottom plate (in)

Specified compressive strength of concrete (psi)

Tensile strength of concrete (psi)

Bolt head lateral force coefficient

Civil and Structural Manual

Properties of A-307 Bolts

1. Allowable Stress = 20 ksi tension (Based on tensile stress area)

Civil and Structural Manual

Concrete Tensile Capacity

A T = 0 (for tension failure cones)

Civil and Structural Manual

Adding a Plate at the Bolt Head

Anchor Bolt Interference Tension (Figure B-6)