Civappg

Appendix G.
Sewer Repair Consumer Guide
This Appendix contains a reprint of the Sewer Repair Consumer Guide. The
document is reprinted with permission from Exxon Research and Engineering.
Chevron Corporation
G-1
June 1997

SLIPLINING
SEWER REPAIR
CONSUMER GUIDE
Prepared for PERF 94-12
! "#$ % &
# # #'( )

*! ! "($ % +
! #
)

POINT REPAIR USING A PACKER
%

FLOOD GROUTING USING
THE SANIPOR PROCESS
Exxon Research and Engineering

Author: M.C. Cancelleare
Issue Date: July 1996
SEWER REPAIR
CONSUMER GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

1.1
Purpose
1.2
Introduction to the Consumer Guide
1.3
Background and Use of the Sewer Repair Decision Tree
1.4
Background and Use of the Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods
1.5
Conclusions
SECTION 2 SEWER REPAIR DECISION TREE

SECTION 3 CATLOG OF SEWER REPOAR METHODS
3.1
Cured in Place Liners
3.2
Sliplining
3.3
Formed in Place Liners
3.4
Point Repair
3.5
Leak Sealing and Spray on Liners
3.6
Trenchless Line Replacement
3.7
Manhole Rehabilitation
APPENDICES
1.
References
SECTION 1
SEWER REPAIR
CONSUMER GUIDE

1.0
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
1.1
Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide general guidance and information on
the repair of existing sewers. Over the past three decades, many methods have
been developed to repair sewer systems without the excavation and disruption of
conventional "dig and replace" repair. These methods are often referred to as
"Trenchless Technology" or "No-Dig" repair methods. There are presently over
50 different trenchless methods with over 500 contractors providing services for
these techniques worldwide. Some of these methods are restricted to lines that
are structurally sound and are adequate in capacity. Others can restore
structural integrity, increase hydraulic capacity, or provide corrosion protection.
Sewer repair for petrochemical users, however, is a relatively new field as most
work has been done in the municipal sector. Differences between municipal and
industrial sewers include the presence of hydrocarbons, pH and temperature
fluctuations, potentially contaminated soils, as well as more stringent safety
requirements. These factors may affect materials chosen for repair (such as
grouts and liners) as well as the method of installation and total project cost.
Although repair methods generally cost less than conventional
replacement, total project costs are high, for a commonly used lining
technology (cured in place liners). Choosing the appropriate sewer repair
method can offer significant savings, not only in plants where extensive
repairs may be needed, but also when smaller jobs are undertaken.
Plants anticipating repairs can use the Sewer Repair Consumer Guide to:
Lead the user through a decision making process for choosing a repair
method in conjunction with site specific information
Narrow down available technologies to the most applicable methods
Provide the user with a listing of available suppliers for each method
and direction on where to go for additional information.
1.2
Introduction to the Consumer Guide

Selection of a repair technology is often the last step in a multi-phase
program that may include:
Development of a repair philosophy
Collection of information on the line(s) to be repaired
PERF 94-12
SEWER REPAIR CONSUMER GUIDE
SECTON 1
Development of a repair program.

Understanding specific site conditions as well as individual project
success criteria will aid the user in selecting the most applicable
technology.
This document presents information collected from a variety of sources
including:
Specification guides and manuals for the repair of sewers prepared by
the National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO), the
U.S. EPA, and the Water Environment Federation (WEF)
Technical papers, presentations (NO-DIG conference), input from the
Trenchless Technology Center at Louisiana Tech University
Input from other industrial users including Kodak, DuPont, and Shell
Vendor supplied information
The compiled information has been grouped into two sections:
1. Sewer Repair Decision Tree:
The sewer repair decision tree presents factors to be considered
when choosing a repair method (described in more detail in Section
1.3). As no single repair method is appropriate for every situation,
these factors should be reviewed in a site specific manner so that
the most suitable method can be chosen.
2. Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods:
The catalog of sewer repair methods is divided into seven major
technology groups:
Cured In Place (CIP) Liners

Sliplining

Formed In Place (FIP) Liners

Point repair

Leak sealing and spray on liners

Trenchless line replacement

Manhole repair.

Each technology group is described in a general summary sheet.
This sheet provides information on the method, materials,
correctable defects, advantages and limitations of each group. The
summary sheet is then followed by a listing of a number of
suppliers of this technology along with specific differences and/or
attributes. Traditional dig and replace methods are not covered in
this document.
-2-
PERF 94-12
1.3
SECTON 1
Background and Use of the Sewer Repair Decision Tree

The Decision Tree, shown in Section 2.0, is modeled after decision making tools
used by many municipalities in their sewer repair programs. This tool should be
used as a first step in choosing a repair method, leading the user through a
decision making process in conjunction with site specific information. Most
questions in the Decision Tree are answered by a yes or no and are followed by
notes on the implications of each answer. Use of this tool will not necessarily
result in the selection of just one method. A number of methods may meet a
particular project's needs.
The proper use of the Decision Tree depends on a complete understanding of
the problem and its contributing factors. Collected background information
should include, but not be limited to, the following:
1. Results of recent sewer cleaning and Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) inspection

This information is needed to pinpoint the location and nature of defects
such as:
+ Small cracks and/or leaking joints
+ Large holes
+ Crushed or deformed piping
+ Leaking lateral connections
+ Are manholes to be repaired
2. Background on the physical condition of the sewer segment to be repaired
This data can be collected from records of past inspections and repairs in
the area, as built drawings, local soil and geology reports, and ground
water elevation contours. These documents can be used to provide
information on:
+ Pipe size and length
+ Construction materials and methods of installation (piping as well as
bedding material)
+ Ground water levels at the section to be repaired
+ Soil conditions surrounding the section to be repaired (clay, sand,
gravel, etc.)
3. Waste stream characterization data.
Since the acceptability of many repair materials is based on the
characteristics of the waste stream, an understanding of routine
discharges can help determine what method/materials may be used. A
few of these characteristics are:
+ pH range (maximum and minimum) for routine discharges
+ Maximum temperature of the fluid discharged
+ Potential presence of organic solvents
-3-
PERF 94-12
SECTON 1
4. Evaluation of current and future flow requirements will help to determine if a

decrease in capacity, due to the repair method used, is acceptable.
5. Identification of the most important project success criteria such as:
+ Elimination of infiltration/exfiltration
+ Minimization of excavation activities
+ Low project cost
+ Quick project turnaround
+ Longevity of repair
+ Manhole and lateral repair
1.4
Background and Use of the Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods

The Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods, shown in Section 3.0, presents
information on available repair methods. The catalog is broken into seven major
technology groups (listed in Section 1.2). Each technology group is introduced
with a summary sheet which presents information on
Method (general description of technology)
Materials used
Installation method
Correctable defects
Corrosion resistance
Bypass pumping (during repair)
Ability to negotiate bends in piping
Lateral reinstatement (after completion of repair)
General advantages and limitations
The summary sheet is followed by a table listing technology suppliers. Each
entry in the table contains information on applicable diameters, past
history/usage (municipal vs. industrial), and specific advantages and limitations.
Addresses and phone numbers are also included if the user wishes to contact
the supplier for additional information.
Each of the described processes and suppliers has different levels of project
experience in the petrochemical industry although all have been used for
municipal repair. Some are newly developed technologies and/or available only
in limited areas at this time. The catalog presents some, but by no means all,
available suppliers. The inclusion or omission of a supplier or method does not
reflect on its acceptability.
1.5
Conclusions
Due to the increasing age of sewer systems in petrochemical plants, the
frequency of repair activities is expected to increase. In the past, industrial users
have often limited their experience to a few widely used, well established,
-4-
PERF 94-12
SECTON 1
methods. Through a better understanding of the different trenchless methods

and suppliers available, additional cost effective methods may be identified.
Trenchless repair methods offer many advantages over conventional dig and
replace methods including:
Minimization of disturbances to the surrounding area
+ Less solid waste produced
+ Less road/other rehabilitation after repair
Reduced exposure to the sewer, creating a safer working environment
Repair of most lines can be completed at a lower cost in a fraction of the time
The information contained in the Consumer Guide can assist the user in pairing
his/her specific problem and success criteria with an appropriate repair
method(s).
-5-
SECTION 2
SEWER REPAIR
CONSUMER GUIDE
! "#$ % &
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SECTION 2
SEWER REPAIR
DECISION TREE


THE SANIPOR PROCESS
PERF_DEC.11/19/96

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SECTION 2

SECTION 2
Sewer Repair Decision Tree

Is the portion of the

sewer under a
process unit or a
busy street?

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PERF_DEC.11/19/96

(

Remaining technologies include:

Formed in place,

Cured in place liners

Leak sealing methods

Spray on linings

Some point repair techniques

Sliplining (dependant on hydraulic
requirement)
No
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May need
site specific
cost evaluation
of both methods

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May need to
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compared with
trenchless
replacement
SECTION 2

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Smaller cracks might

not be detected
by camera inspection

PERF_DEC.11/19/96
Neither point repair methods or

Sanipor will correct base
case corrosion problems
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Many of the technologies

in this category are
relatively new

(
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Sliplining
Formed in place
Cured in place liners (CIP)
Point repair lining techniques - CIP, Magnaline
SECTION 2

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Formed in place,
Cured in place liners
Some point repair techniques
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Formed in place and cured in place (CIP) liners

as well as point repair methods such as Magnaline
use robots to drill out laterals. Methods such as
Sanipor seal cracks in laterals without closing them off.
See Consumer Guide
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Microtunneling
Pipe bursting
Sliplining (reduction
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PERF_DEC.11/19/96

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Consider also: temperatures, specific material

concentrations, as well as soil characteristics (for
grouting, Sanipor). Many liners (PVC, HDPE)cannot
be used where there are high solvent concentrations
etc.
Joint and leak sealing will not control a base case
corrosion problem (although the grouts etc. are
chemically resistant)
SECTION 2

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SECTION 2

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* May be some cases where this is fastest: in
uncongested areas a parallel line may be installed
and tapped into. A site specific assessment would be
needed to determine feasibility
SECTION 3
SEWER REPAIR
CONSUMER GUIDE

SECTION 3
CATALOG OF SEWER
REPAIR METHODS

Cured In Place Liners

Sliplining
Formed in Place Liners
Point Repair
Leak Sealing/Flood Grouting
In Line Replacement
Manhole Repair
$
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PERF.11/19/96
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SECTION 3
Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods


Comments
Method
A thermosetting resin saturated liner is inserted into the existing pipe. Inversion is
accomplished through inversion or by winching into place. If winched into place,
the liner is inflated using air or water pressure. The resin is cured with hot water
or steam.
Materials
The liner is of fabric (felt), woven fiberglass is sometimes used to provide

additional strength - Polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy resins can be used
Installation
Method
Remote installation through manholes.
Bypass Pumping
Required
Yes for most CIP liners - Econoliner, used for point repairs, has a flow through
packer used for installation
Correct Holes
Yes
Negotiate Bends
Most can handle up yo 45 degree bends. Some manufacturers claim up to 90

degree bends are possible. There is some wrinkling of the liner at bends.
Corrosion
Resistance
Depends on resin type - vinyl ester resin is usually used for industrial applications
Lateral
Reinstatement
Laterals are opened robotically from within the pipe after repair of the main line is
complete.
Advantages
Limitations
PERF.11/19/96
CURED IN PLACE PROCESS

Stage One:
Set-Up and Start
Water Supply
of Inversion
Resin Impregnated
Liner
Inversion Tube

Proven technology for industrial use

No installation trench needed
No reduction in capacity after repair
Relies on existing pipe for support (cannot be used where damage is severe)
Seals laterals which require reopening after repair
Lateral/main connections may still leak after initial repair (if laterals are not
sealed separately)
Stage Two:
Inversion of
the Liner
Water Supply
Liner
Existing Pipe
Stage Three:
Curing of the
Liner
Heated Water
From Boiler
SECTION 3.1
Category
SECTION 3.1
Catalog of Sewer Rehabilitation Methods

Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
CURED IN PLACE LINERS
Amex 2000 Liner - Foil Relining

System (for gas service)
Econoliner (point repair)*
Miller Pipeline
Corporation
Avanti International
(317) 293-0278
FAX: 293-8502
(713) 486-5600
Miller Pipeline Corporation

PO Box 34141
Indianapolis, IN 46234
Resin impregnated fabric is installed

through inversion - used for high pressure
systems
822 Star Blvd.
Webster, TX 77598
Polyester felt in between

Resin saturated mat is fastened around a 2 layers of woven
packer and winched into manhole - packer fiberglass, epoxy resin
is inflated and heated (with water) to cure (testing vinyl ester resins
the liner
for industrial use)
PE, Polyurethane
4" to 30"
FormaPipe
Southwest, Inc.
FormaPipe
FormaPipe Southwest, Inc.

Houston: (713) 893- Houston, TX
International:
1251
Waterflow Services,
International: Waterflow Services, Ltd.
Ltd.
UK: 0753 810999
Colnbrook SL3 0DG, UK
InPipe
Insituform*
3"-60"
InLiner UK
Houston: (713) 4331446 or (800) 2992477

FAX: (713) 433-3880 InLiner USA, Inc.,
Almeda Rd.,
UK: 0483 440404
Houston, TX 77045
Liner is saturated with resin and winched

Vinyl Ester Resin
through the pipe to be repaired. The liner is (DERAKANE)
then inflated and cured with hot water.
Impregnated Felt
Inpipe System, A.B.
Sweden: 46-91017460
Polyester resin impregnated fabric

Inversion installed
Cured with UV light
Polyester resin
Insituform
Technologies
(800) 234-2992
Insituform Technologies, Inc.
FAX:(901) 759-7500 1770 Kirby Parkway
FAX: Dallas (314)
Memphis, TN 38138
537-1214
Insituform Permaline Ltd
UK: 0924-277076
UK
Liner is saturated with resin and installed

through inversion and cured with heated
water
Resin (Polyester or Vinyl

Ester) Impregnated Felt
Catalyst Activated
InLiner USA, Inc.

InLiner
Polyester resin saturated fabric

Water inverted
Hot water cured
Sweden
Spiniello Limited
35 Airport Rd.
Morristown, NJ 07960
KM-Inliner
Spiniello Limited
(201) 539-6363
Masterliner
Masterliner, Inc.
(504) 835-2899
Masterliner, Inc
FAX:(504) 831-4042 New Orleans, LA
National Liner
National Envirotech
(800) 547-1235
Polyester resin saturated non-woven fabric

Winched into place
Inflated with water
Hot water cured
3" to 120"
6"-96"
4"-48"
New Orleans, LA
SECTION 3.1 - Page 1 of 4
Perf.xlw.11/20/96.MCC
SECTION 3.1

Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
Resin Impregnated Felt Insituform for High

Pressure Services
6"-18"
Paltem (for gas service)
Paltem Systems, Inc.

A wholly owned
subsidiary of
Insituform Mid(800) 325-1159
America
FAX:(314) 537-1214 Chesterfield, MO
Performance Liner (point repair)
LMK Enterprises
Multiliner
Multilining
International
(815) 433-1275
FAX:(815)433-0107
45-46-321212
Superliner
Superliners USA,
Inc.
45-46-325454
Insituform for high pressure service
LMK Enterprises, Inc.

1779 Chessie Lane
Ottawa, IL 61350
Resin saturated tube is loaded into a

"launcher" and inserted into the sewer. The
launcher is alligned with the point to be
repaired and the saturated tube is inverted
onto the host pipe.
Resin saturated felt
Multilining International
Tjaerebyvej 30, Tjaereby
DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Chemically resistant fiberglass impregnated Chemically resistant

with vinyl ester resin is winched into the
fiberglass impregnated
host pipe and is inflated and steam cured. with vinyl ester resin
(800) 888-1116 FAX: 11-12 Clintonville St.

(717) 263-6112
Whitestone, NY 11357
3 layers of fabric and fiberglass, saturated

in either polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy
resin.
Liner is winched into place and hot air
inflated
Steam cured
3 Layers of Chemical
Resistant Fiberglass impregnated with Resin
4" to 60"
SECTION 3.1

Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
Specific Advantages and Comments
Specific Disadvantages
Amex 2000 Liner - Foil Relining

System (for gas service)
Econoliner (point repair)*
M/I
Used for high pressure systems
5 years total - 3 years in

the US
Woven glass fibers on either side of felt lined add strength. Can be
installed in 3' to 50' sections for line or point repairs. Flow through
packer allows for online installation. Non circular pipes possible.
Testing a vinyl ester resin for ind. usage.
Over 750,000 ft have

been installed
M/I
Non circular pipes possible. Vinyl ester resins are available.
M/I
Extensive industrial experience. Also manufacture short lengths for

point repairs. New lateral lining system is available. Non circular
pipes possible. Vinyl ester resins available.
Installation trench is required (3 meters x 1 meter)
FormaPipe
InLiner
InPipe
Insituform*
In use for approximately

20 years. Over
8,000,000 ft installed.
Vinyl Ester resin needed for industrial applications more expensive.
KM-Inliner
Masterliner
Introduced in 1994
National Liner
SECTION 3.1

Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
Paltem (for gas service)

5 years
M/I
Insituform for higher pressure applications. Able to handle bends.

Long installations feasible.
Extensive pipe cleaning necessary before installation.
Performance Liner (point repair)
Introduced 1994
Multiliner
Based in Germany and

Denmark
Vinyl ester resins are available
Vinyl Ester resin needed for industrial applications more expensive.
Method
Superliner
SECTION 3

Sliplining
Comments
Method
New pipe of smaller diameter is winched through the existing pipe via an installation trench. The annular space
between the old and new pipe is often grouted.
Materials
Butt fused HDPE or HDPE with threaded connections are often used - Fiberglass and PVC are also used
Installation Method
New pipe is winched though an installation trench
Bypass Pumping Required
Yes
Correct Holes
Yes
Negotiate Bends
Points where pipe bends must be excavated
Corrosion Resistance
Excellent in general usage
Lateral Reinstatement
Laterals must be reopened externally
Advantages
Limitations

SECTION 3.2
Category
Simple process, proven for industrial use, with many available contractors
Corrosion resistant
Provides a structural repair
An installation trench is typically needed (some segmental linings can be installed through manholes)
Cannot accommodate bends and decreases pipe capacity.
Laterals must be opened externally
Lateral/main connections may still leak after initial repair (if laterals are not sealed separately)

PERF.11/19/96

SECTION 3.2

Sliplining
Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
SLIPLINING
Buttress Loc
Duratron Systems
Miller Pipeline
Corporation
Drisco-Pipe
Phillips Driscopipe
Duratron Systems
(416) 299-4370
120 Melford Dr.
FAX: (416) 299-9033 Scarborough, Ontario
Miller Pipeline
(317) 293-0278

Indianapolis, IN
Phillips Driscopipe
(800) 527-0062
Phillips Driscopipe
Richardson, TX
(800) 267-9810
Evanco Double Butt System
Hobas Pipe
Plexco Spirolite
Ultra Pipe (Fusion Welded Swage

Lining)
Vylon Pipe
Evanco
Environmental
Technologies
or
(905)824-6659
Texas
(713) 821-2200
FAX: (713) 821-7715
UK
Hobas Pipe USA Inc. 0952 630300
Phillips Driscopipe,
Inc.
Pipe Rehab
International
Lamson Vylon Pipe
(800) 527-0062
Evanco Environmental Technologies

1 Kieth Rd, PO Box 10039
Bracebridge, Ontario P1L 1W6 Canada
Hobas Pipe USA, Inc.,
1413 Richey Rd.
Houston, TX 77073
4" to 60"
Lengths of HDPE (of smaller diameter than

existing pipe) are butt fused on the surface
and pulled through the existing pipe.
Installation trench needed.
Annulus is grouted
HDPE
6"-24"
Electrofusion Welding - Also used for

Manhole Repair. Joints are connected
through electrofusion using a welding rod
(installed in the pipe). No welding machine
is needed. Installed from the manhole
HDPE
2" - 63"
Johnston Pipes Ltd., UK
Fiberglass pipe in 5 to 20 ft lengths, with

joints field connected - installation through
pipe jacking through insertion pit.
Elastomeric gaskets provide sealing.
Annulus is grouted.
Fiberglass - Segmented
Joint
12"-96"
Phillips Driscopipe
Richardson, TX
Fiberglass pipe in 5 to 20 ft lengths, with

joints field connected - installation through
pipe jacking through insertion pit.
Elastomeric gaskets provide sealing.
Annulus is grouted.
Fiberglass - Segmented
Joint
12"-96"
Pipe Rehab International

(817) 551-7352
115 Lee St.
FAX: (817) 297-7704 Ft. Worth, TX 76140
(800) 321-1970
Segmented pipe has threaded connections

which automatically seals when tightened.
Up to 24" pipe can be installed through
manholes
HDPE - Threaded
Larger diameters require installation trench connections
Lamson Vylon Pipe

Science Park Dr.
Cleveland, OH 44122
Lengths of pipe are welded at the site (on

the surface) and the pipe diameter reduced
before being pulled through the existing
pipe (installation trench needed). Pipe
expands to original diameter after
HDPE- Rolldown Pipe
installation.
(Swage Lining)
3"-24"
13 ft PVC sections
Bell and spigot with gasketed joints
Installation trench required
21"-48"
PVC
SECTION 3.2

Sliplining
Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
SLIPLINING
Buttress Loc
Used in Canada since

1978
Can be used for pressurized lines. No welding machine is needed.

M/I (mostly gas Smaller diameters can be installed through manholes (no installation
industry)
trench needed)
Drisco-Pipe
Extensive usage
over 30 years
M/I (mostly gas Can be used for pressurized lines. Can withstand temperatures of
industry)
up to 180F. No annulus grouting is needed.
Installed from within the manhole - No installation trench is needed.

Joints are fused together using a Unicore welding rod (rod is inside
the pipe). No welding machine is needed. Double containment pipe Process may be more expensive than conventional sliplining. Double
is available.
containment pipe cannot be used in pipes with laterals.
Double Containment
M/I (used at
System used at DuPont. DuPont)
Hobas Pipe
Worldwide Operation
Approx 4 years
Plexco Spirolite
In use approximately 11 M/I (mostly gas

years
industry)
High corrosion resistance. Can be used for pressurized lines.
Ultra Pipe (Fusion Welded Swage

Lining)
M/I (mostly gas

industry)
Can be used for pressurized lines.
M/I (mostly gas

industry)
No annulus grouting is needed.
Vylon Pipe
SECTION 3


Comments
Method
Jointless extruded HDPE or PVC pipe is deformed into a U shape making its
initial diameter less than that of the pipe to be repaired. The deformed pipe is
pulled into the host pipe and inflated and cured with air pressure/steam.
Materials
Continuous lengths of HDPE or PVC
Installation
Method
Remote installation through manholes
Bypass Pumping
Required
Yes
Correct Holes
Yes
Negotiate Bends
Most can handle up to 30 degree bends. Some manufacturers claim that up to 90

degree bends are possible. There is some wrinkling of the liner at bends.
Corrosion
Resistance
Excellent in general usage - Not to be used in solvent service
Lateral
Reinstatement
Laterals are opened robotically from within the pipe after repair of the main line is
complete.
Advantages
Limitations
PERF.11/19/96

Lower set-up costs when compared to CIP liners

No reduction in capacity after repair
Relies on existing pipe for support (cannot be used where damage is severe)
Seals laterals which require reopening after repair
Lateral/main connections may still leak after initial repair (if laterals are not
sealed separately)
Formed In Place Liner

Before and After Inflation
and Curing Process
SECTION 3.3
Category
SECTION 3.3

Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
FORMED IN PLACE LINERS
Am-Liner*
Ex Liner
American Pipe and

Plastics, Inc.
Miller Pipeline
Corporation
(607) 775-4340
(317) 293-0278
FAX: (317) 293-8502
American Pipe and Plastics Inc.

PO Box 577
Binghampton NY 13902
PO Box 34141
Indianapolis, IN 46234
Insituform Technologies, Inc.
1770 Kirby Parkway
Memphis, TN 38138
A folded PVC liner is inserted into the pipe

to be repaired. It is heated and pressurized
with steam causing it to expand against the
interior of the pipe.
Modified PVC
4" to 18"
A folded undersized PVC liner is inserted

into the pipe to be repaired. It is heated
and pressurized with steam causing it to
expand against the interior of the pipe.
PVC
4" to 24"
PVC
4" -24"
NuPipe*
Insituform Technologies UK: 0924-277076
Insituform Permaline Ltd

UK
A preliner is inserted into the line to stop

infiltration. The heated, deformed liner is
then winched through the pipe. It is then
expanded against the walls of the pipe
using heat and pressure.
Sure-Line Pipe
(800) 255-6375
Pipelining Products, Inc. (914) 381-0050
Pipelining Products, Inc.

Mamaroneck, NY
A folded liner is winched into the pipe to be

repaired. It is pressurized, causing it to
expand against the interior of the pipe.
HDPE
4"-36"
U-Liner*
CSR Pipeline Systems

(formerly Pipe Liners,
Inc.)
CSR Pipeline Systems

New Orleans, LA
Houston, TX

repaired. It is heated and pressurized with
steam causing it to expand against the
HDPE
4"-24"
Ultraliner Inc.
PO Drawer 3260
Oxforl, AL 36203

repaired. It is heated and pressurized with
steam causing it to expand against the
PVC Alloy
4"-15"
Danby of North America, Inc.

100 Church Lane
Baltimore, MD 21208
A two part PVC strip is helically wound into

a tube inside the pipe. (winding machine
for small sewers) The liner is then
supported by grout injected into the
annulus. For small and man entry sewers. Spirally Wound PVC
PipeTec Inc.
613 Main Street, #2B
Findlay, OH 45840
A PVC strip with interlocking edges is fed

through a winding machine (in manhole).
The machine winds the strip into a pipe
smaller than the host pipe. Once the pipe
reaches the next manhole, it is expanded to PVC strip with interlocking
the inside diameter of the host pipe.
edges
(800) 234-2992
FAX:(901) 759-7500
Ultraliner
SUBSECTION: SPIRAL
WOUND LINERS
Danby*
Ultraliner, Inc
(800) 344-3744
LA: (504) 461-9810
TX: (713) 872-3500
(205) 831-5515
Danby of North America (410)486-3500
RibLoc Australia
Rib Loc
Expanda-pipe
USA Licensee: PipeTec

Inc.
(419) 423-8112
10"-36"
42"-96"
6"-24"
36"-96"
SECTION 3.3

Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
Ex Liner
Has been used for the

past 10 years in Japan.
Relatively new to the US
M/I
NuPipe*

3 years.
Method
FORMED IN PLACE LINERS
Am-Liner*
Sure-Line Pipe
U-Liner*
Ultraliner
SUBSECTION: SPIRAL
WOUND LINERS
Danby*
Rib Loc
Expanda-pipe
Has been used industrially but testing with coupons prior to

installation is recommended
Long term chemical resistance was not good for acetone or benzene
(30 day test).
By Insituform Technologies
M
Over 4 million feet
installed worldwide over 2 million feet in the
US. In use
approximately 5 years.
Introduced in 1994

3 years.
M/I Used in 1992 at

DuPont - about 10%
of jobs are industrial HDPE more reliable than PVC (PVC cracking problems)
Structural repair. Cost effectiveness increases with pipe diameter
Seals laterals. Must be drilled out manually. Lateral connections

may still leak after initial repair. Annulus needs to be grouted.
Cannot be used at temperatures above 140 F.
Seals laterals. Must be drilled out manually. Lateral connections

may still leak after initial repair. Annulus may need to be grouted.
Cannot be used at temperatures above 140 F.
SECTION 3

Point Repair
Category
Method
Comments
Used where otherwise structurally sound pipe is experiencing leaks at joints or isolated
cracks and/or holes. Three major categories:
Manual point repair for large diameter lines
Internal grouting of joints, cracks, and/or holes done remotely using a packer or robot.
Movement of the packers and robots are controlled
from the surface using closed circuit TV.
Point repair with segmental linings (CIP) or mechanical seals.
Dependant on method used
Installation Method
Can be completed remotely from the surface (through manholes) - Manual application for
large lines.
Bypass Pumping
Required
Flow bypassing is required for most methods, however, some packers have flow through
capabilities.
Correct Holes
Yes - Not cost effective for lines with many defects
Negotiate Bends
Yes - Degree of maneuverability dependant on method used
Grouts used are corrosion resistant, however, point repairs cannot solve a base case
corrosion problem.
Point repair will not seal off laterals. Point repairs can seal connections between main line
and lateral.
Advantages
Limitations
PERF.11/19/96

Low cost repair method when defects are limited to isolated cracks and small holes.
Robots are multifunctional. They have connections for grinding down
protruding laterals, grout injection, trowelling, etc.
Line must be structurally sound. Not cost effective for lines with many defects
Chemical grouts may lose effectiveness in solid with fluctuation moisture content
Many grouts may lose effectiveness in contaminated soils
Cannot repair leaks that are not identified through camera (visual) inspection
Point repairs cannot correct for base case corrosion problems

SECTION 3.4
Materials

SECTION 3.4

Point Repair
Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
POINT REPAIR VIA LEAK

SEALING/CHEMICAL GROUTING
Packers: American
Logiball Packers
Grouting - Manual or with a Packer
Amkrete Resin Injection
Chemicals: Avanti
International
Amkrete Inc.
Americal Logiball
(800) 246-5988
American Logiball, Inc.

PO Box 625
Jackman ME 04945
(800) 877-2570
(713) 486-5600
822 Bay Star Blvd.
Webster, TX 77598
Canada
(416) 333-0399
Amkrete Inc.
2349 Fairview St., Suite 106
Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 2E3
UK
0420 23456
General category covers manual grouting

(for large lines) and grouting with a packer
(for smaller lines)
Urethane/Acrylic
Hydraulic cement for
manual applications
6" - 120"
Unistride Pipe Renovation, Ltd.

UK
Sections of line (1 to 2 feet in length) are

repaired by continuous resin injection
through a flow through packer
A two component
epoxy resin
4"-21"
Michael Deutmeyer
Janssen's Marketing
Consultant
(011) 2821-14334
Janssen
Prostewardsweg 27
D-4192 Kalkar 1
Federal Republic of Germany
Sections of line (up to 4.5 feet in length) are A two component

repaired by continuous resin injection
Polyurethane resin (~
through a flow through packer
20 minute set time)
6"-24"
Florida
(813) 571-1108
KA-TE USA
4505 131st Ave., North
Unit 2
Clearwater, FL
(011) 49 2824-6051
FAX: (011) 49 28246054
Janssen Process
Robotic Grouting - KA-TE Process
Robotic Grouting - Sika Robotics
Janssen
KA-TE USA
Texas
(713) 338-2260
FAX: (713)338-0565 Also in Webster TX and in Zurich
Sika Robotics Inc.
4200 Norex Dr.
Chaska, MN 55318
I.S Inspection Services
4642 91st Avenue
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Sika Robotics Inc.
(612) 368-7452
Image
Synthesization
Inspection Services
in Canada
Canada
Rice Associates
(403) 468-3184
FAX: (403) 468-3235 Epworth Grange
Beltoft Rd.
Epworth, Dancaster DN91JD
UK
UK
44(0)1427 872508
Magnaline Process
Rice Assoc. in UK
Weko-Seals (Mechanical Seals)
Miller Pipeline
Corporation
(317) 293-0278

PO Box 34141
Indianapolis, IN
Robotic grouting - Robot has attachments

to seal laterals, grind down protrusions,
smooth repairs after grouting
Gels to stop infiltration

before sealing, epoxy
grouts for repair
8" to 32"
Robotic grouting - Robot has attachments

to seal laterals, grind down protrusions,
smooth repairs after grouting
2 component epoxy
resin (Sika Robotec
56)
3"-32"
Magnaline I - lengths
of steel cylinder
covered in
elastomeric polymer.
Magnaline II - is a
6"-40"
Magnaline I is a point pipebursting
technique. It is followed by Magnaline II - a carbon and/or glass larger
fibre wetted with resin available
point repair CIPP
A mechanical joint sealing method installed manually
St. Steel Rubber
14"-138"
SECTION 3.4

Point Repair
Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
POINT REPAIR VIA LEAK

Grouting - Manual or with a Packer
Extensive
30 years
M/I
Grouting can fill in small voids between the pipe and soil. Some
packers can repair without having to bypass.
Amkrete Resin Injection
Introduced in the UK
in the early 80's.
Entered the North
American Market in
1989.
M/I
Seals all cracks, holes, and other defects in a continuous stretch of

sewer (up to 2 feet). Cracks that are too small to be detected with
camera inspection can be sealed. Repair head is flexible and can be
used where there are bends and deformations.
Janssen Process
Mostly Municipal,
has been used in
one industrial
application (SEAT
The process is not
licensed in the U.S. - factory in
Used commercially in Germany 1992Germany since 1984 1993)
Seals all cracks, holes, and other defects in a continuous stretch of

sewer (up to 4.5 feet). Cracks that are too small to be detected with
camera inspection can be sealed. Have a separate system for
lateral sealing. Resin perfoms well in solvents.
Janssen sees no reason why contaminated soil or hydrocarbons

should affect the process but it has not been tested in these
situations. Small amount of resin swelling in the presence of
aromatics.
Robotic Grouting - KA-TE Process
First used in
Switzerland in 1984.
Over 1500 repairs
Camera on robot. Used in Benicia for 3-4 spot repairs, they were
very pleased with the results
Cannot repair unidentified leaks.
Robotic Grouting - Sika Robotics
Developed in
Switzerland in the md
80's. In the US since
1992.
M/I
Magnaline Process
In use in Canada
since 1988. Licensed
in the US for the past
year in NY. Working
on 17 more licensees
in 1995.
M/I
Magnaline I - Point repair method for highly damaged sections of

sewer pipe. Localized pipebursting can repair even semi-collapsed
sections. Lenghts of 2 to 100ft. Can be used with reinforced
concrete, cast iron, as well as steel lines
Seals laterals which need to be opened remotely (robotic)
Weko-Seals (Mechanical Seals)
In use for over 15

years.
Low cost if only repairing joints
Only for joint repair. May be a problem where manual entry is not
feasible.
M/I
M/I
0 Cannot repair unidentified leaks.
SECTION 3

Leak Sealing and Spray on Linings
Category
Method
Materials
Comments
Used where otherwise structurally sound pipe is experiencing leaks at joints or
Used where
structurally
sound
pipe is experiencing leaks at joints or
isolated
cracksotherwise
and/or holes.
Two major
categories:
cracksvia
and/or
Two
categories:
isolated
Leak sealing
floodholes.
grouting
or major
full-line
grouting
Leakon
sealing
via flood
grouting
or full-line
grouting
Spray
coatings.
Manual
for large
diameter
sewers. Remote applications for
Spray on coatings.
Manual
for
large
diameter
sewers. Remote applications for
smaller lines.
smaller lines.
Can be completed remotely from the surface (through manholes) - Manual
application for large lines
Bypass Pumping
Required
Flow bypassing is required.
Correct Holes
Yes for smaller holes - Larger defects must be repaired prior to leak sealing
Negotiate Bends
Yes - Degree of maneuverability dependant on method used
Spray on coatings provide a corrosion resistant surface. Flood grouting and fill-line
grouting cannot solve for base case corrosion problems.
Limitations
PERF.11/19/96
!
"

Most processes do not seal off laterals. Many methods can seal connections
between laterals and main lines.
Advantages

Low cost repair method when defects are limited to isolated cracks and small
holes
Spray on coatings can solve corrosion problems
Flood grouting can seal main line, laterals, manholes, and catch basins
simultaneously
Can repair all small defects in the line (not limited to those seen during camera
inspection)
Line must be structurally sound. Not cost effective for lines with many defects
Chemical grouts may lose effectiveness in solid with fluctuating moisture
content
Many grouts may lose effectiveness in contaminated soils
Some methods (leak sealinf via grouting) cannot correct for base case corrosion
problems
#


THE SANIPOR PROCESS
SECTION 3.5
Installation Method

SECTION 3.5

Leak Sealing and Spray on Coatings
Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
LINE REHABILITATION VIA LEAK

FULLINE Process
Sanipor Process
SUBSECTION: SPRAY ON
LININGS (REMOTE AND MANUAL
APPLICATION)
SEWLINER
Australian
Trenchless
Technology
Sydney Austrailia
612-647-1808 or
612-648-4162
FAX: 612-648-4129
Sanipor North
America - a Division
Sanipor North America
of Crosfield
(800) 362-3160
101 Ingalls Ave.
Company
FAX: (815) 727-5312 Joliet, IL 60435
Polymer Relining System - from

proposal made to ECA
Raven Lining Systems
Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete) Manual or Remote
Citadel Technologies Inc.

7136 South Yale Suite 300
Tulsa OK 74136
Sections of line are repaired by pushing

grout down the line to be repaired via an
inverting PVC hose
Urethane Grout
6"-18"
Two chemicals (S1,S2) are pumped into the

damaged section. The S1 is applied first
and is forced out leaking joints and cracks.
After removing the S1, the section is filled
with S2 which reacts to form a watertight
Sodium Silicate/Ester
conglomerate with S1 & surrounding soil.
Reagent
4"-31"
Man entry
Technology licensee: Pacific Lining

Pacific Lining
Systems
Systems
(714) 248-8136
Pacific Lining Systems

30813 Calle Chueca
San Juan Capistrano
California 92675
Spray on Lining:
Citadel offers a series of products for sewer
and manhole rehabilitation including: spray
on coatings that can withstand acids, high
temperatures, and can be applied in
thicknesses of up to 0.4". Man entry
application.
Epoxy Coatings
Underground
Scientific Inc.
Underground Scientific, Inc.

Jerry Nothcutt
431B N. Green St.
Tehachapi CA 93561
Remote Spay On Lining:

A developmental system for continuous
pipe grouting including a forward seal, a
spreader (to distribute the material), and a
heating element (to cure the material)
(918) 584-2810
Raven
1024 North Lansing
Tulsa OK 74106
Spray on Lining:
Raven offers a series of products for sewer
and manhole rehabilitation including: spray
on coatings that can withstand acids,
solvents, and can be applied in thicknesses
of up to 125 nils in one application. Man
entry application.
Epoxy Coatings
Man entry
42"-96"
(310) 630-5801
ARB, Inc.
PO Box 1404
Paramount CA 90723
Spray on Lining:
Manual or remotely applied cement mortar
Followed by mechanical trowelling
30" and Up
Citadel Technologies Citadel

Inc.
(918) 491-0910
Citadel Structural Lining Systems
Neil Stephens
Sewliner - Australian Trenchless
Technology
67 Carnavon St.
Silverwater N.S.W Austrailia
Raven
Remote: ARB, Inc.
(805) 822-9311
Polymer - To be
determined as of patent
application 1994
Portland Cement and

Calcium Aluminate
SECTION 3.5

Method
Subterra Limited
Twin-Line
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
Subterra Ltd.
Subterra Limited
Dullar Lane, Sturminster Marshall
(0258) 857556
Wimborne, Dorset BH21 4DA
FAX: (0258) 857960 UK
Remote spray on lining:

An epoxy spray - remotely applied
Epoxy Spray ELC-QED

173/90
Strabag Kommunaltechnik
Germany
(011) 49 2921 80945
FAX: (011) 49 2921
82386
Remote spray on lining:

Spray combining two materials to form a
polyurethane coating
Polyurethane Spray
10" - 18"
Same as Twinline - tried to start up in the

USA in 1990
Was not possible due to developmental
problems
Polyurethane Spray
See TwinLine
Strabag Kommunaltechnik GmbH

Aubenstelle Soest
Teinenkamp 45
D-59494 Soest, Germany
Reline America (Trace Taline)
SECTION 3.5

Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
LINE REHABILITATION VIA LEAK

FULLINE Process
Sanipor Process
SUBSECTION: SPRAY ON
LININGS (REMOTE AND MANUAL
APPLICATION)
Used in Australia since

1991. No licensee in the
US at this time.
Potential for Avanti
International to become
a licensee
M
Seals all cracks in the line. Competitive with grouting done by

packers in Sydney.
Used widely in Europe.

Also Tested at Shell in
Odessa TX, Eastman
Kodak, Rochester NY
M/I
Recovered chemicals can be reused. Treats main line, laterals and Cannot be used on large cracks or holes. These defects must be
manhole simultaneously. Can fill small voids between piping and
repaired before line sealing. Have tested a method for sealing larger
soil.
holes. Needs to be tested in clay soils and/or contaminated soils.
M/I
Epoxies that can withstand high temperatures, strong acids, and

provide structural repair are available. Developing a process to use
chopped fiberglass for added strength. Can be used for manhole
repair.
Not Used
Continuous remote relining of pipe
M/I
Epoxies that can withstand solvents, strong acids, and provide

structural repair are available. Can be used for manhole repair, tank
linings etc.
Currently available for man entry sewers only.
Citadel Structural Lining Systems
Polymer Relining System - from

proposal made to ECA
Not used - in
development
Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete) Manual or Remote
Will seal off laterals. These laterals will need to be opened up before
the grout sets (20-30 minutes). At this time, only used in Municipal
area in Sydney. How will the grout behave in an industrial sewer.
Currently available for man entry sewers only. Infiltration must be

controlled before application. Line must be structurally sound and
free of large cracks and holes.
Has been in use over 20

years
SECTION 3.5

Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
Subterra Limited
Infiltration must be controlled before application
Twin-Line
Used in Germany since

1990. An unsuccessful
attempt was made in
1990 to start up Reline
America (see below) in
the USA.
Reline America (Trace Taline)
See Twin-Line
The spray lining is installed in a very short period of time - 200' of 12"
line can be done in 4 hours. Temperatures up to 175 F, pH's 2-12,
provides a structural repair, and is installed remotely from the
Cannot seal large holes. Line must be structurally sound (not more
surface. Working on 6" to 24" dia range
than 10% deformation in pipe to be repaired.
See Twin-Line
See Twin-Line
SECTION 3

Trenchless Line Replacement
Category
Comments
PIPE BURSTING
Method
Used where lines are structurally failing or are inadequate capacity. Two
categories:
Pipebursting: The old pipe is broken out using radial forces from a pneumatic
rammer head pulled through the existing pipe. The new pipe
is
dragged in behind.
Microtunneling: A remote control laser guided boring machine used to install a
new pipeline. As the machine advances, the new pipe is
jacked in behind the machine to fill the void.
The new pipe can be HDPE, PVC, fiberglass, etc.
Installation Method
An installation trench is needed
Bypass Pumping
Required
Yes
Correct Holes
Yes
Negotiate Bends
Points where pipe bends must be excavated
Corrosion
Resistance
Lateral
Reinstatement
Advantages
Limitations
Depends on material of new pipe

PERF.11/19/96
Both microtunneling and pipebursting destroy lateral connections. These

connections must be reopened externally after repair.
Increases in pipe capacity are possible
Can be used to replace concrete and clay piping
Often more economical than dig and replace for failing pipelines
Can be used in difficult ground conditions: under groundwater etc.
An installation trench is needed
Cannot accommodate bends
Destroys lateral connections
Requires high degree of skill, especially where there are many surrounding
pipelines and/or other underground obstructions. Specialized
crew often required.
Not all pipe materials are amenable to pipebursting (see decision tree)
SECTION 3.6
Materials
SECTION 3.6
Method
LINE REPLACEMENT - PIPE
BURSTING

Line Replacement
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
TT Technologies, Inc.
1711 Mallette Road
Aurora, IL 60505
Grundocrack
TT Technologies,
Inc.
Xpandit

(317) 293-0278
PO Box 34141
Miller Pipeline Corp. FAX: (317) 293-8502 Indianapolis, IN 46234
Hydrohaul System (TRS)
TRS (Trenchless
Replacement
Services)
PIM*
LINE REPLACEMENT MICROTUNNELING
Microtunneling - Akkerman
PM Construction
Akkerman
Equipment, Inc.
Herrenknecht
Corporation
(800) 533-2078
(708) 851-8200
Address
Trenchless Replacement Services

(403) 279-9876
1600 144-4 Ave. SW
FAX: (403) 279-6900 Calgary, AB T2P 3N4 CANADA
(615) 967-7755
PM Construction
3150 Knights Church Rd.
Decherd, TN 37324
(800) 533-0386
USA
(800) 382-7270
Akkerman Equipment Inc.

Route 1, Box 10
Brownsdale, MN 55918
Herrenknecht Corporation
PO Box 12206 - Greenville SC 29612
Germany
07824/302-0
Herrenknecht GmgH
Schlehenweg 2 - 77963 Schwanau 2
Germany
General
Rupture existing piping with pneumatic

rammer head, dragging the new pipe into
cavity created. Can be used for clay,
concrete, asbestos, PVC piping
Pipebursting and pipe extraction replacement and/or upsizing of concrete
(bursting ) as well as steel and cast iron
piping (by extraction)
Material
Sizes
New pipe is usually butt

fused HDPE
4"-24"
New pipe is usually butt

fused HDPE
6"-20"
HDPE, PVC, HOBAS,

Steel
6"-36"
HDPE, PVC
8"-18"
Same as above
Hobas, High Strength

Concrete, Ductile Iron...
8"-48"
Same as above
New pipe is installed

through pipe jacking and
can be Clay, Steel,
Hobas, reinforced
concrete
12"- > 100"
Remote controlled tunneling system to

install new pipelines. Laser guided cutter
head is driven through the soil which is
crushed and pumped to the surface.
Lengths of new pipe are installed directly
behind the cutting machine.
Herrenknecht GmgH
Microtunneling - Herrenknecht
Herrenknecht
International
UK
(0191) 548-9191
Iseki, Inc.
USA
(619) 597-9500
Herrenknecht International
Wearfield - Southwick Riverside
Sunderland SR5 2TA, UK
Iseki, Inc.
4365 Executive Dr., Suite 360
San Diego, CA 92121
Europe
44 (0) 789-292227
Euro Iseki, Inc.

Avonbrook House, Masons Road
Stratford-Upon-Avon
Warwickshire CV37 9lQ, UK
Euro Iseki, Inc
Microtunneling by Iseki - Pirana (for

pipe replacement), Unclemole (for
new pipe)
Japan
Iseki Poly-Tech, Inc. 81 (0) 33 299-3966
Iseki Poly-Tec, Inc.

Nishi-Shinjulu Matsuya Building
31-6, 4-chome Yoyogi
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
SECTION 3.6
Method
LINE REPLACEMENT - PIPE
BURSTING

Line Replacement
Usage/History
Grundocrack
Xpandit
Microtunneling - Akkerman
Microtunneling - Herrenknecht
Microtunneling by Iseki - Pirana (for

pipe replacement), Unclemole (for
new pipe)

2 years.
Hydrohaul System (TRS)
PIM*
LINE REPLACEMENT MICROTUNNELING
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial

4 years.
Can also be used to replace steel lines through extraction.
Scheduled to be in
commercial operation in
1995
Used worldwide.
Ised in the USA since

1984
Mostly
Originated in Japan Municipal Used worldwide for over some gas lines Used worldwide. Pirana has a flow through option for on-line
20 years
in U.S.
replacement, however, most applications are for new lines.
SECTION 3

Manhole Repair
Comments
Method
Manhole rehabilitation is carried out using many of the same methods used for line
rehabilitation ranging from complete replacement (dig and replace), to point repair
(grouting), spray on coatings, cured in place liners, and HDPE inserts.
Materials
Dependant on method used (see table)
Installation Method
Most methods require entry into the manhole
Bypass Pumping
Required
Yes for most methods
Correct Holes
Yes - some coatings and flood groutings cannot repair large holes and cracks
Negotiate Bends
N/A
Corrosion
Resistance
Depends on repair method used. HDPE inserts and many spray on epoxies exhibit
excellent corrosion resistance while flood grouting and some grouting methods cannot
solve base case corrosion problems.
Main Line
Reinstatement
Spray on coatings, point repairs, and flood grouting do not seal off main lines. When
inserts are used, connections to the main line are reinstated after repair.
PERF.11/19/96
Advantages
Limitations
MANHOLE
REPAIR
SECTION 3.7
Category
SECTION 3.7

Method
Contact/Company
Name
Phone
Address
General
Material
Sizes
MANHOLE REHABILITATION
Citadel Technologies Citadel

Inc.
(918) 491-0910
Citadel Structural Lining

Systems
Technology licensee: Pacific Lining

Pacific Lining
Systems
(714) 248-8136
Systems

7136 South Yale Suite 300
Tulsa OK 74136
30813 Calle Chueca
San Juan Capistrano
California 92675
Manual Spray on Lining:

Citadel offers a series of products for
manhole rehabilitation including: spray on
coatings that can withstand acids, high
temperatures...

100 Church Lane
Baltimore, MD 21208
A two part PVC strip is helically wound

(manually) in the manhole. The manhole
liner is then supported by grout injected into
the annulus.
Spirally Wound PVC

1 Kieth Rd, PO Box 10039
Bracebridge, Ontario P1L 1W6 Canada
Manhole inserts of HDPE can be connected

to a new Evanco HDPE liner through
electrofusion using a welding rod (installed
in the pipe). No welding machine is
needed. Installed from the manhole
HDPE
Danby*
Danby of North
America
Evanco
Environmental
Technologies
or
(905)824-6659
Poly-Triplex Liner System
Sun Coast
Environmental
Sun Coast Environmental

(904) 638-8385
907 Orange Hill Rd.
FAX: (904) 638-9891 Chipley FL 32428
(410)486-3500
(800) 267-9810
Raven
USA Licensee:
PipeTec Inc.
A cured in place liner for manholes. Liner is

Liner impregnated with
inserted and inflated. After curing, the
inflation bladder is removed.
epoxy resin
(918) 584-2810
Raven
1024 North Lansing
Tulsa OK 74106
Spray on Lining:
Raven offers a series of products for
manhole rehabilitation including: spray on
coatings that can withstand acids, solvents,
and can be applied in thicknesses of up to
125 mils in one application.
Epoxy Coatings
(419) 423-8112
PipeTec Inc.
613 Main Street, #2B
Findlay, OH 45840
PVC coils with interlocking edges are

manually joined in the manhole. The
manhole liner is then supported by grouting PVC strips with
the annulus after application.
interlocking edges
RibLoc Australia
Rib Loc
Epoxy Coatings
Sanipor Process
Sanipor North
America - a Division
of Crosfield
(800) 362-3160
101 Ingalls Ave.
Company
FAX: (815) 727-5312 Joliet, IL 60435
Two chemicals (S1,S2) are pumped into the

damaged section. The S1 is applied first
and is forced out leaking joints and cracks.
After removing the S1, the section is filled
with S2 which reacts to form a watertight
Sodium Silicate/Ester
conglomerate with S1 & surrounding soil.
Reagent
SewperCoat
Strong Seal Systems

316 West 6th St.
(501) 536-1030
PO Box 8029
Strong Seal Systems FAX: (501) 536-1033 Pine Bluff, AR 71611
A spray on coating for manhole repair

restores structural integrity, prevents
infiltration, and guards against
microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC)
Spraywall
Southwestern
Underground
Southwestern Underground
(214) 556-0188
1696 W. Northwest Highway
FAX: (214) 556-0340 Dallas, TX 75220
Calcium aluminate
mortar
A spray on chemical coating for manhole

repair restores structural integrity, prevents
infiltration, and guards against corrosion
Urethane resin
SECTION 3.7

Method
Usage/History
Past Usage
Municipal or
Industrial
MANHOLE REHABILITATION
Citadel Structural Lining

Systems
M/I

structural repair are available. Can be used for tank linings etc.
Infiltration must be controlled before application.
Seals off main line - must be opened later. Annulus needs to be

grouted. Cannot be used at temperatures above 140 F.
Manhole insert is fused to the replacement line using a Unicore

welding rod (rod is inside the pipe). No welding machine is needed.
Double containment pipe is available.
Process may be more expensive than conventional repairs.
Danby*

3 years.
Double Containment
System used at DuPont.
M/I (used at
DuPont)
Poly-Triplex Liner System
Relining technique provides structural repair with excellent corrosion

resistance.
Process seals off main line which must be reopened later.
M/I

structural repair are available. Can be used for tank linings etc.
Infiltration must be controlled before application.
Rib Loc
Seals off main line - must be opened later. Annulus needs to be

grouted. Cannot be used at temperatures above 140 F.
Sanipor Process
Used widely in Europe.

Also Tested at Shell in
Odessa TX and at
Eastman Kodak,
Rochester
M but
beginning use Recovered chemicals can be reused. Treats main line, laterals and Manhole must be structurally sound - no large holes, cracks or
in Industrial manhole simultaneously. Can fill small voids between piping and soil. deformations. Cannot solve base case corrosion problems.
SewperCoat
Provides a structural repair
Infiltration must be stopped before repair.
Spraywall
Provides structural repair with excellent corrosion resistance.
Infiltration must be stopped before repair.
APPENDIX 1
Sewer Rehabilitation Consumer Guide

REFERENCES
1. "Assessment of Sewer Sealants", American Public Works Association,
Prepared for the Municipal Environmental Research Lab, Cincinnati, OH,
Report No. EPA-600/8-82-012, May 1982.
2. Bennett, R. D., Guice, L. K., Khan, S., Staheli, K., "Guidelines for Trenchless
Technology: Cured In Place Pipe (CIPP), Fold and Formed Pipe (FIPP),
MiniHorizontal Directional Drilling (mini-HDD), Microtunneling", Sponsored by
the Trenchless Technology Center and U.S. Army Engineers, TTC Technical
Report #400, July 1995.
3. Casselman, J. M., Cooper, R., "Complex HDPE Relining Utilizing Fusion
Modules", Presented at the NASTT North American No-Dig 95 Conference,
Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
4. Dennis, T., "Planned Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Small Diameter
Sewers in the City of Toronto", Presented at the NASTT North American NoDig 95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
5. Duggan, E. W., Doherty, D. J., "Trenchless Technology: Practical Selection
of Trenchless Technology Methods for Sewage and Drainage System
Rehabilitation and Replacement", Presented at the NASTT North American
No-Dig 95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
6. "Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation", ASCE Manual and Report on
Engineering Practice No. 62 Second Edition, 1994.
7. Faller, Carl, In-Place Rehabilitation of Process Sewers", Trenchless
Technology, Vol 3 No. 7, July 1994, pgs 24-28.
8. Foster, K. W., "CIPP Spot Repairs in Canada", Presented at the NASTT
North American No-Dig 95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
9. Fowler, D. W., Haas, C. T., Wright, C. E., Bauhan, T., "Evaluation of Sewer
Spot Repair Technologies", Presented at the NASTT North American No-Dig
95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
10. Fowler, D. W., Haas, C. T., Wright, C. E., Independent Evaluation of Sewer
Repair Techniques in the City of Austin: Volume I - Cost Assessment",
Prepared for the City of Austin, TX, by the Department of Civil Engineering,
The University of Texas at Austin, Contract No. SA-199-94(IL), October
1994.
APPENDIX 1
11. "In-Place Rehabilitation of Existing Process Sewers: Providing Double

Contained Monitored Process Sewer Systems through In Situ Techniques",
DuPont Engineering, Accession Report 17899, May 1993.
12. Inspector Handbook for Sewer Collection System Maintenance and
Rehabilitation", National Association of Sewer Service Companies
(NASSCO), Fourth Edition, Feb. 1993.
13. Iseley, D. T., "lseley Comments... On New Horizons", Trenchless
Technology, Vol 4 No. 5, May 1995, pg 6.
14. Iseley, D. T., Folk, J. T., "No-Dig Total Replacement of Underground
Pipelines", Prepared for the Modern Underground Pipeline Construction
Techniques Conference, December 1991.
15. Khan, A. H., Reyna, S. M., Vanegas, J. A., "Construction Technologies for
Sewer Rehabilitation", Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, Vol 120, No. 3, Paper No. 6005, September 1994, pgs 467487.
16. "Kodak Park Industrial Sewer Repair and Upgrade Approved Technologies
Manual", Prepared by The Utilities Engineering Group, Architectural and
Engineering Services Division, Kodak, Rochester, NY, July 1993.
17. Knott, G., "Sewer Renovation - Established and Developing Techniques",
Presented at the Pipeline Rehabilitation Symposium, University of Leuvan,
Belgium, December 1986.
18. "Manual of Practices: Wastewater Collection Systems", National Association
of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO), First Edition, 1995.
19. Miller, Paul, "Trenchless Pipe Market Grows", Trenchless Technology, Vol 4
No.5, May 1995, pgs 26-27.
20. O'Keefe, L., Phillips, M., "Trenchless Track Record", Civil Engineering,
September 1993, pgs 59-61.
21. Sarafini, Frank B., "Assessment, Repair, and Replacement of Underground
Pipelines and Sewers", Exxon Chemical Company Report, Issued May 4,
1994.
22. Schrock, B. J., "Evaluation of Procurement Practices for Trenchless Pipeline
Renewal Processes in the Gas Industry", Presented at the NASTT North
American No-Dig 95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1995.
APPENDIX 1
23. Schrock, B. J., "Pipeline Rehabilitation: A Guide to a Growing Market",

NUCA, August 1992, pgs 14-21.
24. "Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual", Water Research Center, Third Edition,
1994.
25. Smith, W. R., "Case Studies of Various Sewer Rehabilitation Methods by
Hampton Roads Sanitation District", Presented at the NASTT North
American No-Dig 95 Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1 995.
26. "Specification Guidelines for Sewer Collection System Maintenance and
Rehabilitation", National Association of Sewer Service Companies
(NASSCO), Eighth Edition, Jan 1994.
27. Stalnaker, R., "An End to Trenchless Warfare", Water Environment and
Technology, Vol 4, No.5, May 1992, pgs 47-51.
28. Thomas, Allen, "Liner-Liner. Who's got the New Liner?", Trenchless
Technology, Vol 4 No. 2, Feb. 1995, pgs 40-43.
29. Young, M. C., Industrial Uses of Trenchless Technology" Trenchless
Technology, Vol 4 No. 7, July 1995, pg 8.
30. "1995 Directory of the North American Trenchless Technology Industry"
North American Society for Trenchless Technology, 1995.
31. Information collected from the following Contractors/Manufacturers/Suppliers
(from brochures, articles, phone interviews, etc.)
Akkerman Equipment Inc.
American Pipe and Plastics Inc.
ARE, Inc.
Duratron Systems
FormaPipe Southwest, Inc.
Hobas Pipe USA, Inc.
Insituform Technologies
Iseki, Inc.
Janssen
Lamson Vylon Pipe
Masterliner Miller Pipeline Corporation
National Envirotech
American Logiball
Amkrete Inc.
Herrenknecht Corporation
InLiner USA
InPipe System, A.B.
I.S. Inspection Services
KA-TE USA
LMK Enterprises Inc.
Multilining International
Phillips Driscopipe
Continued next page
APPENDIX 1
31. Listing of Contractors/Manufacturers/Suppliers Continued...

Pipelining Products, Inc.
Pipe Rehab International
Plastics Pipe Institute
Raven
Sika Robotics
Strabag Kommunaltechnik GmbH
Superliners USA
TT Technologies
Pipe Liners Inc.

Pipe Tec, Inc.
PM Construction
Rice Associates
Sewliner
Spinello Ltd.
Subterra Ltd.
Trenchless Replacement Systems
Ultraliner Inc.

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Appendix G.

Sewer Repair Consumer Guide

    

POINT REPAIR USING A PACKER

Exxon Research and Engineering

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

Introduction to the Consumer Guide

Background and Use of the Sewer Repair Decision Tree

Background and Use of the Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods

SECTION 2 SEWER REPAIR DECISION TREE

Cured in Place Liners

Formed in Place Liners

Leak Sealing and Spray on Liners

Trenchless Line Replacement

Prepared for PERF 94-12

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

Introduction to the Consumer Guide

Development of a repair program.

Background and Use of the Sewer Repair Decision Tree

1. Results of recent sewer cleaning and Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) inspection

4. Evaluation of current and future flow requirements will help to determine if a

Background and Use of the Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods

methods. Through a better understanding of the different trenchless methods

    

FLOOD GROUTING USING

POINT REPAIR USING A PACKER

 *!   ! "($ % +

Sewer Repair Decision Tree

Is the portion of the

Remaining technologies include:

!  " 

Sewer Repair Decision Tree

Smaller cracks might

Neither point repair methods or

Many of the technologies

Remaining technologies include:

Sewer Repair Decision Tree

'    '

Remaining technologies include:

Formed in place and cured in place (CIP) liners

Sewer Repair Decision Tree

'  ' 9

Consider also: temperatures, specific material

Sewer Repair Decision Tree

9 9  

Cured In Place Liners

FLOOD GROUTING USING

POINT REPAIR USING A PACKER

Catalog of Sewer Repair Methods

The liner is of fabric (felt), woven fiberglass is sometimes used to provide

Remote installation through manholes.

Most can handle up yo 45 degree bends. Some manufacturers claim up to 90

CURED IN PLACE PROCESS

Proven technology for industrial use

Catalog of Sewer Rehabilitation Methods

CURED IN PLACE LINERS

Amex 2000 Liner - Foil Relining

Econoliner (point repair)*

Miller Pipeline Corporation

Resin impregnated fabric is installed

Polyester felt in between

FormaPipe Southwest, Inc.

Houston: (713) 4331446 or (800) 2992477

*! ! "($ % +

! "

' '

' '9

9 9