Lecture Pre Processing Bogor 2007

Asia Link Project FORRSA
Pre-Processing of Remote Sensing Data

Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
19.08 31.08.2007
Uwe Ballhorn
GeoBio-Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Munich, Germany

&
RSS - Remote Sensing Solutions GmbH, Munich, Germany
Pre-Processing of Remote Sensing Data Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Indonesia 19.08.2007 31.08.2007
Content
1. Image Processing Workflow
2. What is Prep-Processing?
3. Types of Pre-Processing
3.1. Geometric Correction
3.2. Radiometric Correction
3.3. Noise Removal
3.4. Georeferencing
4. Results of Pre-Processing
A. Pre-Processing: eliminate data registration errors

geometric correction:
earth rotation
earth curvature
instability of the platform (altitude, velocity, pitch, roll and yaw)
topographic effects
radiometric correction
noise removal
georeferencing
B. Image Enhancement: change the visual impression

visualisation
RGB display / MCGB printer output
false colour image concept
contrast stretching
linear/ non linear
histogramm manipulations
filter operations : change intensity according to surrounding pixel

C. Image Analysis
principal component calculation
indices calculations
ratios f.e. simple ratio = band 1/ band 2
vegetation indices like NDVI = band 1 band 2 /
band 1 + band 2
multivariate data analysis (traditional)
supervised classification
unsupervised classification
object oriented image analysis
D. Accuraccy Assessment
2. What is Pre-Processing?
correct distorted or degraded data
create a more faithful representation of the original scene
typically involves the initial processing of raw image data to correct for:
geometric distortions
calibrate the data radiometrically
eliminate noise present in the data

image restoration process highly dependent upon the characteristics of
the sensor used
normally precede further manipulation and analysis of the image data to
extract specific information
3. Types of Pre-Processing

3.3. Noise Removal
3.4. Georeferencing
raw digital images usually contain geometric distortions so that they cannot
be used directly as a map base without subsequent processing
sources of geometric distortions:

variations in the altitude, attitude, and velocity of the sensor platform
panoramic distortion
earth rotation
earth curvature
atmospheric refraction
relief displacement
nonlinearities in the sweep of a sensors IFOV
etc.

Earth Curvature
Earth Rotation
The effect of earth rotation on scanner imagery:

a.
b.
Image formed by lines arranged in a square grid

Offset of successive lines to the west to correct for
the rotation of earths surface during the frame
acquisition time
Effect of earth curvature on the

size of a pixel in the scan direction
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type of radiometric correction varies widely among sensors
sources of radiometric distortions:

changes in scene illumination
atmospheric conditions
viewing geometry
instrument response characteristics
need to perform correction for any or all of these influences depends

directly upon the particular application at hand
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Examples
Sun elevation correction:
accounts for the seasonal position of the sun relative to the earth
image data acquired under different illumination angles are
normalized by calculating pixel brightness values assuming the
sun was at the zenith on each date of sensing
Earth-sun distance correction:
applied to normalize for the seasonal changes in the distance
between the earth and the sun
Haze compensation:
procedures designed to minimize the influence of path radiance
effects
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3.3. Noise Removal

unwanted disturbance in image data due to limitations in the sensing, signal
digitization, or data recording process
sources of noise:
periodic drift or malfuction of a detector
electronic interference between sensor components
intermitted hiccups in the data transmission and recording sequence
etc.
can either degrade or totolly mask the true radiometric information content
noise removal usually precedes any subsequent enhancement or
classifiaction process
objective is to restore an image to as close to the original scene as possible
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3.3. Noise Removal
Result of applying noise reduction algorithm:

a: original image data with noise induced salt and
pepper appearance
b: image resulting from application of the filter
algorithm in (c)
(from Lillesand and Kiefer, 1999)
Typical noise correction algorithm

employing a 3x3 neighbourhood.
WEIGHT is an analyst specified
weighting factor. The lower the
weight, the greater the number of
pixels considered
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3.4. Georeferencing
another important domain in pre-processing is georeferencing
geographic location is the element that distinguishes geographic
information from all other types
methods for specifying location on the earths surface are essential
to the creation of useful geographic information
georeferenced images contain information concerning spatial
location and pixel size, so that statements regarding distance
and area can be given
often image data is not correctly georeferenced
with the help of different data the spatial location can be addressed
to image data
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3.4. Georeferencing
Goal of the exercise

Georeferencing of a Landsat scene which has no information
concerning spatial location. In this exercise another scene from the
same area is used as base for the georeferencing process. Especially
for change detection in vegetation cover it is important that two
satellite scenes fit exactly over each other. So this is an important
step in pre-processing remote sensing data.
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4. Results of Pre-Processing
Data representing physical radiation
measurements (radiometric calibration)
Data fitting into the geographic reference
system chosen as base for the investigation
or the administrative GIS data holding
environment (geometric rectification)
Data base for image analysis

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Asia Link Project FORRSA

Pre-Processing of Remote Sensing Data

GeoBio-Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Munich, Germany

1. Image Processing Workflow

A. Pre-Processing: eliminate data registration errors

1. Image Processing Workflow

B. Image Enhancement: change the visual impression

1. Image Processing Workflow

calibrate the data radiometrically

eliminate noise present in the data

3.1. Geometric Correction

3.1. Geometric Correction

sources of geometric distortions:

3.1. Geometric Correction

The effect of earth rotation on scanner imagery:

Image formed by lines arranged in a square grid

Effect of earth curvature on the

3.1. Geometric Correction

3.2. Radiometric Correction

type of radiometric correction varies widely among sensors

sources of radiometric distortions:

need to perform correction for any or all of these influences depends

3.2. Radiometric Correction

3.3. Noise Removal

3.3. Noise Removal

Result of applying noise reduction algorithm:

Typical noise correction algorithm

Goal of the exercise

Data base for image analysis

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