Application Note

Using Handheld Spectrum

Analyzers to Find Hidden Signals
Introduction
High performance handheld spectrum analyzers are ideal for detecting and locating hidden transmitters because
you can easily carry the instrument when hunting for the transmitter and use it to find many types of hidden
transmitters that may be difficult or impossible to even detect with lower performance tools.

Figure 1. Anritsu Handheld Spectrum Analyzer, MS2725C, 9 kHz to 32 GHz

Placing a bug near a high level signal can be a very effective way to make it very difficult to detect. There are
several potential reasons for this. Most handheld spectrum analyzers exhibit fairly poor phase noise
characteristics. These phase noise skirts are very effective at hiding a transmitter. Failure to have sufficiently
narrow resolution bandwidth filters makes it impossible to detect signals close to a strong carrier. The ability to
sweep quickly also provides major benefit since you can to a wide sweep without taking a long time. For example,
you can use the Anritsu MS2722C to get a 9 GHz sweep in less than 0.5 seconds. Those limitations in many
instruments make them ineffective for finding this sort of hidden transmitter.
Since sweep speed is often a big concern, a new way of sweeping was developed for the C- and E-series of
spectrum analyzers. It is called Fast Sweep and delivers sweep times that increase only slightly as the resolution
bandwidth is narrowed. As an example, for a 500 MHz span this table shows the sweep speeds for the Fast mode
on the MS2722C and MS2713E and the traditional sweep speed on an MS2721B. All other settings are at their
default values. You will note that the sweep time for a 1 kHz RBW on the MS2722C is 15 times faster than the
sweep time on the MS2721B, a major speed advantage.

RBW

MS2722C Sweep time

MS2713E Sweep time

MS2721B Sweep time

3 MHz

135 ms

254 ms

102 ms

1 MHz

133 ms

625 ms

203 ms

300 kHz

133 ms

1.88 s

912 ms

100 kHz

332 ms

608 ms

2.9 s

30 kHz

532 ms

1.99 s

18 s

10 kHz

900 ms

3.97 s

16.6 s

3 kHz

2s

16 s

51 s

1 kHz

9s

33 s

143 s

With a spectrum analyzer with low phase noise you can search for signals near a strong carrier with confidence
that such a transmitter can be found. For example, if a bug is placed very near the carrier of a strong AM signal,
a spectrum analyzer with poor phase noise will not be able to see it.
Here is a narrow band view of an AM signal shown with 3 different resolution bandwidths.

Figure 2. Effects of narrow RBW limitations.

By using 1 Hz RBW, the blue trace, It is not only easy to see power-line related sidebands, but if there is a signal
hidden in the area between the carrier (on the left edge of the screen) and the 60 Hz hum sideband, it would be
easy to see. The area from the AM carrier at the left edge of the screen and the 60 Hertz hum sideband would be
invisible to a handheld instrument with lesser phase noise performance, limited dynamic range or limited resolution
bandwidth choices.

Figure 3. Close-in AM signal measurement made using a 1 Hertz resolution bandwidth.

The carrier is at the left edge of the screen.
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If the narrowest available resolution bandwidth were 100 Hertz, or even 30 Hz, there would be no way to make
this measurement. Even a 10 Hertz RBW isnt good enough to do the job. See figures 2 and 4.

Figure 4. AM carrier measured with 10 Hz RBW

You need wide dynamic range so you can detect tiny signals in the presence of huge signals. In this measurement
the 60 Hz delta marker is at -70 dBc, beyond the dynamic range of many handheld instruments. This is important
because there may be large signals near the frequency of a hidden transmitter.
Flexibility in the selection of resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth are important for hidden transmitter hunting.
You can use a wide resolution bandwidth to go fast during an initial sweep for a hidden transmitter and if
necessary you can use a narrow resolution bandwidth to get a low noise floor. With the new fast sweep
capabilities of the MS272xC and MS271xE you can get a low noise floor (great sensitivity) without having to suffer
through very long sweep times.
As shown in figures 5 and 6, by using narrow video bandwidths you can smooth out noise on a trace and makes
signals near the noise floor more visible, that way you can be sure they are real signals, not just random noise
spikes. On the live trace the signal in figure 5 was bouncing up and down just like the noise was doing. It would
not be spotted as a signal.

Figure 5. Small signal cant be seen with the default VBW

Figure 6. Narrow VBW clearly reveals the signal

There are several detector choices in Anritsu handheld spectrum analyzers. Of these, the peak, minimum and
average detectors are useful for hidden transmitter hunting. These detectors can be combined with several trace
display choices to help discover signals that are trying to hide.
The instrument usually makes several measurements made at slightly different frequencies for each display point. The
number of measurements depends primarily on the RBW and the span. There are 551 data points across the screen;
to make sure that there are no gaps in the frequency coverage, there are enough measurements taken so all
frequencies in the span are measured. The number of measurements needed to do this depends primarily on the
resolution bandwidth. The measurements are placed in one of the 551 display buckets for processing.
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The detectors process the collected data points in different ways. The Peak detector displays the maximum signal for
each display point, the Minimum detector displays the smallest signal for each display point while the RMS Average
detector calculates and displays the average signal level for each display point.
There are several ways that trace data can be handled in the instrument. By combining the ways traces can be
displayed with the detector options, you have a very flexible instrument that can be set to help sort out the interesting
signals from all the rest. The trace options are Normal, Max Hold, Min Hold & Average, copy trace A to trace B, copy
trace A to trace C, swap traces B and C.
You can use trace math functions to subtract one trace from another. This can sometimes reveal hidden signals,
especially if one of the traces is a max hold trace and the other is a min hold trace. Using trace math you can have
the instrument subtract Trace B from Trace A (or subtract Trace A from Trace B) and show the results in Trace C.
You can combine the peak detector with the Min Hold trace setting. By doing this, signals that are present
continuously will remain visible while signals that come and go will drop away. By combining the peak detector with
the Max Hold trace setting any signal that is observed, even once, will remain visible. This can be a good way to
catch bursty or intermittent signals.

Figure 7. Peak Detector with Max hold

Figure 8. Peak detector with Min hold

You can combine the negative detector with the Min Hold trace setting. Signals that are present continuously will
remain visible while signals that come and go will drop away. For this to work, the signal that you are interested in
must be continuously above the noise floor. The noise floor tends to drop by about 15 dB for a reasonably wide
video bandwidth allowing you to see signals that are otherwise buried in the noise.

Figure 9. Negative detector with Max hold

By combining the negative detector with the Max Hold trace setting, any signal that is observed, even once, will
remain visible. This is a good way to catch bursty signals and is also useful for spectrum usage surveys. The
noise floor tends to be about 3 dB lower than with peak detection, giving a minor sensitivity advantage. The
spectrum shown in figure 9is occupied primarily by repeaters that are on the air for relatively short periods of time.
With this method it is easy to see all the signals that popped up, even briefly.
These two methods works best with reasonably wide video bandwidths meaning a video bandwidth that is equal
to or greater than the resolution bandwidth. The larger noise variation is an advantage in this case since the
variation causes the max hold or min hold to get to stable values more quickly, thereby revealing steady-state
signals that are otherwise hard to see because of the noise.
In summary, here are the steps to detect small signals
1. Turn on the preamplifier
2. Use a smaller number of dB per division
3. Use Averaging
4. Use a linear display choice watts or volts to make differences bigger
5. Use trace math to make signals more obvious
Here is an example where there might be something there.

Figure 10. There might be a small signal there.

First, turn on the preamplifier. This lowers the noise figure significantly as much as 25 dB for some instruments.

Figure 11.With the preamplifier on the signal can be seen.

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You can use trace averaging or a narrower video bandwidth to clean up the noise. Generally the net sweep speed
will be faster by using a narrower video bandwidth rather than taking several sweeps when averaging.

Figure 12. Trace averaging helps to clean up the trace

Use a narrower video bandwidth to further clean-up the noise. This doesnt improve sensitivity, but does smooth
out the noise floor, making small signals more obvious.

Figure 13. Narrow video bandwidth also helps clean up the trace

Spread out the signal vertically by changing the scale to 5 dB per division. While this doesnt improve sensitivity,
it makes small signals pop out more.

Figure 14. Use smaller scale such as 5 dB/division to spread out the signals vertically

If you want to strength the signal out even more you can Use the volts or Watts linear display choices to make
small variations stand out more.

Figure 15. Using a linear scale such as volts or watts per division can be used
to make smaller signals pop out of the noise more.

With the tips given in this application note, you will be able to make more effective use of the capabilities built into
your Anritsu handheld spectrum analyzer to do spectrum surveys and find signals that may difficult to see otherwise.

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Application Note No. 11410-00590, Rev. A Printed in United States 2010-10

2010 Anritsu Company. All Rights Reserved.