Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mahender Singh for

providing this opportunity to work on this topic. She has always been
supportive and encouraging.
I have really enjoyed working on this project.

CONTENTS
Index
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Characteristics of a company
Classes or kinds of shares
Issues of shares
Terms of issues of shares
Accounting treatment
Forfeiture of shares
Forfeiture of shares originally issued at a premium
Reissue of forfeited shares
When shares belonging to pro rata category are forfeited
Illustration
Working notes
Conclusion
Bibliography

Page No.

INTRODUCTION
Meaning
A company or a joint stock company is an enterprise established through a process of
law for undertaking (usually) a business venture. A company is an artificial person
existing in the eyes of law and distinct from its members. It has a share capital divided
into shares, the owners of which are known as members or shareholders. Insolvency or
death of a member has no effect on the life of the company.
Section 3(1) (i) of the Companies Act, 1956 defines a company as A company formed
and registered under this Act or an existing company. An existing company means A
company formed and registered under any of the previous company laws. The term
company has not been much clarified by the companies Act. Let us look at some
definitions of the term for better understanding.
According to Chief Justice Marshal A corporation is an artificial being,invisible,
intangibal, existing only in contemplation of the.
According to Professor Haney A company is an artificial person created by law, having
separate entity with a perpetual succession and a common seal.

Characteristics ( Features ) of a company

Incorporation :- A company is an artificial person created through a process of
law, i.e., the companies act,1956 having existence distinct from its members.
Separate Legal Entity :- A company is a separate legal entity from its share
holders. It can own property, enter into contract, conduct business, sue or be
sued. The activities and the working is regulated by its memorandum of
Association, Articles of Association and provisions of the Companies Act. Anyone
can take legal action against the company and not the individual shareholder.
Perpetual Existence :- A company is not affected by the death, lunancy, or
bankruptcy of its members or shareholders.
Limited Liability :- Liability of the members of the company is limited (though
not in all the cases ) to the value of the shares subscribed by each of them.

 Transferability of shares :- The shares of a company are normally freely

transferable in the case of public companies whereas they are not so in case of
private companies.
Management and Ownership are separate :- A company is not managed by all
the members but by their elected representatives called Directors. In other
words, management and ownership are separate.
Common Seal :- Every company has its own common seal which is affixed on all
the important documents of the company.

Classes or kinds of shares

Capital of a company is divided into units of small denomination called a share.
Preference share and Equity shares are defined by the Companies Act, 1956 as follows:
1. Preference Shares [ Section 85(1) ] : Preference shares are the shares
that carry the following two rights :
(i)
Preferential right of dividend to be paid as fixed amount or an amount
calculated at a fix rate.
(ii)
On winding up or repayment of capital, a preferential right to be repaid the
amount of capital before any amount is paid to the equity shareholders.

Classes of preference shares

we may broadly classify the preference shares as:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(i)

With reference to dividend

With reference to participation in profits
With reference to convertibility and
With reference to redemption.

With reference to dividend

Cumulative preference shares :- Cumulative preference shares are those preference

shares which carry right to receive arrears of dividend before dividend is paid to the
equity shareholders. For example, a company has 10,000 7% preference shares of Rs.
100 each and dividend for the years 2007 and 2008 has not been paid. The company

earn sufficient profits in the year 2009. In this case, the company shall pay Rs. 2,10,000
as dividend for three years to the preference shareholders.
Non-cumulative preference shares :- Non-cumulative preference shares are those
shares which do not carry right to receive arrears of dividend. In the above example,
preference shareholders shall be entitled to receive dividend only for the year 2009, i.e.,
Rs. 70,000.

(ii)

With reference to participation in profits

Participation preference shares :- The Articles of Association may have a provision to

the effect that after dividend has been paid at the specified rate, the holders of
preference shares will have the right to participate in the remaining profits. The
preference shares carrying this right are called participating preference shares.
Non - Participating preference shares :- The preference shares which do not carry the
right to participate in the profits remaining after equity shareholders have been paid
dividend are Non - Participating preference shares.

(iii)

With reference to convertibility

Convertible Preference Shares :- Convertible Preference Shares are those preference

shares which carry a right to be converted into equity shares.
Non-Convertible Preference Shares :- Non- Convertible Preference Shares are those
preference shares which do not carry a right to be converted into equity shares.

(iv)

With reference to redemption

Redeemable preference shares :- Redeemable preference shares are those preference

shares the amount of which can be returned by the company to the holders of such
shares after the time specified for their repayment or at a time earlier to it. The
repayment of amount is termed as Redemption.
Irredeemable preference shares :- Irredeemable preference shares are those
preference shares the amount of which cannot be returned by the company to the
holders of such shares unless the company is wound up.
2. Equity Shares [Section 85(2)] : Equity shares are those shares which are
not preference shares, i.e., these shares do not enjoy any preferential rights.
Thus for the purpose of dividend and repayment of capital, the equity shares rank
after the preference shares. Their rate of dividend is not fixed. It may vary from
year to year depending upon the profits of the company. Equity shareholders
may get higher dividend if the profits are large and may not get any dividend if

there are no profits. Directors may or may not recommend dividend or such
shares. That is why in financial terminology the share capital raised through such
capital is called as Risk Capital.

Issues of shares
A company collects its capital by issue of shares. A public company can issue shares
only after it has met the legal compliances that is obtaining certificate for
commencement of business, filing of prospectus with the registrar of companies, etc. A
private company, on the other hand, does not have to meet any such legal compliances.

Terms of issue of Shares

Shares of a company may be issued in any of the following three ways:
1. Issue of shares par,
2. Issue of shares at a premium (section 78) and
3. Issue of shares at a discount (section 79).
The accounting treatment of issue of shares in case of each of the above is different.
1. Issue of shares at par : Shares are said to have been issued at par when an
applicant has to pay sum equal to the face value of share,i.e., issue price Rs. 10 and
face value is also Rs. 10.
2. Issue of shares at a premium (section 78) : Shares may be issued at an amount
more than the face value, e.g., a Rs. 10 share may be issued, say, at Rs. 20. It is a
case of issue of shares at a premium the premium being Rs. 10 per share.
According to the Companies Act, the amount of the premium should be credited to
securities premium account. Securities premium is treated as a capital receipt.
Disclosure in the balance sheet : securities premium account is shown on liabilities
side of balance sheet under the head Reserves and Surplus.

Accounting Treatment :

A company may collect the amount of securities premium in lump sum or in

installments. Premium on shares may be collected by a company either with the
application money or with the allotment money or even with one of the calls money
depending on the terms of issues. If the question is silent, it is assumed that the
amount of the securities premium becomes due along with the allotment money.
The accounting treatment in different cases is:
(i)

When amount of premium is payable with the application money, Journal

entry passed on receipt of application money is:

Bank A/C

.Dr.

[with the total application money

To share Application A/C

(ii)

including premium money]

When the shares are allotted, the entry is :

Share Application A/C

.Dr.

[With the total application money

Payable including premium]

(iii)

To share capital A/C

[with the application money payable towards share capital]

To securities premium A/C

[with the amount of premium paid with application money]

When amount of premium is payable with allotment money :- Suppose

the amount due to an allotment is Rs. 60,000 including a premium of Rs.
10,000, the Journal entry is:

Share allotment A/C

Dr.

Rs. 60,000

To share capital A/C

Rs. 50,000

To securities premium A/C

Rs. 10,000

(iv)

When the amount due to allotment is received :- It should be credited to

share allotment account by passing the following general entry:

Bank A/C
To share allotment A/C

Dr.

Rs. 60,000
Rs. 60,000

3. Issue of shares at a discount ( section 79) :- when shares are issued at a

price less than its face value, (nominal value or per value), it is said that shares are
issued at a discount. For example, if a Rs. 10 share is issued for Rs. 9, then it is
issued as a 10% discount. When shares are issued at a discount, the company
suffers a loss. The discount allowed to shareholders is debited to an account titled
discount on Issue of Shares Account. The entry is:
Share Allotment A/C

Dr.

[with the amount due]

Discount on issue of Shares A/C

Dr.

[with the amount of discount]

To share capital A/C

Forfeiture of Shares
Forfeiture of shares means cancelling the share for non payment of calls due to as a
final action against the defaulting shareholder(s). If any shareholder does not pay the
amount of a call, the company may exercise the power to forfeit those shares. Shares,
however, can be forfeited only if the articles of association permits it. The company must
first give a clear 14 days notice to the defaulting shareholder that unless he pays the
amount due together with interest, if any, by the specified date, the shares are liable to
be forfeited. If the shareholder still does not pay, the company may forfeit them by
passing an appropriate resolution.
On forfeiture, the shares are cancelled to that extent the share capital is reduced but the
amount already paid by the shareholders is not returned to him it is forfeited. Of
course, the account showing the unpaid call is also cancelled by a credit. The entry
passed on forfeiture of shares is :
Share Capital A/C
To Forfeited Shares A/C
To various unpaid calls A/C
Or

Dr.

[with called up amount]

[with amount already received]
[with the amount which
becomes due but not paid for]

Calls-in-arrear A/C

Forfeiture of shares Issued at per :- In this case share capital account is

debited with called up value of forfeited shares. Allotment or Calls Account will be

credited with the amount due but not paid by the shareholder(s) and forfeited shares
account will be credited by the amount paid by the shareholder(s).

Forfeiture of Shares originally issued at a

premium
When the shares are issued at a premium and the amount for premium was duly paid
on the shares forfeited, it would remain in the Securities premium Account, i.e., amount
received towards securities premium will not be cancelled and thus, Securities premium
Account will not be debited at the time of forfeiture of shares. In other words, the
amount of premium received on forfeited shares cannot be transferred to forfeited
shares account. If, however, the amount of the premium has been credited to the
securities premium account is debited for the premium in respect of the forfeited shares.

Forfeiture of Shares which were issued at premium :(a) If premium has been received
Share capital A/c

Dr.

To share allotment A/c

[amount called up and premium]

[amount not received on allotment]

To share calls A/c

[amount not received on calls]

To forfeited share A/c

[amount received so far]

(b) If premium has not been received

Share capital A/c

Dr.

[amount called up so far less premium]

Securities premium A/c

Dr.

[premium amount called up]

To share allotment A/c

To share calls A/c
To forfeited share A/c

[amount not received on allotment]

[amount not received on calls]
[amount received so far]

Reissue of Forfeited Shares

Shares forfeited becomes the property of the company and the directors have the
authority to reissue them at per, at premium or at a discount.
In case, they are issued at par, accounting entry will be:
Bank A/c

Dr

To share capital A/c

In case they are issued at a discount, the discount cannot exceed the amount that had
been received and forfeited. In other words, there cannot be any loss on account of
reissue of forfeited shares. The journal entry is:
Bank A/c

Dr.

[with the amount received on reissue]

Forfeited shares A/c

[with the discount allowed on reissue]

To share capital A/c

[with the amount credited as paid-up]

If the forfeited shares are reissued at a price higher than that paid - up, the excess is
credited to securities premium account.

Reissue of Forfeited Shares originally issued at a discount :If shares originally issued at a discount are forfeited and thereafter reissued, the
maximum permissible reissue discount, is the sum received on forfeited shares and the
original discount. For example, if a share of Rs. 10 was originally issued at a discount of
Rs. 1 is forfeited, and the amount received on it was Rs. 2, the maximum discount on
reissue of such a forfeited share can be Rs. 3 (i.e., original discount Re.1 + amount
received Rs. 2). The journal entry will be as follows in case the share is reissued for Rs.
7 per share, fully paid up :

Particulars

Dr. (Rs.) Cr. (Rs.)

Explanation

Bank A/c

Dr.

[with the amount received on reissue]

Discount on issue of shares A/c

Dr.

[with the discount originally allowed]

Forfeited shares A/c

Dr.

[ with the excess of reissue discount

over the original discount]

To share capital A/c

10

[with the amount credited as paid up]

When shares belonging to pro rata category are

forfeited
If some of the shares belonging to pro rata category are forfeited, the student faces the
problem of determining the amount in arrears on allotment. To reach correct solution,
following procedure is recommended :
1. Calculate total shares applied for by the shareholder whose share are being
forfeited. Apply the formula :
Total shares applied

shares allotted by the company to shareholders

Total shares allotted

2. Multiply the number of shares as calculated in (1) with the amount of application
money. This gives total money sent by the shareholder with the application. This
amount is forfeited on default and credited to forfeited shares account.
3. Deduct from the application money received, the amount due on application with the
help of shares allotted. The result is the excess application money sent by the
applicant in advance with the application. This money is available for adjustment
towards allotment.
4. Calculate the amount due on allotment and deduct from it the amount sent in
advance with application. The result is the amount in arrears on allotment. This
amount is credited to share allotment account at the time of making entry for
forfeiture.

Illustration :On 1st April , 2010, X Ltd. Made an issue of 3,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a
premium of Rs. 4 per share, payable as follows:
Rs. 4 on application ( including Re. 1 premium )
Rs. 3 on allotment ( including Re. 1 premium )
Rs. 4 on first call ( including Re. 1 premium )
Rs. 3 on second and final call ( including Re. 1 premium )

Application were received for 4,00,000 shares, of which applications for 50,000 shares
were rejected and their money was refunded. Rest of the applicants were issued shares
on pro rata basis and their excess money was adjusted towards allotment.
Hari, to whom 6,000 shares were allotted, failed to pay the allotment money and his
shares were forfeited after allotment. Mohan who applied for 10,500 shares failed to pay
the two calls and on his such failure, his shares were forfeited.
Shyam, who was allotted 3,000 shares did not pay final call.
12,000 forfeited shares were reissued as fully paid on receipt of Rs. 9 per share, the
whole of Mohans shares being included.
Prepare the cash book and pass the necessary journal entries. Also, give the balance
sheet of the company.

Solution :
Dr.
Particulars
To equity share application A/c
(4,00,000 Rs. 4)
To equity share allotment A/c (W.N1)
To equity share 1st call A/c (W.N.2)
(2,85,000 shares Rs. 4 )
To equity share second and final
Call A/c ( W.N. 2)
( 2,82,000 shares Rs. 3 )
To equity share capital A/c
(12,000 shares Rs. 9 )

CASH BOOK
Rs.
16,00,000
6,86,000
11,40,000

Particulars
By share application A/c
(50,000 shares Rs. 4)
By balance c/d

Rs.
2,00,000
41,80,000

8,46,000
1,08,000

43,80,000

43,80,000

JOURNAL
Date

Particulars

L.F
.

Equity share application A/c

To equity share capital A/c ( 3,00,000 Rs. 3 )
To securities premium A/c ( 3,00,000 Rs. 1 )
To equity share allotment A/c ( 50,000 Rs. 4 )
( Being the application money adjusted.)

Dr.

Equity share allotment A/c ( 3,00,000 Rs. 3 )

To equity share capital A/c (3,00,000 Rs. 2 )
To Securities premium A/c ( 3,00,000 Rs. 1)
( Being the allotment money due on 3,00,000 shares)

Dr.

Equity share capital A/c ( 6000 shares 5 )

Securities premium A/c ( 6000 Rs. 1 )
To equity share allotment A/c ( W.N. 1(b) )
To forfeited shares A/c
( Being 6000 shares of Hari forfeited for non payment of
allotment money)

Dr.
Dr.

Equity share first call A/c ( 2,94,000 shares Rs. 4 )

To equity share capital A/c (2,94,000 Rs.3)
To securities premium A/c ( 2,94,000 Rs.1)
( Being the first call money due on 2,94,000 shares )

Dr.

Dr. (Rs.)

Cr. (Rs.)

14,00,000
9,00,000
3,00,000
2,00,000

9,00,000
6,00,000
3,00,000

30,000
6,000
14,000
22,000

11,76,000
8,82,000
2,94,000

Equity share second and final call A/c

Dr.
To equity share capital A/c
To securities premium A/c
( Being the second and final call money due on 2,94,000 shares)

8,82,000

Equity share capital A/c ( 9,000 Rs.10)

Dr.
Securities premium A/c ( 9,000 Rs. 2)
Dr.
To equity share first call A/c (9,000 Rs.4)
To equity share second and final call A/c (9,000Rs.3)
To forfeited shares A/c
(Being 9,000 shares of Mohan forfeited for non-payment of calls)

90,000
18,000

Forfeited shares A/c ( 12,000 re.1 )

Dr.
To equity share capital A/c
( Being the discount on reissue adjusted against the credit
balance of forfeited shares account )

12,000

5,88,000
2,94,000

36,000
27,000
45,000

12,000

Forfeited shares A/c

Dr.
To capital reserve A/c ( W.N. 3)
( Being the profit on reissue transferred to capital reserve )

44,000
44,000

BALANCE SHEET ON X LTD.

As on 1st April, 2010
Liabilities
Share capital
Authorized:

Rs.

Assests
Current assests
Cash at bank

Rs.
41,80,000

shares of Rs.10, each

Issued:
3,00,000 Equity shares of Rs.10 each
Subscribed and called up capital:
2,97,000 shares of Rs.10 each: 29,70,000
Less: Calls-in-arrear
(3,000 shares Rs.3)
9,000
Forfeited shares A/c
Reserves and Surplus
Securities premium
Capital reserve

30,00,00
0

29,61,00
0
11,000
11,64,000
41,80,000
44,000
41,80,00
0

Working Notes :
1. (a) Excess amount received from Hari on application:
6,000 shares were allotted to Hari
3,50,000
Therefore he must have applied for
3,00,000

6,000 = 7,000 shares

Excess application money received from Hari:

( 7,000 shares 6,000 shares = 1,000 shares ) Rs. 4 = Rs. 4000

(b)

Money due from Hari on allotment :

Rs.
6,000 shares Rs. 3
Less: Excess application money adjusted
Money due from Hari

(c)

Money received on allotment:

18,000
4,000
14,000

Total amount due on allotment ( 3,00,000 Rs. 3)

Less: Excess application money adjusted

9,00,000
2,00,000
7,00,000
14,000
6,86,000

Less: Money not paid by Hari (b)

Net amount received on allotment

Ab

Mohan applied for 10,500 shares.

3,50,000

Therefore, he must have been allotted

10,500 = 9,000 shares

3,00,000

He has not paid first and second call money. As such,

(a) First call money will be received on 2,94,000 shares 9,000
Shares of Mohan = 2,85,000.
(b) Second call money will be received on 2,94,000 9,000 shares
of Mohan 3,000 shares of Shyam = 2,82,000 shares.

23. Amount transferred to capital reserve:

12,000 shares have been reissued which include 9,000 shares of
Mohan and the balance 3,000 of Hari.
(a) Amount forfeited in respect of Mohans shares

Rs.
45,000

(b) Amount forfeited in respect of Haris shares Rs.22,000 3,000 6,000

11,000
Less: Loss on reissue of 12,000 shares @ Re. 1 each

56,000

Profit on reissue to be transferred to capital reserve

12,000
44,000

4.

Balance in forfeited shares account:

Profit on 6,000 shares of Hari

Rs.22,000

Therefore, the balance of the forfeited shares A/c

On 3,000 unissued shares = Rs.22,000
6,000

3,000
Rs.11,000

It should be noted that forfeited amount of shares not yet reissued will be shown in the
balance sheet as a part of capital.
5. Securities premium related to allotment @ re.1 on 6,000 shares of Hari has not
been received by the company. Therefore at the time of forfeiture, securities
premium account will be debited to cancel it, because premium account was
credited at the time of allotment. This should also be considered at the time of
forfeiture of Mohan shares.

CONCLUSION
With the expansion in the scale of operations and increase in risk involved, noncorporate forms of organizations ( i.e. sole proprietorship, partnership firms) found
themselves unequal to the task of meeting all the capital requirements and
increased risks of the present day large scale business operations. Thus, a relatively
new form of business organization came into vogue and this is called a joint stock
company or simply, a company.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Tulsians Accountancy [ P.C.Tulsian, class XII (CBSE), Tenth Edition, Part A ]
2. Analysis of Financial Statements [ Arya Publications, D.K.Goel, class XII, part B]