LectureOne:IntrotoLaw121

Offtopicintroductionsandannouncementsonly

PartA:BranchesofGovernment
andHistoricalBackground
LectureTwo:ParliamentarySupremacy&RelationshipofCommonLawandStatute
ParliamentarySupremacy
CommonLaw:
Derivesfromcourtdecisionsbuiltupovertheyearsby
operationofdoctrineandprecedent
StatuteLaw:
Passedbyparliamentmayoverridethecommonlawsetoutin
writtenforminpublishedstatutes
JudgeMadeLaw
Hierarchyofcourts
[Imageonpage58ofcoursebook]
MOREIN131
WestminsterSystemofGovernment
TheSovereign
HermajestytheQueenof
NewZealand
GovernorGeneralofNewZealand,SirJerryMateparae
TheExecutive
Ministers
TheLegislature
MakeLaws
TheJudiciary
SupremeCourt
WestminsterModel
Ministersareresponsibletoparliament
MinistersmustgainandretaintheconfidenceoftheHouseofRepresentatives
bymajorityvotesonconfidenceandsupply
Sovereign
will
actontheadviceoftheministers(makingappointments,
assentingtobills,etcetera)under
ConventionsoftheConstitution
TheQueenreignsbutthegovernmentrulessolongasithasthesupport
oftheHouseofRepresentatives
RepresentativeDemocracy
BritishconstitutionwasNOTdemocraticinitsorigins(norfullyrepresentative
until1930)
NZHouseofRepresentativesbecamedemocraticbeforetheUK
VotingRights:
1853Adultpropertyowningmales

1867AllMaorimen
1879AllEuropeanmen
1893Allmen&women
Universalsuffrage
SourcesofNZconstitution
ConstitutionAct1986(statute)
Prerogativepowers(commonlaw)
OtherNZstatutesegBillofRightsAct1990
[Class24]
SomeoldEnglishorUKstatutes
CourtCases(commonlaw)
TreatyofWaitangiandprinciples(statute&commonlaw)
Constitutionalconventions
Practiceswhichregulate,controlandinsomecasestransformtheuse
oflegalpowersarisingfromtheprerogativeorconferredbystatute.
Theyarenotenforceablebycourts.
Ancientrightsofdueprocess
MagnaCarta1215
MagnaCarta1297(25Edw.1,c.29)
nofreemanshallbetakenorimprisonedbutbylawfuljudgementof
hispeersorbythelawoftheland.
EnglishLawsAct1858ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988(NZ)
ConstitutionalMonarchy
BillofRights1688
[Class7]
Pretendedroyalpowersofsuspending,ordispensingwithlawswithout
consentofParlyamentisillegal
ParliamentarySupremacy
ActofSettlement1700
IndependenceofjudgesjudgescannotbedismissedbytheSovereign
whethershe/hepleases
TheSeparationofPowers
JohnLockeMontesquieu
Threebranchesofgovernmentlegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches
Parliamentarysupremacy
Nofundamentallaws,nopowerallowingcourtstostrikedown
unconstitutionalActs
Shouldtherebesuchapower?
InNZ,CabinetMinisters[Executive]arealsoMembersofParliament
[Legislature]

LectureThree:AnnexationofAotearoa
TheAnnexationofAotearoa
Cession
Discovery&Settlement

Conquest[Usurpation]
BackgroundtoAnnexation
Proposalstoannexsince1771
Commerce
Christianity
Colonisation
Commercefirstfollowedbymissionaries
18371839:Colonialofficedecidestoannex
Untidyprocessofannexation
ActionsinLondon,Sydney&NZwereoftenuncoordinatedandcontradictory
NZCapitals:
Sydney
Russell
Auckland
Wellington
Commerce(from1790s)
JohnWebster(Whaling,Hokianga)
JamesClendon(Entrepreneur,USconsul,Trader,WitnessedTreatyof
Waitangi)
Christianity(from1814)
WilliamWilliams(Methodists,1823)
MateneTeWhiwhi(KapitiCoast,SouthIsland)
BishopPompellier(Catholic)
Colonisation(from1840)
JamesStephen(InChargeofColonialOffice)
WilliamHobson
Belichs3scalesgradualaccretionofBritishSovereignty
Intervention:
1883:Busby,token
1840:Hobson,minimal
18441845:Somemilitaryforce
1860:Substantial
1863:Massiveduringwars
Authority:
1835:Disclaimed
18371839:Indirectruleideas
1846:Symbolicclaimtosovereignty
Control:
Gradualextensiontookmanydecades(WhyisKingCountrysocalled?)
ControlnotinforceinTeUrewerauntil1917
Factorsinfluencingannexation:
PushfromUK:
Economicconditions

 NewMarkets
Migration
PullfromNZ/Aus:
Missionaries
Entrepreneurs
Sydneyinterests
Ideology
MythsofEmpire
AngloFrenchrivalry
Fatalimpact&frontierchaos
Intertribalwarfare
Selfimageofsuperiority&civilisingmission
WhiteMansBurden
Key1840AnnexationDates(Notformemorising)
15June1839:LettersPatentextendedNSWjurisdictiontoNZ
14January1840:GovernorGippsProclamationsthat:
JurisdictionofNSWGovernorextendedtoNZ
OathsofofficetoHobsonasLieutenantGovernor
TitletoNZlandonlyfromcrown
19January1840:GippsProclamationspublishedinSydney
30January1840:HobsonissuesproclamationsinNZthathehasassumed
officeofLieutenantGovernor
6February1840:InitialsigningofTreatyofWaitangi
21May1840:HobsonproclaimedsoveriegntyoverNorthIslandbycession,
SouthIslandbydiscovery
16June1840:LawsofNSWappliedtoNZthroughNSWAct
September1840:Treatysigningcompleted
2October1840:HobsonsMayproclamationsgazettedinLondon
16November1840:RoyalCharterpromulgated
24November1840:LetterspatentCommissiontheGovernor
5December1840:RoyalinstructionstoGovernor
30March1841:HobsonnotifiedofImperialratificationofTreaty
NationalBirthday?
28thOctoberDeclarationofIndependence1835
14thJanuaryEnglishLawsAct1858&ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988
6thFebruaryWaitangiDayAct1976
24thNovemberStatuteofWestminsterAdoptionAct1947

LectureFour:DeclarationofIndependenceandTeTiritioWaitangi&TheTreatyof
Waitangi
TeTiritioWaitangi1840KeyIssues

TeTiriti/theTreaty,signedin1840isnowoftendescribedasthefounding
documentofNZofgreatesthistoricalimportanceessentialtothefoundation
ofNZetc.
After1840Maori&theCrownappeartohavehaddifferentunderstandingsand
expectations
Thesedifferencesrunthroughhistorytoday
ResponsibledebatesaboutNewZealandsconstitutionnow,andinthefuture,
needtobeinformedbyanunderstandingofthesedifferences
TheDeclarationofIndependence1835
[Transcriptonpg4143]
DeclaredIndependence(rangatiratanga)ofNewZealandasanIndependent
State
Allsovereignpowerrestsinhereditarychiefs(TinoRangatira)
Nolegislativeauthorityorgovernmentunlessbypeopletheyappointedacting
undertheirlaws
AgreedtomeetregularlyinCongress
ThankedKingWilliamIVforacknowledging1834flag
AskedKingtobecomeProtectorofinfantstateagainstallattemptsonits
independence
Firstsigned:Waitangi28thOctober1835
TeWherowhero(Waikato)later1stMaoriKing(Potatau)signedJuly1839
TiritioWaitangi:Maoritext
[Transcriptionpg48]
Act1:ChiefsgrantQueenrightsof
kawanatanga
(governorship)
Act2:Queenreaffirmsrightsof
rangatira
(chiefs)toexercise
tino
rangatiratanga
(absoluteauthority)over
wenua
(lands),
kainga
(villages),
toangakatoa
(allthingstreasured)
Act3:Queenwillrespect
tikanga
(rights,ways)ofMaoriasshedoesthoseof
theEnglish
OralAct4/protocol:Governoragreestorespectallfaithsandthelawsand
customsofMaori
TreatyofWaitangi:Englishtext
[Transcriptionpg49]
Act1:TribescedesovereigntyabsolutelytotheQueenofEngland
Act2:Queenguaranteesfull,exclusive&undisturbedpossessionoflands,
fisheries,forests&otherproperties
Act3:MaoritobecomeBritishsubjects
ComparetosummaryofMaoritext
WaitangiTribunal
CreatedbytheTreatyofWaitangiAct1975
ApermanentcommissionofinquiryappointedbytheGovernmenttoinquire
intoandadvisetheGovernmentonclaimsbyMaoriagainsttheCrown
Presidedoverbyajudge
TribunalmemberswithadiverserangeofexpertiserelevanttoTribunal
inquiries
TeTiritioWaitangi:plausibleMaoriunderstandings

Maoritextis
the
primarytext,thoughactuallyachiefsword&manaismore
importantthananywrittentext
Oraldebateisimportant(butonlyrecordedinEnglish)
ExpectationsthatMaoriwouldsuffernodiminutionofmana,ofrangatira
authority
QueentoactaskaitakiforMaori
and
MaoritoprotectQueensGovernor
GovernortomediatedisputesbetweenMaoriandEuropean
WaitangiTribunal
MuriwhenuaLandReport
(Wai45,1997)
Maori&Queeninpartnership/alliance
MaoriwouldbenefitfromPakehapresence
Maori&Governorwouldbeequal
Governorwouldinquireintolandtransactions
GovernorwouldrespectMaorisocialstructure&dealthroughleaders
British(unspoken)assumptionsincludedtheradicaltitleoftheCrownand(as
timewentby)theapplicationofEnglishlawtoallBritishsubjects
WaitangiTribunalhearings20102011
WaitangiTribunalconvenedhearingsatWaitangiforthefirsttimeeverin2010
=claimsofNgapuhitribe
Fourweeksofhearingsdevotedexclusivelytoevidenceconcerningthe
constitutionalstatusoftheDeclarationandtheTreaty
ManyNgapuhiandexpertsassertedthattheindependence/rangatiratangaof
1835was
affirmed
byrangatiratangaguaranteesinthetreaty
Crownevidenceandsubmissionswerethattheindependence(suchasitwas)
from1835wascededtotheBritishCrownin1840infavourofBritish
sovereignty
WaitangiTribunal
TePaparahioTeRaki
(Wai1040,2014)
TherangatiradidnotcedetheirsovereigntyinFebruary1840
Thatis,theydidnotcedetheirauthoritytomakeandenforcelawovertheir
peopleandwithintheirterritories
Rather,theyagreedtosharepowerandauthoritywiththeGovernor.Thedetail
ofhowthisrelationshipwouldworkinpractice,especiallywheretheMaoriand
Europeanpopulationsintermingled,remainedtobenegotiatedovertimeona
casebycasebasis
ButtherangatiradidnotsurrendertotheBritishthesolerighttomakeand
enforcelawoverMaori
ResponsestoReportMinisterofTreatyNegotiations
ThereisnoquestionthattheCrownhassovereigntyinNewZealand.This
reportdoesntchangethatfact.
Nothingwillchange.NewZealanderscanresteasyintheirbedstonightand
wakeupinthemorninghappyintheknowledgethattheQueenstillreignsover
usandthatthegovernmentstillrulesus.
ResponsestotheReportPrimeMinister

 InmyviewNewZealandwasoneoftheveryfewcountriesintheworldthat
weresettledpeacefully,
Maoriprobablyacknowledgethatsettlershadaplacetoplayandbroughtwith
themalotofskillsandcapital.

LectureFive:ParliamentandtheEnactmentofLaws
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
Wheredoesthepowerlie?
MostinExecutive(publicservice/governmentdepartments)
Cabinet
directsgovernmentpolicyanddecidesonthelegislative
programme
Technicallydescribedasaninformalcommitteecreatedby
constitutionalconventionandnotbyanystatuteBagehot(1867)pg
52ofcoursebook
MinistersmustalwaysbeMembersofParliament,soseparationof
powersisnotcomplete
SystemsofParliament(Legislative)
FirstPastthePost(Pre1996)
Partywithmostseatshadunbridledpowerregardlessofwhetheror
notitwonasmanyvotesastheoppositionparty(asinboth1978and
1981)andevenifitwonsubstantiallylessthan50%ofallvotes
Cabinethadneartotalpowerbycontrolofthegoverningcaucusand
thusofparliament
Anelectedonepartystatefor3years
Governmentswerenotboundbytheirpartyselectionmanifesto
Parliamentcouldpasswhateverlawsitliked
ReformtoVotingSystem
RoyalCommissionontheElectoralSystem1986inquiredandreported
BothLabourin1987andNationalin1990brokepromisesmadeduring
theelectioncampaign
Nonbindingreferendum1992onelectoralreformsvotedforchange
Bindingreferendum1993choseMMP
1996firstMMPParliament
MixedMemberProportional(1996Onwards)
Nopartyhasobtainedamajorityinparliamentsince1996
LessdominanceofParliamentbyCabinet,increaseddistinction
betweenExecutiveandLegislativefunctionsofgovernment
CabinetManualnolongerrequiresCabinettobeunanimous(butnotall
ministersareinthesameParty)
MorePowertotheHouseofRepresentatives?

 Cabinetcannowincludemembersofpartiesnotinaformalcoalition
withelectoratewinningmajorparties
MorepublicdebatewithintheHouse,insteadofbehindcloseddoorsof
Cabinetandcaucus
SomeuncertaintyoverwhatParliamentwillpass
LegislativeProcess
UnicameralParliamentonechambernoUpperHouse(Since1951in
NZ)
MostParliamentsarebicameraltwohouses
AlmostallActsareintroducedasGovernmentBillsintheHouseof
Representatives
Importanceofthe
CabinetLegislationCommittee
andthe
Cabinet
Manual
PrivateMembersbillsfewareeverpassed
Crimes(SubstitutedSection59)AmendmentAct2007[bashingor
smackingchildren]
LectureSix:Courts&Juries
CommonLawSystem
NZscourtandlawsystemsarederivedfromEnglandscommonlaw
Commonbeinginreferencetolawcommontothewholerealmas
opposedtolocalorcustomlaw
MostcommonwealthnationsandtheUSAhaveacommonlawlegalsystemas
theirpracticesaresimilarlyderivedfromEngland
DissimilartoCivilLawsystemsderivedfromtheRomanlawwhichapplyin
almostallothercountries(andQuebec,ScotlandandLouisiana)
HierarchyofCourts(seepage58incoursebookfordiagram)
SuperiorCourts(mostLLBcoursesfocusonthese)
SupremeCourt
CourtofAppeal
HighCourt
InferiorCourts(mostcasestakeplaceherebutwithverylittlecontroversy)
TribunalsandAuthorities(holdspecialisedjurisdictions)
SupremeCourtJurisdictionfinalappellatecourt:SupremeCourtAct2003
Purpose:
(1)ToestablishwithinNewZealandanewcourtoffinalappeal
comprisingNewZealandjudges
(i)torecognisethat
NewZealandisanindependentnation
with
itsownhistoryandtraditionsand
(ii)toenableimportantlegalmatters,including
legalmatters
relatingtotheTreatyofWaitangi
,toberesolvedwithan
understandingofNewZealandconditions,history,andtraditions
and
(iii)toimproveaccesstojustice.

(2)NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmentto
the
ruleoflaw
andthe
sovereigntyofParliament
.
JurisdictionofCourts
Authorityofcourtstomakedecisionsconferredbystatute
InherentJurisdiction(HighCourtonlyderivedfromallEnglishcourt
jurisdictions)
Originalfirstinstance
Appellateonappealtoahighercourt
CriminalprosecutionsbyState
Civildecisiononprivatedisputes
Modesoftrialorinquiry
Adversarial
Partiesargue,courtdecides.Thenormincommonlawcourts.
Inquisitorial
Tribunals,commissionsmayseekoutinformation
Conciliationormediation
EspeciallyintheFamilyCourt
Also
RangatahiCourts
(NgaKootiRangatahi)
AnalternativetotheYouthCourt
LawDeclaredorMade
Declaratorytheoryofcommonlaw
Judgesdeclarewhatthelawus[historical]
StareDecisis
Rulesofbindingprecedent
Casesformthepastbindlaterjudges
Roleofjudgestodevelopthelawisnowrecognised
forgedandreforgedbythejudges[ThomasJ]
dutyofthecourtistomakelaw[CookeP]
judgesownconceptsofjusticeandfairness[GaultJ]
TrialbyJudgealone,orbyJudgeandJury
Civiltrials
Nojury(exceptrarelyindefamationcases)
Summarycriminaltrials
Judgealone
Trialsonindictment(themoreseriouscrimes)inDistrictCourtandHighCourt
JudgeandJury
Juryfindsverdictonevidence,followingdirectionsastolawfromthejudge
Jury
Apeculiarfeatureofcommonlawjurisdictions,traced(somewhatdubiously)
backtotheMagnaCarta1215
Righttotrialbyonespeers
12Peopleselectedatrandomfromtheelectoralrollsofeligiblevoterslivingin
theregionofthecourthearing

 Ordinarypeoplewithoutexpertise,representativesofthecommunity
JuryVerdicts
Judgesaskforunanimousverdict,but
Civilcasesallowforamajorityafter4hours
Section29CJuriesAct
(1)Inthissection,majorityverdictmeans,inrelationtoajurythat,atthe
timeofitsverdict,consistsofacertainnumberofjurors,averdict
agreedtobyallbutoneofthem.
(2)Thecourtmayacceptamajorityverdictinacriminalcaseif
(a)thejury,havingretiredtoconsideritsverdict,hasdeliberated
foratleast4hoursand
(b)thejurorshavenotreachedaunanimousverdictand
(c)theforepersonofthejuryhasstatedinopenCourt
(i)thatthereisnoprobabilityofthejuryreachinga
unanimousverdictand
(ii)thatthejuryhasreachedamajorityverdictand
(d)theCourtconsidersthatthejuryhashadaperiodoftimefor
deliberationthattheCourtthinksisreasonable,havingregardto
thenatureandcomplexityofthetrial.
LectureSeven:SeparationofPowersChecksandBalances
WhatisthebalanceofpowerasbetweentheCourts&theExecutive?
DoesanyonebranchofgovernmentinNZhavesoleultimateauthority?
Roleofcourtsinprotectingindividualrightsandtheruleoflaw
JudicialCheckonexecutivePower
EntickvCarrington
(1765)
Kingsmessengersusewarranttobreakintohomeofcitizenhoweverit
isfoundthatthewarrantwasnotobtainedinaccordancewiththelaw
Executivemustactinaccordancewithlaw
SearchandseizureunderwarrantissuedbySecretaryofState
mustbeauthorisedbyexistinglaw
Argumentbasedonwhatisnecessaryfortheendsof
governmentwasrejectedbyLordCamdenCJ
LordCamden,ChiefJustice
Ifitislaw,itwillbefoundinourbooks.Ifitisnottobefoundthere,itis
notlaw.
ProfessorAVDicey(18351922)
TwinpillarsoftheEnglishconstitution
ParliamentarySovereigntyan
RuleofLaw
LawoftheConstitution(1885)
SupremeCourtAct2003
S3(2)

 NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmenttothe
ruleoflawandthesovereigntyofParliament
RobertDavidMuldoon(19211992)
ProminentmemberoftheNationalpartyMPfortheTamakielectorate1960
1991
31stPrimeMinisterofNewZealandfrom1975to1984
NZSuperannuationAct1974
PassedbyLabourGovernment
PromotedbyRogerDouglas(nowACT,thenLabour)
Compulsoryleviesonworkers&employersinvestedintopensions(future
proofingforbabyboomersretirement)
NationalPartyopposedthescheme(roleofgovernmenttosupportitspeople,
Muldoonhimselfgrowingupingovernmenthousing)
MajorissueinNovember1975election
PopularMandatetoabrogatethelawimmediately?
3daysafterbeingsworninasPrimeMinisterMuldoonissuesapress
statement:
Allsuperannuationleviestoceaseimmediately
anewlawwouldretrospectivelyremoverequirementon
workersandemployerstopaylevy
ExcusefrompunishmentanyonewhoreliedonPrimeMinisters
pressreleasenottopaylevy
BoardofSuperCorpdecidednottoenforcepaymentoflevies,though
stillrequiredtodosobytheSuperannuationAct1974
Governmentsaidschemeendedon15December
ithadbeenadvisedthatnocourtactionwouldsucceed
evenifincorrectaretrospectivelawwouldreimburseanylevies
MuldoonrefusedtoadviseGovernorGeneraltocallParliamentintosession
early
TradeUnionsprosecutionsofemployersforbreachingActwerestayedby
AttorneyGeneralastheLawOfficeroftheCrown
FirzgeraldvMuldoon
[1976]NZLR615
Fitzgerald,employeeinEducationDepartmentconductedaonemanprotest
Triedtolevyeachpayday,IRDsaidno
Claimedlossof$14.56&askedCourtfor:
Declaration
thatPrimeMinistersactionswereillegal
Injunctions
orderingPrimeMinistertowithdrawhisannouncement&
reversehisinstructiontonotcollectleviesandnotenforcethelaw
Motionforafixture
Plaintiffsoughturgenthearing
Crownvigorouslyopposed:amatterconcerning$14.56wasnoturgent
Parliamentwouldmeetsoonandpassaretrospectivelaw

 BeattieJorderedfixtureforimmediatehearing
before
parliamentary
sessionbeganinJune
Proceduralrightsadjectivallawcanbeasimportantassubstantive
rights
Mainsubstantiveissue
DidPrimeMinistersactionsbreachArticle1,BillofRights1688:
thepretendedpowerofsuspendingoflawsbyregalauthority
withoutconsentofParliamentisillegal
JudgementofWildCJ
Thiswasadecisionofwhatisnowthe
HighCourt
butatthetimewas
calledthe
SupremeCourt

(nothingtodowithcurrentsupremecourt)
TwolimbsinCourtjudgement:
BillofRights1688
ContextofBillofRights1688
JamesII(Catholic)soughtreligioustolerationby
suspendingantipapistlawsanddispensing
certaincatholicsfromcomplyingwithActof
Uniformity
GloriousRevolution1688overthrowsJamesII
William&MaryofOrange(Protestants)accepted
DeclarationcontainingBillofRights
Kingmustnowgovernonlythroughhis
ministers
inParliament
Diceyon
TheLawoftheConstitution
Courtsfindings
Wasthe1974Act
suspended
bythePrimeMinisterorjustnot
enforced?
PrimeMinisterdidnotinstructSuperannuationBoardor
tellStateServicesCommissiontostopdeductionsboth
hadchoices
Buttheydidact
becauseof
hispublic
announcement
Ifnoannouncementtheywouldhavekept
onapplying&enforcingthe1974Act
Remedies
A
declaration
wasissuedthatthePrimeMinisterspress
statementwasillegal
However,thecourtrefusedtograntan
injunction
thatwould
haveorderedtheSuperannuationSchemesAct1976was
passed
byParliament
andretrospectivelychangedthelaw
NZremainsaconstitutionalmonarchygovernedbytheBillofRights1688The
GovernorGeneralrepresentstheQueenofNewZealand
EnglishBillofRIghts1688isastatutethatisstillinforcetoday

 EnglishLawsAct1858(from1840)
ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988
SeveralrecentNewZealandcasesinterpretingtheBillofRights1688on
Parliamentaryprivilege&thelawofdefamation
[1688Billhas
noconnection
withtheNZBillofRightsAct1990.The1990Act
dealswithquitedifferentmatters]
Timeline:
1974LabourgovernmentenactedSuperannuationAct1974
12December1975Muldoonswornin
15December1975Muldoonmakesstatement
LateMarch1976Proceedingsfiled
LateMay1976FixtureaccededbyBeattieJ
31May3June1976Hearing
11June1976WildCJjudgement
LateJune1976Parliamentreconvened
LectureEight:AnotherCourtIntervention
PrivateBodies&PublicInterest
FinniganvNZRugbyUnion
(1985)
Backgroundto1985CourtCase
ApartheidandSport
NationalPartygovernmentofSouthAfricaformalisedracially
segregativeApartheidLawsafter1948,althoughracialsegregationhad
existedlongprior.
LongstandingNZRFUdecisionwastorespectthesensitivities
oftheirhostsbynotselectinganyMaoriplayersforSouth
Africantours
NewZealandgovernmentcannotstopNewZealandersfromleaving
NewZealandandsoonlydiscouragedthe1985tour.
HoweverthegovernmentcanrefusevisastothoseenteringNew
ZealandwhichtheLabourgovernmentdecidedtodoin1973for
moralreasonsandfearofjeopardisingtheChristchurch
Commonwealthgamesin1974
RisingTideofProtest
MaoriplayersareexcludedfromAllBlacktourstoSouthAfricain1928,
1949,1960and1976
1960NoMaorisNoTourcampaignbuttheNZRFUcontinuedpolicy
1960sonUnitedNationssanctionsagainstSouthAfrica
1973GovernmentcalledofSouthAfricatourtoNewZealand(contrary
toLabourelectionpromisein1972)
1976AllBlacktourtoSouthAfricaduringSowetouprising28African
nationsboycottedOlympicGamesinMontrealspecificallyinprotestto
NewZealandspolicies

 1977CommonwealthGleneaglesAgreement:Governmentsrequired
to
discourage
sportingcontactswithSouthAfrica
MassProtests:1981SouthAfricaTourofNewZealand
1981NZRFUinvitedSouthAfricatoNewZealand
PrimeMinisterMuldoonformallydiscouragedtour,butemphasised
thattheRugbyUnionhadtherighttodecideforthemselves
LegalchallengebyBishopAshbytostopvisasforSouthAfricateam
failed
Country&familiesdivided
Massdisobedience,riots,arrestseverymatchday:300,000protesters
onstreets
InvitationforAllBlackstoTourSouthAfricain1985
LabourgovernmentaskedNZRFUtosayno
UnanimousParliamentaryresolutionaskingNZRFUtosayno,butno
lawtostopthetourwasproposed
Churchesandothersspokeoutinopposition
Threatsbyantiapartheidmovementtorepeatmassprotests1981style
inNewZealandoneverymatchdayduringthe1985tour
JudgementsinThisCase,FirstProcedural:ThenaTrial
1.DavidsonCJ(HighCourt)plaintiffshadno
standing
tobringacaseagainst
theNZRFU
CourtofAppealreversedChiefJusticeplaintiffsdidhave
standing
tosue
2.CaseJ(HighCourt)Agreedtoissueaninteriminjunctiontopreventtourof
SouthAfricaproceedinguntilRNZFUhadconsideredALLoftheobjectivesof
itsconstitution.
[Nofinalhearingonaninjunctionevertookplace.Appealonstandingissueto
PrivyCouncilrefused]
LegalStandingIssue
Onlypeoplewithspecialinterestaffectedbyadecisioncanbringcourt
proceedings
Plaintiffswere
ActivemembersofAucklandrugbyclubs
Notmerebusybodiesormischiefmakers
HadnocontractwithNZRFUbutlinkedtoUnionbychainofcontracts
HadgenuineinterestinwhetherNZRFUactedagainstitsownobjectsof
promoting,fostering&developinggameofrugby
.
WhatElseCourtofAppealConsidered
NZRFUtechnicallyaprivatesportsbodybutitsdecisionshaveanalogieswith
publiclaw
JudgestooljudicialnoticethatsignificantnumberofNewZealanderswere
stronglyfor&stronglyagainsttour
DecisionaffectsNewZealand'sinternationalstanding
In1981thecourtsappliedlawimpartiallyagainstprotesters

CourtsmustnowimpartiallyassessNZRFUdecisionmakingprocedures
PublicLawAnalogy
HigherobligationonNZRFUthanordinaryprivatebodies
Decisionimportanttorugby
and
toNewZealand
CookePsuggestsspecialareaboundarybetweenpublicandprivateisnot
realistic
UnionmustspecificallyconsiderinterestsofNewZealandrugbyasawhole,
notjustthepromotionofAllBlacktours
RobinBruskillCooke,BaronCookeofThorndon,ONZ,KBE,QC,PC(9May1926
30August2006)
NewZealandjudge
PresidentofCourtofAppeal
LordofAppealoftheBritishHouseofLords
MemberofJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil
InterimInjunctionHighCourt(CaseyJ)
Interiminjunctionsareurgentorderstopreservestatusquountilfullhearingfor
injunctioncanbeheard
Balanceofconvenienceandhardshipasbetweenthepartiesaremattersfor
thejudgesdiscretion
ItwasfortheNZRFU(notthecourt)tomakethefinaldecision,butithadtobe
alawfuldecisioninaccordwithitsownconstitution
WhyMighttheTourBreachNZRFUObjects?
NZRFUsaidobjecttopromotegamewasseparatefromobjecttoarrangetours
Courtdisagreed
NZRFUhadexplicitlydisregardedrecenthistoryandappealsfromgovernment
1981tourwasdisasterforcountry
1985tourtoSouthAfricamay
benefitrugbyinNewZealand
NZFRUshouldreconsideritsdecisioninthelightofallitsobjectstomakea
lawfuldecision
NZRFUApologyin2010
TheUnionaplogisedformallyforitspolicytorespectSouthAfricansensitivites
anddisallowMaoriplayersfromSouthAfricantoursfrom1920stothe1980sin
May2010
RoleofCourtsinControversialCases
DifferentJudgesreacheddifferentdecisionsoverthestandingofthe
complainantsafterhearingthesamelegalarguments
Lawmaybeuncertain
ShouldcourtshaveintervenedwhenGovernmentandParliamentrefused?
Notethatproceduralmattersstandingandbalanceofconveniencein
injunctionsdecidedtheactualoutcomeofthetourbeingcancelled
AretheCourtsthereforeusefulasapartofthechecksandbalancesinour
constitution?

LectureNine:ImpactofColonialLegislationonMaori
PassiveresistanceprophetsatParihakainTaranaki
WestCoast(NorthIsland)ActsofParliament
topreservepeaceintheColony
ParliamentarySovereigntyagain
ColonialWars18451872
Resistanceby
some
MaoritoEuropeanexpansion
SomeMaorifoughtbesidetheCrown
1860sWaikatoWar,2ndTaranakiWar,18,000Imperialtroops
Britishlostsomebattles,butwonthewars
Furtherguerrillawars(TeKootivcolonialmilitias)until1872
Landlossbyconfiscationinafewdistricts
NativeLandCourtalienationsinwholecountry
NewZealandSettlementsAct1863
S.2GovernorinCouncilcandeclareDistrictwhereNativesengagedin
rebellion
DelegationofpowerfromLegislativetoExecutive
S.3Setaparteligiblesitesforsettlement
S.4AlldistrictisCrownlandMaorititleextinguished
Raupatu
S.5Compensationgrants,butonlyto
individuals
whoprovetheyareloyal
natives
GoingagainstthecommunalownershipandtribalbeliefsofMaori
S.19Proceedsoflandsalestomeetwarandsettlementcosts
Parihaka
1870sthrivingTaranakicommunity
PropheticleadersTeWhiti&Tohu
Passiveresistance&isolationism
Monthlymeetings,supportfromotheriwi
Demandgovernmentinquireintolandgrievances
Settlersdemandopeningupofland
Maoriliftsurveypegs&ploughlandmorethan200arrested,butnotbrought
tocourttrespassingisnotacrimethen
SomesettlersurgeforexterminationofMaori
MaoriPrisoners
MaoriPrisonersActs
Deferredtrialsindefinitely
SentprisonerstoSouthIslandgaols
Writof
habeascorpus
suspended
Oneofavarietyofwritsthatmaybeissuedtobringaparty
beforeacourtorjudge,havingasitsfunctionthereleaseofthe
partyfromunlawfulrestraint.Therightofacitizentoobtainsuch
awrit.OlderthanMagnaCarta1215

 WestCoastSettlement(NorthIsland)Act1880
Introducednewoffences(onlyinthenewlyconfiscatedterritory)
Toploughfields
Toremovepegs
Toerectfences
Todiguproads
Toassembleingroups
PrisonersheldnowdeemeddetainedunderthisAct,though
withoutpriortrialorconviction
SackingofParihaka,November1881
NativeMinisterBryceandtroopsattackParihaka
Receivedwithflowersbydancingchildren
Readriotact
ArrestTeWhiti&Tohu
ImprisonTeWhiti&Tohu
SendTeWhiti&TohutoChristchurch
Rape,looting,destructionofcrops
Villagerazed
MaorisupportersforcedtoleaveWestCoast&arebannedfromholding
meetings
WestCoastPeacePreservationAct1882
TeWhiti&Tohuareheldonseditionchargesbutnevertried
Noneedtopunish,butpreventativedetentionifreleased,prisonerswould
resumemeetings&causeapprehensionforpeaceableinhabitants.Norelease
exceptbyorderofGovernor
MeetingsatParihakawerestopped.GroupsofMaoricannotassemblepublicly,
canbearrested,fined,imprisonediftheydo.
THISLAWAPPLIEDONLYTOMAORI

LectureTen:TheTreatyandtheCourts
Oldorthodoxypriorto1980s
Neworthodoxysince1987
Howsignificantarethechangesintheapproachestakenbyjudgessince
1987?
OldOrthodoxy
3PivotalCases
R
[TheQueen]
vSymonds
(1847)
Colonisationisguidedandcontrolledbythegovernment.It
decidesontherightsthatMaorihave.
WiParatavBishopofWellington
(1877)
Governmentactsofstatearenotexaminablebythecourts
Treatywasasimplenullity
TeHeuHeuTukinovAoteaDistrictMaoriLandBoard
(1941)

Treaty
was
acessionofsovereignty,butis
notenforceablelaw
unlessincorporatedintodomesticlaw
ParamountcyofstatutesinNewZealandlaw
CourtsrefusedtogobehindCrowngrantstolandissuedbytheGovernor[ie
theExecutive]
AllcasesaffirmedlegitimacyofCrownsovereignty,buttookdifferent
approachestothestatusoftheTreatyofWaitangi
RvSymonds
(1847)
Crownhasexclusiverighttoacquirenewterritory&radicaltitletoallland
Priorcustomary/aboriginaluserightscontinueuntilextinguishedbyCrown
Treaty[Englishtext]confirmsthis
CrownpreemptionCrownhas
sole
righttoextinguishnativetitle.Settlers
cannotpurchasefromMaori
Contrastingperspectives
MorrissviewthattheSupremeCourtin1847tookafavourableview
ofthetreatyofWaitangi
Hickfordsinformationthatthecourtexplicitlyrejectedargumentsbased
onthewordingofbothtextsoftheTreaty
Parata
Decision
OnlyCrowncanextinguishnativetitle
CourthasnopowertovoidaCrowngrantactsofstatecannotbequestioned
byjudges
NewZealandacquiredbydiscoveryandoccupation,
not
acededcolony
Treatywasasimplenullity
Treatyisapolitical/moralobligationonlyand,indealingwithprimitive
semibarbarians,governmentmustbearbiterofitsownjustice
ParatavBishopofWellington
(1877)infamousquotations
Maoritribeslackedcapacitytoenterintotreaty:
theMaoritribeswere
incapableofperformingthedutiesandthereforeassumingtherightsofa
civilisedcommunity
Maorihadnolaw:
hadanybodyoflaworcustom,capableofbeing
understoodandadministeredbythecourtsofacivilisedcountry,beenknown
toexist,theBritishgovernmentwouldsurelyhaveprovidedforitsrecognition
TreatyofWaitangi:
sofarindeedasthatinstrumentpurportedtocedethe
sovereigntyitmustberegardedasasimplenullity
TeHeuHeuvAoteaDMLBoard
(1941)(PrivyCouncil)
BoardempoweredbyGovernmenttoactinwaysthatmeantNgatiTuwharetoa
lostlandasaresultoffailedbusinessesinDepression
NgatiTuwharetoainvokedTreatyarticle2thatTreatyboundthegovernment
toprotecttheirland
PrivyCouncil
Treaty
was
avalidtreatyofcession,BUTrightsconferredbytreatyof
cessioncanbeenforcedonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawbyanAct

ofParliament.
TreatydidnothelpandsoNgatiTuwharetoalostthis
case
,
1980s:Thetimestheyareachanging
Oldprecedentslike
WiParata
nowseentobeproblematic
Maoriactivismconfrontedcourtsin1970s&1980s
Challengesfromlawyers&academics
Maorichallenges,especiallyonenvironmentmattersMaoricultural&spiritual
valuesshouldberecognisedinlaw
StateOwnedEnterprisesAct1986
GovernmenttotransferCrownownedassetstoStateOwnedEnterprises
MaoriclaimsinWaitangiTribunalcouldonlybeagainstCrownassetsunder
newpowerstoinquireintohistoricalclaims(1985)
LastminuteinclusionofTreatyrelatedsectionsin1986Act
Section9:
NothinginthisActshallpermittheCrowntoactinamanner
inconsistentwiththeprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi
NZMaoriCouncilvAG
(1987)[SOElandscase]
Maorisaidtransferofassetswouldbreachsection9
CA:Broadlanguageofs9prevailsoverallelseinSOEActitmustbeheldto
meanwhatitsaysCourthadtodefinewhatprinciplesoftheTreatyactually
are
IssueddeclarationsagainstCrownnoassettransfersuntilsystemof
safeguardsforMaori
[SomenegotiatedsafeguardswereagreedtobetweenCrownandMaoriput
intoa1988Act]
Impactof
SOEcase
?
AgenuinevictoryforMaori
Noretreatnowfrompostcolonialera
Inspiredstrokeofajudicialpen
Subtleculturalrepositioning
Agenuineseachangeinlegaldiscourse
Inanycase
WiParata
nowrejectedbyNewZealandcourts
PrinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangisince1987
PartnershipbetweenCrownandMaoribasedonreasonablenessandgood
faith
Fiduciarydutyoncrown,activelyprotectMaoriintereststofullestextent
practicable
RightofredressforTreatybreaches
redress
isnotcompensation
Maoridutyofloyaltyandcooperation
RightofCrowntogovern
100ActsofParliamentcontainthephraseprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi
NZMaoriCouncilvAttorneyGeneral
[BroadcastingAssetscase]
TreatyisofthegreatestconstitutionalimportancetoNewZealandbut

 TeHeuHeu
stillremainsacorrectstatementoflaw
Treatyisenforceableonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawnoconstitutional
constraintonParliamentarysupremacy
LectureEleven:Courts,Executive,Parliament&TeTiritioWaitangi
TeRunangaoWharekauriRekohuvAttorneyGeneral
(Sealordcase1992)
[1993]2NZLR301
RoleofCourts
Holdexecutiveaccountable,ensuringthatthePrimeMinisteractslawfullybut
willleaveittoParliamenttorepeallaws
asinFitzgeraldvMuldoon
Holdprivatebodiesaccountable,ensuringtheyactlawfullyintermsoftheir
ownconstitutionbutwillleavefinaldecisionmakingtothem
asinFinniganv
RNZFU
ShouldthecourtsinterfereinproposalsfromtheExecutivetoParliamentto
consider,orleavethattoParliamenttodecideupon
Maoriclaimstofisheries
Maoricosmology&tikanga:
Tangaroa,atuaofthesea,isoneoftheoriginal
mythicancestors
MaoritextofTiritioWaitangi:
sayaHapuretain
totalauthority
overalltaonga
EnglishtextofTreaty:
saysMaoriretainundisturbed
exclusive
possessionof
fisheries
Coloniallaw,aboriginaltitle:
priorMaorirightstofisheriesapplyuntil
extinguishedbystatute
ColoniallawonTreaties:
Maorirightsareenforceableifrecognisedindomestic
law,and
Legislation,s88(2)FisheriesAct1983:
nothinginthisActshallaffectanyMaori
fishingrights
1980sMaorifisheriesclaims
QuotaManagementSystem[QMS]1986creatednewexclusiveprivate
propertyrightstocatchfishforcommercialpurposes
MaoriopposedQMSbecause
ManysmallscaleMaorifisherswereexcluded
Quotasbreachedtheirexistinglegallyguaranteedpropertyrights
19881992:WaitangiTribunalreports,HighCourt,andCourtofAppealcases
allaffirmedcontinuingMaorifishingrightsandpreventedfurtherextensionof
QMSunlesstheseMaorilegalrightshadbeendealtwith
PreludetoSealordsDeed
MaoriFisheriesAct
1989
interimsettlementfollowing
MuriwhenuaFishing
ClaimReport1988
Transfer10%ofquotatoMaoriFisheriesCommissionover4years
CrownappointsMFCCommissioners
Litigationsuspendedfor4yearsuntil
1993
1992
WaitangiTribunal
NgaiTahuSeaFisheriesReport
againupheld
extensiveMaoriclaimstoseafisheries

1992
SharesinSealordLtdaprivatefishingcompanyputupforsale(it
held26%ofNewZealandfishingquota),entirelycoincidentally
TermsofSealordDeed
Crown/Maori/BrierleysInvestmentsLtdjointventuretoacquireSealordLtd
CrowntopayMaori$150milliontodevelopfisheries,includingSealord
Crowntopasslawstoensure20%ofquotasin
new
quotaspeciestogoto
Maori
Newlawswillregulatenoncommercialfishingtorecognisetraditionalfishing
practices
CrownwillreconstituteFisheriesCommission
ObjectionsfromsomeMaori
ToacceptquotaassettlementafterchallengingtheQuotaManagement
Systemisseenasacontradiction
MaoriNegotiatorschosenarbitrarilybasedonwhowereplaintiffsin1980s
courtcases
Consultations&huimanipulatedforaquickresultinfavourofMaorinegotiators
Manyiwi/hapudidnotagreetotheDeedhowevertheirrightswouldalsobe
extinguished,withoutconsent
CourtofAppealdecision
Deedchallengedbyplaintiffsfrom13nonsigningiwi[tribes]
CourtofAppeal:
Publicpolicyrequiresthatcourtsdonotinterferewithparliamentary
processes.WhetheraMinistershouldintroduceaBilltoParliament
werepoliticalquestionsforpoliticaljudgement.Curial
nonintervention=ThiswasnottheCourtsbusiness.
Maoricanchallengelawonlyafterenactment
Manydidsoandthereweremanycourtchallenges.Itwasnotuntilthe
MaoriFisheriesAct2004thatthe1992settlementwasfinally
implemented
WaitangiTribunalhearing
DeedchallengedasbreachofTreatyofWaitangi
TribunalcriticisedpovertyofspiritofDeedandlackofproperprovisionfor
noncommercialMaorifisheries,butoverallaccepteditasfairinthe
circumstances:TheCrownhasdonewellinourtime
RejectedviewthatMaoriwereentitledto100%offisheries[exclusiverights
asinTreaty]andthatMaoriseeking50%wasareasonablecompromise
TreatyofWaitangi(FisheriesClaims)SettlementAct1992
Full&finalsettlementofallMaoriclaimstocommercialfisheries
Section9:allcommercialfisheriesclaimsbyMaori,
current&future
,however
sourced,havebeenacknowledgedandfinallysettled
FisheriesActsection88(2)isrepealed
CourtsnolongerhavejurisdictiontoconsidervalidityofMaorifisheriesclaims,
orvalidityoftheSealordDeedofSettlementitself

 Crown,notCourts,decidesonCrownsdutiestoMaori
Anationcannotcastitselfadriftfromitsownfoundations.TheTreatystands.
BUT
Fiduciary[trustlike]dutyofCrowntoMaoriBUT
ManyMaoriwerehappywiththedealwhilemanywerenot.
TheGovernment
decidedthatenoughMaorisupportedthedeal
Fortheplaintiffs,the
SealordsCase
outcomewasnotallthatdifferenttothe
Parata
casetheTreatyisanunenforceablenullity
CourtsdonotassesstheCrownscompliancewiththeTreatyParliament
doesthat

PartB:ConceptsofLaw
LectureTwelve:NaturalLawTheories
Whatmakeslawlaw?
Morality?
Whosemorality?
Isimmorallawtrulylaw?
Isthelawdifferentfromvaluesorconventionsetc?
Shouldlawbejudgedbyexternalcriteria?
NaturalLawTheorists
Aristotle
384322BC
Athens,Greece
Properlawispartofthe
natural
order
StThomasAquinas
12251274
Sicily,Naples,Paris,Rome
Thatwhichisnotjust
isnotlaw
JohnFinnis
1940
Adelaide,Australia&Oxford,England
Lawmustcomplywith
fundamentalprinciples
Conservativeand/orradical?
PHarris,2007
NaturalLawisoftenusedtojustifyexistingsocialandlegalorder
NaturalLawisalsooftenusedtojustifyoverthrowingoropposing
existingsocialandlegalorder
LectureThirteen:LegalPositivistTheories
LegalPositivistTheorists
JohnAustin
Lawcomprisesthecommandsfromanuncommandedcommander
HansKelsen

 Puretheoryoflawnotatallconcernedwiththelegitimacyormoral
contentoflaw
HLAHart
Ruleofrecognitionacceptedbyofficialsdetermineswhichrulesare
lawandwhicharenotlaw
Differencesofapproachbutcloselyaligned
LegalPositivismisaproductof19thand20thcenturylawandlegalphilosophy
Theeraofthenationstate
Whiledifferentlyexpressedbythetheoriststhereisagreementamongst
positivists
Verydifferenttonaturallaw
AmoralLegalPositivism
DespitetheoftenabhorrentnatureofsomelawsthestanceofLegalPositivism
stillacknowledgesthemaslaw
LectureFourteen:TikangaMaoriPerspectivesonLaw
LegalPositivismTikangaisnotlaw
ColonialLawdeniedthevalidityoftikangaasreallaw
WiParata(1877)
RejectsNativeCustomaslawevenifmentionedinanAct
AboriginaltitleisnotTikanga
Assumptionsaboutlaw
Allsocietiesandtheirlawsarereflectiveoftheirunique
Values
Philosophies
Worldviews
Eachsocietyseesitssystemasnormalandothersasunorthodox
Butareothersystemsnotlaworjustdifferent?
NaturalLaw/HumanRightsandTikanga
Westernhumanrightslookattheindividualasopposedtothecollective
DoUNselfdeterminationprinciplesincludethecollectiverightsofindigenous
peoples?
UNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples2007hadonly4
dissenters,includingNewZealand,allofwhichnowagree.
StartingpointsforcustomaryrightsinAotearoa(accordingtoAniMikaere)
Inherentstatusastangatawhenua
AffirmedinDeclarationofIndependence,1835
GuaranteedagaininTeTiritioWaitangi,1840
TikangaMaorifirstlawoftheland
NgatikangaMaori
Therightandproperways
Commonlyunderstoodrulesaimingtokeepfollowingwellbeingsin
balance:
Spiritual

 Environmental
Physical
Social
Tikangaisdistinctfromture.
TurearelawsoftheBible,Parliament,andCourts
AndrewEruetisCoreConceptsofTikanga
Utu
Balancemustberestored
Mana
Spiritualpowerandauthority
Whakapapa
Ancestral,genealogicallinkagesbondsbetweenpeople,ancestors
andthewholeenvironment
Whanaungatanga
Relationshipsbasedonfamilykinshiplinkages
Comparewithwesternideasof
Justice
,
Fairness
,and
Equalitybeforethelaw
asfundamentalvalues
Whanaungatanga,Utu
Anyonepersonswrongdoingreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared
responsibility
Anywrongapersonissubjectedtoreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared
responsibility
Remedialactionissoughttoberestorativetorestorethebalanceand
wellbeingofthewhanau
GeneralisedComparisons
EnglishLaw

TikangaMaori

Individual

Collective

Individual
Responsibility

Whanaungatanga

ChristianSources

MaoriCosmology

HumansSuperior

HumansInterconnected

Abstracted

Contextual

Written

Oral

FormalPrecedents

Whakapapa

Legislative/Judiciary

Hui,Wananga

Right,WrongorDifferent?

 DiscussionofTikangaincourseisnottodeterminethebestoronlylawin
AotearoaNewZealand
Theimportanceistheexistenceofmultipleconceptsoflawinasingleterritory
ornation
ManynationsrecogniseadiversesetoflegalsystemsegUSAandUK
LectureFifteen:LegalRealism&CriticalLegalStudies
ImportantQuestions
Whatcanwelearnaboutlawinactionfromgrandtheory?
Dosocietieshaveagenerallyacceptedsharedmorality?
Areanyvaluesuniversalorarethereagreeddefinitionsofnatural?
Doeslawrepresentcommunityvaluesorisitimposedbytherulers?
ImageryofJustice
Womanbalancingthescales(Themis,Iustitia/Justitia)
Oddchoiceoffemaleiconographyconsideringthehistoricalroleof
womenassomewhatrelegatedfiguresintheeyesofthelaw.
Blindfoldrepresentssocialorderabstractedfromthesocialcontext
Corereferencepointofthereasonable
man

LawinContext:Realism
Rejectionofformalismandgrandtheories
Impatiencewiththeoryoverobservablefact
theviewofourfriendthebadmanOliverWendellHolmes,
SupremeCourtJustice19021932
ThepropheciesofwhatthecourtswilldoinfactarewhatImeanby
thelaw
KarlLlewellynrulesceptic
ProfessoratColumbiaLawSchoolinNewYork,19251951principal
drafteroftheUniformCommercialCode
9headingsofarealistsmanifesto
Lawinflux(change/judgemadelaw)
Lawasameanstosocialends,notanendwithinitself
Societyinfluxfasterthanlaw
Temporarydivorceofisandoughtforthepurposeofstudy
Distrustoftraditionallegalrulesandconceptsastrueinpractice
Distrustintheideathattraditionalpracticesarethemainfactorin
courtdecisions
Beliefingroupingcasesandlegalsituationsintonarrower
categories(subjectivitybeingkey)
Insistenceinevaluatingthelawbyitseffects
Insistenceonsustainedandprogrammaticattackonthe
problemsoflaw
CriticalLegalStudiesCLS
MuchmoreradicalcritiqueoflawthantheRealistsfocusonjudges&
discretion

 Fromthe1970s
InfluentialintheUSAacademiccirclesegHarvardLawSchool
RocksuccessortoRealismsJazzjurisprudence
CLSoffshootsincludeFeministLegalTheoryandCriticalRaceTheory
Chambliss&Seidman
Rejectionoffavouritemyths
Oursisagovernmentoflaws,notofmen
equalitybeforethelaw
ThestateisNOTvalueneutral,iustitiaasasymbolisasham
InfluenceofMarxism,thenpostmodernism
Controlofthestateisthepoliticalprizesoughtbythemostpowerfulto
protecttheirinterests
Conflictmodelsofsocietynoticeinequitiesanddisparitiesbasedon
gender,class,ethnicityetc.
ConflictorConsensus
Naturallaw,Positivism,TikangaMaori(&Realism)allassumeasocial
consensuslawreflectingthis.
Doesthestateequitablyrepresenttheinterestsofall?
IsCLSjustoutofdateleftistposturing?
Hascapitalismtriumphed?\
LectureSixteen:CriticalPerspectivesFeministLegalTheory,ThirdWorldApproaches
toInternationalLaw,&CriticalRaceTheory
FeministLegalTheory
Deepseatedgenderbiasinlaw
Blindfoldedwomanbalancingthescales
Assumesajustsocialorderabstractedfromsocialcontext
HOWEVER,NaffinenotesthatLawsconceptionofthereasonable
personistypicallyamoniededucatedmiddleclassMALE.
Naffine:Phasesoffeministjurisprudence
Phase1:Malemonopolyoverlaw
Phase2:Lawprivilegesmensworldview
Phase3:Lawservesasatoolofsocialreformandofrepressionfor
women
Goals&Outcomes
Formalequalityofwomen&menunderthelaw?
Differentrulesforwomen?
Underminegenderednotionsofobjectivity/rationality?
HistoryofWomeninAngloCentricLaws
Exclusionfrompublicaffairs
TheQueenvHarrald
(EnglishCourtofAppeal,1872)
Rightofwomentovoteinmunicipalelections
1869Statute

 wordwhichimportthemasculinegender
shallbeheldtoincludefemales
CourtofAppeal
ThisprovisiondoesNOTincludemarried
women
marriageisatcommonlawatotal
disqualificationandamarriedwoman,
therefore,couldnotvote,herexistence
beingmergedinthatofherhusband.
[MellorJ]
EdwardsvAttorneyGeneral
(Canada,1930)
A.C.124the
PersonsCase
onmembershipofthe
CanadianSenate
Doesthewordpersonsinsection24ofThe
BritishNorthAmericaAct,1867,includefemale
persons
In1867,No
SupremeCourt(Canada):StillNoin1928
unanimousdecision
PrivyCouncil:Exclusionofwomenisarelicof
daysmorebarbarousthanours.SupremeCourt
reversed
DomesticViolence
Genderneutrallanguageinlawdoesnotmeanthatsocialrealitiesand
lawsoperationsaregenderneutral,butchangeispossible
Abolitionin2009ofprovocationasadefencetoamurdercharge
ThirdWorldApproachestoInternationalLaw(TWAIL)
Acriticalapproachtointernationallawnotamethodinthestrict
senseofquestioningwhatthelawis
Anapproachthatdrawsonthehistoryoftheencounterbetween
internationallawandcolonisedpeoples
MakauMatua,Kenya/USA
TWAILisaconflicttheoryconflict,ratherthanconsensus,isafeature
ofinternationalrelations
Decolonisationandpoliticalindependencefrom1947didnoteliminate
conflictsandinequity
InternationallawreinforceWesternhegemonybothintheoryand
practice
EnforcementofWesterndominanceisessentiallyneocolonialism
TWAILchallengestheassumeduniversalismofinternationallaw
WesternHegemony
VetopowersonSecurityCouncilofUnitedNations

 WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund,WorldTradeOrganization,
GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade
Whyshouldfreetrade,privatepropertyvaluestrumpotherhuman
values?

PartC:TheConceptofProperty
LectureSeventeen:PrivateProperty
LegalconceptslikepropertyareoftentakenforgrantedascommonsensebutPart
Casks:
WhatisdefinedasProperty?
Whohasrightstowhat?
Whataresuchrights?
Howdosuchrightsaffectothers?
Howandwhyweretheserightscreated?
Definitionofproperty
Themeaningofpropertydiffersaccordingtotime,place,culture,&who
definesit
Property
implieslegalrightsandrelationshipsintermsofparticularthings
protectedbythelaw
Tangible,observablethings
egland,house,car,gold,design
Intangible,abstractthings
eginventions,ideas,sounds
Definitionsarenotconstantegslaveryastherighttoownpeople
Historyofslavery
Oncejustifiedasanaturalright,formostofhumanhistory
ArgumentsbothforANDagainstitinvokednaturallaw
theory,religiousvalues,andinherentrights
SlavetradebutnotslaverywasbannedbytheUKin1807
Abolition
BritishEmpire
Emancipationin1833
TikangaMaori
Slaveryceasedin18351845
UnitedNations
ConventionsfortheSuppressionoftheTrafficin
Personsin1949
USA
13thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1865
slaveryandinvoluntaryservitudeisnot
toexistwithintheUnitedStatesorany
placesubjecttotheirjurisdiction.unless
asapunishmentforcrimeiftheperson
hasbeendulyconvicted

 CivilRightsAct1866
14thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1868
Grantedcitizenshiptoallpersonsbornor
naturalisedintheUnitedStates,including
formerslavesrecentlyfreed.
Forbidsstatesfromdenyinganyperson
life,libertyorproperty,withouttheprocess
oflaw
Forbidsdenyinganyonewithinits
jurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthe
laws.
Moderndayoutcomesofslavery
RacerelationsintheUS
PatriciaJWilliamspositsthatmanywhite
Americans,whileabhorredbyslavery,remainto
envisageblackAmericansascriminalsinthe
Lockeansense(aspeoplewhowantsomething
fornothingandfailtoconsidertheresponsibilityof
property)andunconsciouslyorsymbolically
excludethemfrompropertyrights.
LockeandtheNaturalLawOriginsofPrivateProperty
Godgavetheworldtomenincommonfortheiruse
Nothoweverwithoutresponsibility,theywerecommandedto
subdueandcultivatetheearthnottoleaveitcommonand
uncultivated
Propertyisthereforederivedfromlabourandwork
Commonsenclosedandannexedasproperty
Fruitsoftheearthforthebenefitofindustriousandrationalpeople
Propertyengagedtheideasofprogress
Mainfocusofpropertywaslandownership
LockeanTheoryappliedinNewZealand
In1846instructionsweregiventoGovernorgreytocoloniseNew
Zealandfaster,howevertheTreatyhadgrantedallownershipoflandto
theMaoriinarticle2
TotaketheMaorissocalledWasteLandswithouttheconsentofthe
ownerswouldleadtooutrageandpossiblywar.
BothMaoriandmissionariesrejectedLockeantheory
GovernorGreydecidedin1857tousethepreemptionclauseto
purchasethelandatludicrouslylowrates.
CriticalTheoristsrejectionofLockeanideology
Chambliss&SeidmanUSscholarsofcriticallegalstudies
Propertyrulesreflectandcreatepower
Corporatepowerhasrisenundercapitalism

 Moderncapitalismpreventsfruitsoflabourfromgoingtolabourers(as
Lockestheorywouldassume)buttoshareholderswhoriskmoneybut
donotprovidelabour
Lockesjustificationisnolongervalidyetstillcontinuestobeprotected
bylaw
LectureEighteen:MaoriApproachestoProperty
PartialIncorporationofTikangaMaoriintotheStateLegalSystem
TikangaMaoriPerceptions
ManaWhenuaisadifferentconcepttolandasproperty

Nokuteneiwhenua
(peopleoftheland)NOT
Nakuteneiwhenua
(landofthe
people)
Maoriaremembersoftheenvironmentasopposedtoitsmasters
Whenuatranslatestobothlandandplacenta,whichisburiedinthelandto
signifythespiritualbond
MythandLegend
Nottobeseenashistoricallyaccurate
MataurangaMaoriasacorpusoffundamentalknowledge
Holisticviewoftheuniverse
Tangaroa,asanexampe,requiresrespectfortheseaanditscreaturesand
thusrequiredprotocolforusingit
QuestionsonIncorporatingTikangainLaw
CanMaoriconceptsbefittinglyrelevantinEnglishlanguagelaws?
HowtobalanceMaoriconceptsinNewZealandlaws?
eg,kaitiakitangaisverymuchunlikepropertyright
Doestrueequalitybeforethelawrequirereformlaws?
Rangatira/PartnershipAndreaTunks
TinoRangatirasitsuponcrowntitle
LesserpowerthanCrownsovereignty
CourtsandCrownpreferthe(fiduciary)principlesofthetreaty
Partnership
ActiveProtection
GoodFaith
Consultationrightsonly
shallhaveregardto

NovetopowerforMaori
ResourceManagementAct1991
ExplicitrecognitionofMaorivaluesinNewZealandkaw
Mattersofnationalimportancesection6(e)
IncorporationofKaitiakitangasection7
DefinitionofKaitiakitangasourcedinspiritualinterconnectedbondsofhuman
&naturalworld
Howdoesthiscomparetothenotionsofstewardshipor
guardianship?

 Newsection2definitionnowmentionstangatawhenuaandtikangaMaori,but
remainstobedefinedandappliedbyEnvironmentCourtjudges
Tribunalrecommendations
TheCrownmustactivelyprotectthecontinuingobligationsofkaitiakitanga
Balancethesewithotherlegitimateinterests
InsomeinstancesallowcontrolbyMaoriofimportanttaonga
Orpartnershipindecisionmaking
Oreffectiveinfluenceinenvironmentalinfluence
EnhancedIwimanagementplansgreateruseofnationalpolicystatements

LectureNineteen:PrivateProperty,Power&theCriminalLaw
Capitalpunishmentastheprimaryinstrumentofthecriminallawtoprotect
privateproperty
ProtectingPropertybytheCriminalLawtheBloodyCode
Between1688(followingtheGloriousRevolutionandsubsequentBillof
Rights)to1820thenumberofcapitalstatutesincreasedfrom50to200
FollowingtherevolutiononlypropertiedmencouldvotefororsitinParliament
andgenerallyonlylookedoutfortheirowninterests
Governmenthasnootherendbutthepreservationofproperty.
JohnLocke
Nopoliceforceuntil1829duetoWhigfearsofitasastandingarmy,
rememberingthethedevastationofEnglandintheEnglishCivilWar,1640s
IntheUSAconstitutionthereferencetotherighttobeararmsisdueto
exactlythis,thenotionofdefendingoneselfandonesproperty
Whigs&Tories
Tories
Dominanteliteinthe17thcentury(1600s)whosupportedtheStuart
KingsroyalistsWhigswonin1688
King&HouseofLordslostpowertotheHouseofCommons
Constitutionalmonarchy
Protectionofpropertyforlandedgentryandforemergingindustries
HouseofCommons
England&Waleshad272constituencies
In1700itwasestimatedthat70,000to200,000peoplewereeligibletovotefor
theHouseofCommons
TotalpopulationoftheBritishIslesin1700wasestimatedtobe8.2million
EvenaftertheReformAct1832,only1in6malesnowomenhadtherightto
vote
CapitalCrimestoProtectPropertyInterests
PublicHangingsbeforelargecrowds
Deathpenaltyforforgery,foodrioting,stealingshipwreckedgoods,stealing
linen,damagingWestminsterbridgeetc

 AlmostallexecutionswereforpropertyoffencesegLondon1785:95
executions,1formurder,74forburglary/housebreaking
18outof20hangedwereunder21
Legitimiation
Criminallawbasedondeterrence&fear
Threatofhanging&gibbeting(butnotalwayscarriedout)
Threemainfocuses:
Majesty
Pomp&ceremonytoexaltjustice
Justice
Someideaofrelationorcauseforpunishment
Mercy
Togivehumanitytothejusticesystem
PropertyCrimesActtoday
CrimesAct1961containsalonglistofpropertyoffences
Vastmajorityofcrimescommittedarestillpropertyoffencesbutfinesand
imprisonmentaretheusualpunishmentsnow
Propertyrightsoftherichandcriminalityofthepoorremaintopicalpolitical
issues
SensibleSentencing
DoubleStandardsondeviancy
Taxavoidancevtaxevasion

LectureTwenty:WomenasProperty
JohnStuartMill,
TheSubjectionofWomen
(1869)
thelegalpositionofwomenwasonalevelwithslavery

Keyideas
HowhaswomensplaceinEnglishsocietybeenshapedbytheirhistorical
placeinEnglishlaw?
WhatimpactdidEnglishlawstreatmentofwomenhaveonMaoriwomen?
SirWilliamBlackstone
17231780
FirstProfessorofEnglishLaw,OxfordUniversity,1758
CommentariesontheLawsofEngland
(Published17651769)
Criticised,notablybyJeremyBentham,forhiscomplacencyinEnglishLaw
beingbeyondimprovement
Womeninhiswritings:
MarriedWomen(
FemmeCovert)
Inmarriageor
coverture
awomansindividuallegalexistenceis
halted,herhusbandbecomingher
lord

Shecannotsueorbesued,herhusbandactsonher
behalfinlegalproceedings

 Shecannotgiveevidenceagainstherhusband

ModerateCorrection
Husbandisentitledtorestrainawifeofherlibertyand
administermoderatecorrection
Asgoeswithchildrenorapprentices
NomentionofthereverseinBlackstoneswritings
PersonCases
Demonstrateslawinflux
Redefiningmeaningsofwordsinlaw
Personoriginallyexcludedwomenandisnowgenderinclusive
HistoryofPersoncases
QueenvCrosthwaite
Exclusionofwomenfromlawduetothedelicacyandmodesty
oftheirgender
Refusalofapplicationsbywomentobeadmittedaslawyers
Illinois(USA)1872
NewBrunswick(Canada)1905
EthelBenjamin(18751943)
NewZealandsfirstfemalelawyer
GraduatedfromtheUniversityofOtagoin1897achieving
outstandingmarks
AdmittedasabarristerandsolicitoroftheSupremeCourtof
NewZealandinMay1897followingthepassingoftheFemale
LawPractitionersActin1896
SecondwomanintheBritishEmpiretobeadmittedasa
barristerandsolicitor,twomonthsafterClaraBrettMartinof
Canada
EdwardsvAttorneyGeneralforCanada
CanadasSupremeCourtdeclaredin1928thatwomendidnot
fillthecriteriaofqualifiedpersonstobeappointedasSenators
afteragroupof5womenbroughtacaseforit
ThisdecisionwasthenreversedbythePrivyCouncilofEngland
actingasahighercourt
Thisshowsusthatevenaconstitutionisorganicandmustbe
readinabroadandliberalmannersoastoadaptittochanging
times
TortofEnticement1980
DukevSymonds
Genderneutrallanguagein1975ActallowedDuketosueSymondsfor
damagescausedbyDukeslossofservices,lossofconsortium,and
injurytofeelingsandhonourafterDukeswifelefthimforSymonds
JuryawardedDuke$26,000indamages

 Previouscaseshadonlybeen$750to$3000
RoperJ,thejudgeinthecase,foundthisamounttobe
excessiveandorderedanewtrialbutdamagesstillavailablefor
Duke
ActionabolishedbyDomesticProceedingsAct1980
CameintoforceJanuary1981