Land Transportation History

LAND
TRANSPORTATION:
HISTORY
Lecture 4
TOUR 161
HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION
Ancient
Rome
Industrial
Revolution
20th
Century
Recent
Innovations
Throughout most of
histor y, transport
relied on animal and
even human power,
traversing dirt tracks
museudantu.org.br
One of the earliest

paved road networks
was the Royal Roads
of Ancient Persia
[>500 BC]
It was used primarily

for communication
as well as trade
purposes
commons.wikimedia.org
ANCIENT ROME
Ancient Romans
[<500 BC] developed
technology that
made roads
impermeable to
elements
crystalinks.com
ANCIENT ROME
Viae, or roads,
included layers of
earth, stones,
cement, lava, and
other materials
ANCIENT ROME
Used primarily for

the expansion and
defense of the
empire
Also used for
communication and
trade
Road network
interconnected 113
provinces [Bailey &
Miller, 1900]
29 military highways
372 major roads
400,000 kilometers
ANCIENT ROME
pixgood.com
ANCIENT ROME
Passports were used

to monitor travelling
civilians
Tolls and taxes were
collected for
construction and
maintenance of viae
kahnhome.org
ANCIENT ROME
Villas, inns, and

hostels provided
accommodation
Led to growth of
towns and cities that
ser ved as way
stations
photographersdirect.com
Next wave of
development took
more than a
millennium [1,000
years] after, during
the Industrial
Revolution
Post-Ancient Rome:
Medieval Period was
characterized by
isolation
Renaissance Period was
associated with
maritime exploration
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Invention of
machines during the
1800s
Mass production and
mass consumption
became possible
marandathornburg.wikispaces.net
Shift in economic
base from agriculture
to manufacturing
Migration of people
from rural to urban
areas
4eme7travelbloggers.blogspot.com
Global population
exploded as societies
were modernized
and incomes
increased
theactuary.com
Introduction of coalpowered steam

locomotives led to
development of rail
transport
Trains carried freight
as well as passengers
motordb.net
Rail transport
became a key feature
of industrialization,
providing
accessibility and
growth to cities and
countries
First intercity route

[Manchester to
Liverpool, UK] in 1830
First transcontinental
route [California to
Iowa, US] in 1869
Electric railways were

introduced during
the late 1800s
Trams
Light rail
Rapid transit
Used by major cities

to improve mobility
amid growing
populations
London Underground
New York City Subway
In the Philippines,
the Compania de los
Tranvias de Filipinas
opened in 1888,
ser ving Manila and
its suburbs
Binondo
Intramuros
Malate
Sampaloc
Tondo
Malabon
Eventually taken over

by the Manila Electric
Railroad and Light
Company
[MERALCO]
theurbanroamer.com
The Ferrocarril de
Manila Dagupan
opened in 1892 in
Tutuban
Followed by a south
line called Bicol
Express
flickr.com
Now known as the

Philippine National
Railways [PNR],
currently ser ving
Metro Manila and
southern Luzon
Locomotives were
also introduced in
the Visayas
Panay
Negros
Cebu
blogofayoungstudent.blogspot.com
20 TH CENTURY
The Ford Model T,

the first massproduced
automobile, or car,
was introduced in
1908
carlustblog.com
20 TH CENTURY
Cars became popular

as they provided
individuals with more
freedom to travel
Not dependent on
routes and schedules
Also became a
symbol of affluence
among the growing
middle class
20 TH CENTURY
The London General

Omnibus Company
[LGOC] B-type, the
first mass-produced
bus, was introduced
in 1910
ltmcollection.org
20 TH CENTURY
Since then, the

automotive industr y
has become one of
the worlds largest,
driving many
national economies
In 2014, 89.5m units

were manufactured
[OICA]
Passenger cars
Light commercial
vehicles
Heavy trucks
Buses and coaches
20 TH CENTURY
MA JOR INDUSTRY PL AYERS

OICA , 2014
Top Countries
Total [mil]
1) CHINA
23.8
2) US
11.7
3) JAPAN
9.8
4) GERMANY
5.9
5) SOUTH KOREA
4.5
6) INDIA
3.8
7) MEXICO
3.4
8) BRAZIL
3.1
9) SPAIN
2.4
10) CANADA
2.4
MA JOR INDUSTRY PL AYERS

OICA , 2013
Largest Manufacturers
Country
Total [mil]
JAPAN
10.3
US
9.6
GERMANY
9.4
SOUTH KOREA
7.2
US
6.1
JAPAN
5.0
ITALY / US
4.7
8) Honda
JAPAN
4.3
9) Suzuki
JAPAN
2.8
FRANCE
2.8
1) Toyota
2) General Motors
3) Volkswagen
4) Hyundai
5) Ford
6) Nissan
7) Fiat / Chrysler
10) Peugeot
20 TH CENTURY
Also the 5 th biggest

export in terms of
revenue [UNWTO,
2015], producing a
multiplier effect to
other industries
Fuels [ranked 1 st in
exports]
Tourism [ranked 4 th in
exports]
20 TH CENTURY
Post-World War 2,
cheaper diesel
locomotives replaced
the more expensive
steam engines
skyscrapercity.com
20 TH CENTURY
Lower operating and

maintenance costs
Economies of scale
Manual labor
Automated systems
Source of power
However, it
exacerbated the
growing air pollution
problem in
industrialized
societies
20 TH CENTURY
During the latter half

of the centur y, highspeed trains [>250
kph] were introduced
Japans Shinkansen
Frances TGV
vehiclehi.com
20 TH CENTURY
Ran primarily on
electricity
Nuclear power
Some used magnetic

levitation [maglev]
instead of wheels
youtube.com
20 TH CENTURY
Provided an
alternative to diesel
for long-distance
travel between cities
Previous electric
services only operated
short distances within
cities
energy.gov
20 TH CENTURY
20 TH CENTURY
The tremendous
development of land
transport over the
past 200 years has
produced massive
socio-economic
benefits
However, it has also

caused serious socioenvironmental
problems, especially
road transport
Carbon Emissions
Air Pollution
Climate Change
Traffic Congestion
OECD
RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

ALTERNATIVES [MCGRATH, 2012]
Eco-friendly
models
Shift in
lifestyles
Public &
shared
transport

Eco-friendly models
More energy-efficient
Usually dont emit
pollutants
Fewer carbon emissions
when they do
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Still depend on power

plants
Batteries are limited

greenpeace.org

Eco-friendly models
Need less fuel

Use electric motors and
batteries
More efficient at low
speeds
Better gas mileage
HYBRID VEHICLES
Also use gasoline

engines
More efficient at high
speeds
Higher initial cost


Eco-friendly models
Dont run on petroleum
Compressed natural gas
[CNG]
Ethanol plant materials
Biodiesel vegetable oils
and animal fats
Propane [liquefied
petroleum gas or LPG]
Hydrogen-powered fuel
cells
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
VEHICLES [AFVs]
Some still produce

pollution and
greenhouse gases

pcij.org

Public & shared transpor t
MASS TRANSIT & INTERCITY

PASSENGER RAIL
Alternative to road
transpor t
Fewer stops
No traffic congestion
Faster than cars and buses

More passengers per
vehicle
Less noise and air

pollution
Lesser accessibility
Higher initial costs


Less fuel per passenger

Reduce traffic
congestion
Some have dedicated
lanes
Faster commute
BUSES
Less comfor table

cities-today.com

Ideal for shor t-term use

Owner
Generates revenue
Less maintenance costs
Borrower
More convenient
CAR SHARING
Unregulated

startups.fm

Splits fuel costs

Cheaper commute
Cuts emissions per

person
CARPOOLING
Schedule coordination


Shift in lifestyles
Cheaper to buy and

maintain
Take less space
More flexible during rush
hour
Doesnt add to pollution
BIKING
Exposure to elements

happeninginhighlandpark.com

Shift in lifestyles
Benefits health
Lowers blood pressure
Maintains good cholesterol
levels
WALKING
Takes longer

spacing.ca
greenmeupscottyca.wordpress.com
CASE STUDY:
SINGAPORE

Land Transportation History

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Land Transportation History

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LAND

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

One of the earliest

It was used primarily

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

Used primarily for

Passports were used

Villas, inns, and

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

Introduction of coalpowered steam

First intercity route

Electric railways were

Used by major cities

Eventually taken over

Now known as the

The Ford Model T,

Cars became popular

The London General

Since then, the

In 2014, 89.5m units

MA JOR INDUSTRY PL AYERS

MA JOR INDUSTRY PL AYERS

Also the 5 th biggest

Lower operating and

During the latter half

Some used magnetic

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

However, it has also

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

HISTORY OF L AND TRANSPORTATION

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Still depend on power

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Need less fuel

Better gas mileage

Also use gasoline

Higher initial cost

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Some still produce

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

MASS TRANSIT & INTERCITY

Faster than cars and buses

Less noise and air

Higher initial costs

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Less fuel per passenger

Less comfor table

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Ideal for shor t-term use

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

Splits fuel costs

Cuts emissions per

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND