CST User Group Meeting 2007

CST STUDIO SUITE 2008

Application and Feature Tutorial

Filter Tuning Techniques

- Port Tuning
- Inverse Chirp-Z Transformation

Franz Hirtenfelder
Support & Sales
CST Munich Office
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Introduction
and
Motivation

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Problems we are faced with

Real World vs. Simulation

other/better methods
available?
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Filter Tuning: via Groupdelay

Coupling-Coefficients and Td-Values
computations are available via Macro

Coupling Bandwidth,
Group delay
Short

GroupDelay-Macros and
ResultsTemplates available for CST
MWS and CST DS

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7 Post Bandpass Filter

Tchebychev Filter
===================
Order
=7
Bandwidth
= 75 MHz
Center Frequency = 1747.5 MHz
Passband ripple = 0,013755 dB (1,11917 VSWR)
Return loss = -25,0 dB
Normed g values:
------------------------------------------g1 = 0,8358
g2 = 1,4074
g3 = 1,7843
g4 = 1,6368
g5 = 1,7843
g6 = 1,4074
g7 = 0,8358
g8 = 1,0000

Corresponding coupling coefficients in

MHz:
------------------------------------------k_E = 89,74
k1_2 = 69,15
k2_3 = 47,33
k3_4 = 43,89
k4_5 = 43,89
k5_6 = 47,33
k6_7 = 69,15
k_out = 89,74
Group Delay Time
---------------t_d1 = 7,094 ns
t_d2 = 11,946 ns
t_d3 = 22,239 ns
t_d4 = 25,839 ns
t_d5 = 37,384 ns
t_d6 = 37,785 ns
t_d7 = 44,478 ns
t_d8 = 44,879 ns

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Best Results obtained by GroupdelayTuning

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Port Tuning
Example 1
Example 2

Inverse Chirp-Z Transformation

Introduction
Triplet

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Method of Port-Tuning
2. Attach TLs between resonators

1. Attach discrete Ports at all resonators

-L
-C
Discrete ports do have a self impedance and a self capacitance
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Tuning of the CST DS-circuit

Port self impedance

Tuning variables:
Goal is to get Cx to zero and Z_TL to infinity
Circuit model consisting of the 3D CST MWS-Model plus C and L representing the
tuning elements. TransmissionLines represent the coupling between resonators
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How to get dimensions from the

optimized C and impedance values?
Trans-Line

k12

Procedure:
1. At a submodel for a certain setting of the coupling screw the groupdelay is
computed as reference.
2. In a second step the length of the screw is varied and the impedance of the
trans-line varied such that the originial groupdelay is received.
This is done for a couple of screw positions.
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1D Results > k12

mm
Coupling for the resonators 1 and 2: Z at infinity is the correct tuning length
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1D Results > k12

A better representation is to plot the inverse of Z -> Y to get a
straight line with constant slope. In this example = 3.8e-5 S/mm.
The zero crossing shows the tuning length. For any other 1/Z the
required tuning length can be estimated

Z34(k12) = 4.5e4 Ohm

19.45 mm
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1D Results > ke_1 (input coupling)

The same procedure applied to the input coupling: slope= 7.4e-4S/mm
For the coupling between post 2 and 3 : slope = 1.58e-5 S/mm

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Capacitances

The same procedure can be applied to the variation of caps by

varying its physical length and retuning it back in the lumped
element representation.
The value found here for all posts is approx. 100fF/mm

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Complete CST DS Circuit

Neg. L and C representing the discr. Port impedance and need to be deembedded.

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Tuning the CST DS Circuit I

Fixed L and C for dis.ports
Fixed MWS Parameters

2.

1.
1.
Corrected lengths
according to prev.
found slope
admittances and
Cs
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Best result obtained prior to tuning

Initial TL-Z and Cs

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Tuning the CST DS Circuit II

In a second iteration the C and Z are optimized again.

2.

3.

Note, that C is in the range of a few fF. (100fF = 1mm!)

This is equiv. to the length of 1/100 mm.
For e.g. Z34(k12) 4e5 Ohm is equivalent to 0.065 mm.
For e.g. Z13(ke1) 2.5e4 Ohm is equivalent to 0.054 mm

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Using the CST DS Optimizer

Only the Cs are optimized assuming the the couplings are correct.
Please note, that the difference in manually tuned Cs and their optimzed
values is in the range of 1/10 fF
equivalent to 1/1000 mm!

3.

Final Cs:

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Additional Check (I)

For the optimized values only the Zs of the Trans-Lines are set to a high value
to check their impact to the s-parameters:

Set to high impedance

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Additional Check (II)

Port-Impedance has no effect on results:

Used here: all discr. Ports set to 50kOhm

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Port Tuning
Example 1
Example 2

Inverse Chirp-Z Transformation

Introduction
Triplet

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Dualband-Duplexer for 400MHz

Procedure:
- Tune the BP separately
- Try to match the feeding network
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Retuning of the 1st BP-Resonators

Variation of connection-height
and resonator frequencies via
porttuning

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shorts

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CST DS: Submodels

Simulation (without cross couplings)

Measurement (including cross couplings)

Caps

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Port Tuning
Example 1
Example 2

Inverse Chirp-Z Transformation

Introduction
Triplet

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The Chirp Z- Transformation

Introduction
The chirp Z-Transformation can be used as a
more flexible means to calculate discrete
Fourier transforms. In particular, the unit circle
version (known as chirp-transform) can be used
to create a high-quality zoom function.

Z ( f k ) = f k z k ; z = e s ; s = + j
k =0

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Introduction to the chirp Z-Transformation, cont.

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The Inverse Chirp Z- Transformation

N 1

v(k ) = Vn e
n =0

j 2 f n t k

N 1

; = Vn e

j 2

nk
N

n =0

k
f n = n f ; t k =
; k = 0,1,..., N 1
N f

h(k ) H (n ) e

j 2 n
N

n 2 + k 2 (k n )
nk =
2

vk = e

k2
j 2 (t 0 + kt ) f 0 + f .t

IDFT

In many applications the fixed increment

between TD-samples is not sufficiently
small to accurately represent the
amplitude-shape of the TD signal
The discrete Fourier time shift theorem
states that the TD data are shifted by
samples if the FD data are multiplied by an
exponential function, 0 < <1
The chirp-z transform removes the TD
increment limitation by changing from
Fourier transform to a convolution,
obtained by Bluestein substitution:

n2

N 1
j 2 .f .t ( k n )
j 2 n .f .t 0 + f .t

2
2
V .e
.
e
, k = 0,1,..., M 1
n

n =0

1. Premultiplication of the FD data

2. Convolution (performed by three FFTs)
3. Postmultiplication
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Coax: 50 Ohm/25 Ohm

L2

L1

L1

Acc. Energy -40dB

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InvChirp 1D Results
f_start = 0 GHz
f_stop = 20.0 Ghz
M=1001
T_start = 0
T_stop = 4 ns

1
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3
2

Input applied to Hanning-Filter(cos^2)

3 Peaks at Reflection Signal

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5 Peaks at Reflection Signal

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f_start = 0 GHz
f_stop = 20.0 GHz
M=1001
T_start = 0
T_stop = 4 ns

5
2

Acc. Energy -80dB

1
2

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-50 vs -80dB!!!
(differences can
hardly be seen in
the S-Parameters

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Filter Tuning: Inverse Chirp-Z

Bandpass Filter without cross-couplings
Mistuned Coupling K12
(between Resonator 1 and 2)

Mistuned 2nd Resonator

Mistuned resonators and

couplings can be identified!

4
1st Resonator OK

3rd Resonator

K12
increased

1x
2

2nd Resonator mistuned

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Port Tuning
Example 1
Example 2

Inverse Chirp-Z Transformation

Introduction
Triplet

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Example of a Triplet: Definition

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Triplet: J-Inverter
Lumped LC-Design

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Triplet: 3D Model
1.Trying Groupdelay-Method

Best result achieved

Corrections

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Triplet: 3D Model

Procedure
1.
2.
3.

TL

2.Porttuning

4.

Add dis. Ports

Add neg. L and C
Add Tuning Cs (also
differential C possible)
Add Tuning TLs

TL

-L

-C
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Triplet: CST DS Setup

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Triplet-Tuning: ICZT via Macro and Template

1.Macro
2.PP-Template
DE2008: Tuner

fo

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Triplet: Tuners in CST DS

DS-Model result

Reference
Optimize the difference

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Triplet: Tuning the 3D Model

Example-Plot for 1st resonator,

similar procedure for 2nd and 3rd resonator

1 st Resonator
Dips vary with center-frequency

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FilterTuning: Summary

Required tools:
CAD Modeler easy to use with respect to

parameterization
Various solver technologies available: TD, FD, E
Optimization and parameterization control via
complex post processing templates
Various meshing techniques available
Flexible link to circuit simulator CST
DESIGN STUDIO including CST
MICROWAVE STUDIO submodels
Various tuning procedures available ->
successful tuning
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