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2002
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ISBN 5-17-012820-7
(000 .I1J.!l3TeJlbcTBo ACT.)
ISBN 5-271-04100-X
BMECTO IIPE,UMCJlOBIUI
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rpaMMaTl14eCKI1e 11
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D.Be KYlIbTYPbI - aHfJI01l3bI'IHYIO 11 PYCCKYIO. 06paTl1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha 3nl1rpa K
noc06l1IO: "It is by studying others that we learn about ourselves."
BOCO'leTaHHH.
YCTOH'IHBbIX ClIO
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)!(eJIaTellbHO 113 nllOTHOll 6YMam (D.JI1I 3Toro XOPOlllO nOD.XOD.I1T 6YMara 113 aJIb60Ma D.JI1I pI1COBaHl1l1). Ha OD.HOH CTopOHe KapTO'lKl1 Hanl1llll1Te aHfJIl1HCKOe ClIO
BO/ClIOBOCO'leTaHl1e. nOD. HI1M - E.g.:, T.e. KOPOTKI1H npl1Mep I1cnOllb30BaHI111
D.aHHOrO ClIOBa/ClIOBOCO'leTaHI1H. Ha 060pOTe - nepeBOD.. Ballla KapTO'lKa 6y
D.eT BbIrllHD.eTb TaK:
to abandon
E.g.: The dwellings were abandoned.
5
Ha 060pOTe:
npl1Mep nepeBO)lI1Tb
He
HY)I(
Y Bac
KO:JICabIU aeHb,
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BHI1MaHl1e.
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CKa3KI1 11 KaKOBa I1X uenb? Ecnl1 B nepBOI1 '1aCTI1 noc0611S1 Bbl CyMMl1pOBMI1
cO)lep)l(aHl1e TeKCTa B HeCKOnbKI1X PYCCKI1X npe)lnO)l(eHI1S1X 11 nepeBO)ll1nl1 3TI1
npe)lnO)l(eHI1S1 Ha aHfnl1l1cKl111 Sl3bIK, TO BO BTOPOI1 '1aCTI1 3a)laHl1e ycno)l(HSleT
CSI: Bbl Y)l(e He 6Y)leTe BI1)leTb nepe)l c06011 3aKOH'IeHHble, nonHOCOCTaBHble
npeMO)l(eHI1S1, BaM npeMaraJOTcSI nl1ll1b KOpOTKl1e nO)lCKa3KI1 (hints), I1cnonb3ySl KOTopble BaM Ha)lO BOCCTaHOBI1Tb cO)lep)l(aHl1e npo'lI1TaHHoro TeKCTa.
npe)lCTaBbTe, 'ITO BaM HMO nonaCTb Ha )lpyrol1 6eper pe'lKI1. Qepe3 pe'lKY ne
peKI1HYTbl 1lI11pOKI1e npO'lHble )lOCKI1. 3TO - aHMor 3a)laHI1I1 B nepBOI1 '1aCTI1.
qaCTb III
I)
2)
(A, B, C, D).
(A, B, C, D - multiple
choice);
3)
A, B, C, D - multiple choice);
('Y3I1aeaIlUe 1I (<3IIOi/Ue
:no
Ky CTCneHI1
(8), (C) 11 (0), B OllHO 113 KOTOPbIX BCTpOCHa OWI16Ka, pa3MbIWJlCHI1SI no nOBO
(John Dryden)
OllHO 06lUec 3aMe'laHl1e,
KOH I13
npaBl1llbHblH OTBeT. B
B noco61111 coxpaHHeTCH npaBOnl1CaHI1C I1CTO'lHI1Ka. OrcIOlla - HCKOTOPblH pa3H060H B Hanl1CaHl111 OllHI1X 11 Tex lKe CllOB. Hanpl1Mep,
Goksadze et al. A Practical Course in Current English Grammar. Part l. Tbilisi, 1 986.
11, HaKOHeu, nOCllellHee. Bbl, HaBepHoe, YlKC 3HaeTe, CKOllbKO y Bac OCTaJlOCb
BpeMeHI1 110 BCTynl1TellbHoro 3K3aMeHa. Pa3lleJll1TC MaTepl1aJl noc0611SI Ha COOT
BCTCTBYlOlUee '1I1CJlO MeCHUCB, HCllellb I1 llHeH. Pa60TaHTe He cnewa, HO perymlp
HO. KaBaJlepl1HCKI1M HaCKOKOM H3bIK, KaK Bbl, KOHe'lHO, 3HaeTe, He B03bMeWb.
cnCWI1 MeMCHHO. 3TY noroBopKY PI1MCKI1H I1MnepaTop ABrycT
Festina lente
-
Aemop
7
* * *
129085,
MocKBa, npOe3.11
H.M. Pa3HHKHHa
Part I
REVISING GRAMMAR
AND VOCABULARY
Unit 1
SAMUEL FIN LEY BR EESE MORSE
Vocabulary
to accomplish (smlh) -
)\06I1TbC>I
( ..'0-.1.);
CO BepWI1Tb
(_1110-.1. ); an accomplishment -
)\OCTI1-
)l(eHHe
rarely - pe)\KO
to achieve fame and success - )\06I1TbC>I cnaBbl 11 ycnexa
throughout one's youth - BCIO (CBOIO) MOnO)\OCTb
to graduate from - 3aKOHYI1Tb Bblcwee Y'le6Hoe 3aBe)\eHl1e
an approval - 0)\06peHl1e
to award - HarpalK)\aTb (_eM-A.)
an exhibit - 3KCrT03J.1UIHI, BbiCTaBK3
in addition to - nOMI1MO
ridicule - OCMeSIHHe, HaCMeWK3
shortage - HeXBaTKa
to allocate - aCCHrHO B3Tb; OTBO,nI1Tb KaKYIO-JI. llaCTb nCHer Ha 4TO-Jl.
a message in the dots and dashes - nOCnaHl1e B BI1)\e TOyeK 11 Tl1pe
Usage Notes
B npO'lHTaHHOM BaMH TeKCTe BCTpe'laeTCH rJIaroJl to select: some of his paint
ings were selected for. . . . B '1eM COCTOHT pa3HHua MelK,lly fJlaroJlaMH to select H to
choose? To select 03Ha'laeT BbI6HpaTb '1TO-JlH60 TlllaTeJlbHO, OCMOTpHTeJlbHO, C
TeM '1T06bI B pe3YJlbTaTe nOJly'lHTb '1TO-JlH60 HaHJlY'llllero Ka'leCTBa HJlH He'lTO
HaH60Jlee npHeMJleMOe, nOl(XOl(lllllee .
To choose 03Ha'laeT B3HTb Ol(HH H3 l(ByX HJlH 60Jlee npel(MeTOB (B llIHPOKOM
CMbICJle 3Toro nOCJlel(HerO CJlOBa). HanpHMep: Of two evils, choose the lesser. - 113
06yX 30/1 6b/6upau MeHbwee.
Reading Comprehension
I. According to the passage, in his early life, Morse concentrated on preparing
Exercises
I. B npO'lI1TaHHOM BaMI1 TeKcTe naCCI1BHaH KOHCTPYKUI1H BCTpe'laeTCH He
CKOJlbKO pa3.
Translate into Russian.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
to appear - to disappear
to agree - to disagree
an advantage - disadvantage
an ability - disability
to satisfy - to dissatisfy
to approve - to disapprove
to assemble - to disassemble
order - disorder
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4. Sum up the contents of the text in five Russian sentences and translate them into English. The first
three sentences have been done for you.
Model:
After graduating from Yale University
Morse worked in London as an artist
and sculptor.
His artistic efforts were enthusiastically
approved there.
I. nocJle OKOH'laHI1H
YHI1BepCI1TeTa
Mop3e pa60TaJI B 1l0HlioHe KaK xy1l0lKHI1K 11 CKYJlbnTOp.
2. Era xYllO)J(eCTBeHHble np0l13BelleHI1H
6bIJlI1 oueHeHbI TaM O'leHb BbICOKO.
13
In
1 8 32
4. B
Te'leHl1e
5.
1 844
rOllY.
5. What is your opinion? Write a short composition the lirst sentence of which is:
"A talented man can achieve success if
6.
_______________
_
own lifetime?
Unit 2
THE I NVENTION OF THE PHONOG RAPH
Vocabulary
a phonograph
- q,oHorpaq"
npellweCTBeHHHK rpaMMoq,OHa
'l:
Ha )OHorpaq,c MOlKHO fibl1l0 3anH CblBaTb H BocnpOH3BOllHTb 3BYK C nOMOlUblO BO KoDbIX UH1IHH!lPOIl.
B npHcyrcTBJ.1l1 cny
Usage Notes
B caMOM Ha'lane TeKCTa 0 $OHOrpa$e I1CnOJlb30BaHO cymeCTBI1TeJlbHOe acci
dent: quite by accident. nOJle3HO nOCTaBI1Tb B OD,I1H pHD, TpI1 cymecTBI1TeJlbHblX -
11
3HatteHHe, 3nH30A
an accident
by accident.
chance').
E.g.: You might cut yourself (nope3aTbc) by accident: you wouldn't cut yourself on purpose.
The invention happened quite by accident.
EbIJIO 6bI nOJIe3HO 3anOMHHTb HeCKOJIbKO npeDJIolKeHHI1, B KOTOPbIX HCnOJIb3ye TcH rnaroJI to happen. n epe BellHTe 3TH npeDJIOlKeHHH.
I . Something very strange happened.
2. I was afraid that something terrible might happen to me.
3. What the teacher had predicted didn 't happen.
4. One day something very sad happened.
_
_ _ _ ___
__________
_
_ _ __ _ _ _ _____
_
________
_
Reading Comprehension
I . Which is the best title for the passage?
(A) Thomas Edison's Many Inventions
(8) I mprovements in the Telephone and Telegraph
(C) The H istory of Menlo Park
(D) A Surprise Invention
16
He
He
He
He
Exercises
1. B TeKCTe 0 oHorpae I1CnOJlb30SaHa opMa zepYHouR. OpaKTl1'JeCKl1H lK113HeHHbIH 11 npoeCCl10HaJIbHbIH (npenOJlaSaTeJlbCKI1H) OnbIT aBTopa JlaHHoro no
C06111I rOBOpl1T 0 TOM, 'ITO 113Y'laIOIUl1e rpaMMaTI1'1eCKl1H CTPOH aHrJlI1HCKoro 1I3bI
Ka nO'leMY-To C'II1TaIOT 3Ty HeJIl1'1HyIO OPMY maroJla O'leHb TPYJlHOi1. OJlHa)KJlbI,
6ece.uYlI C Y'leHl1uei1 JleCliTOro KJIaCca, 1I YCJlblIUaJIa CJleJlyIOIUee: "MOll nOJlpyra
TaK XOpOIUO, TaK XOPOIUO 3HaeT aHrJlMi1cKyIO rpaMMaTMKy. BOT 6bI M MHe TaK! OHa
3HaeT JlalKe repYHJlI1i1!! Ha caMoM JleJle, repYHJlMi1 He CJlOlKHee M He npOIUe JlPY
fl1X HeJlI1'1HbIX OPM maroJla - npl1'1aCTMlI, I1HMHMTMBa.
npM nepeBOJle Ha PYCCKl1i1 1I3bIK npeJlJlolKeHMi1,' COJleplKaIUMX repYHJlI1i1, 06paIUai1Te BHMMaHMe Ha npI13HaKl1, C6J1l1lKaIOIUMe repYHJlMi1 C CYIUeCTBMTeJlbHbIM:
HaJIl1'me npeJlJlora HenOCpeJlCTBeHHO nepe.u repYHJlMaJIbHoi1 OPMOi1, HaJIM'IMe
TaM lKe npMTlIlKaTeJlbHOrO MeCTOI1MeHMlI MJlM CYIUeCTBMTeJlbHOrO B npl1TlIlKaTeJlb
HOM nMelKe, HaJIl1'1Me JleTepMMHaHTOB (onpeJleJlMTeJlei1) mna no, any, this, that,
much u op.:
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[7
3.
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is going on now.
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I. Visiting
2.
3.
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In the following sentences you will find these forms of the Gerund:
entertaining
being entertained
Pelfecr Gerund Active - having entertained
Pelfecr Gerund Passive
having been entertained
18
_ ____ _
--
noGe)l(
Translate into Russian (the Russian for entertain is 'npHHHMan., OKalblBaTb rOCTenpHHMCTBO' ).
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_
3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
4. Creative Work
Do you happen to remember the story of any invention? Write a few sentences
about it. I f not, write a few sentences that could throw some light on the biography
of a scientist, Russian or foreign. You could use a Russian encyclopedia for children
or adults to obtain the necessary information.
19
Unit 3
N IAGARA FALLS
Vocabulary
a rail BOilOn3,ll
a natural wonder 'IYilO npl1pOilbl
a popular tourist destination 3ii. nonYJlnpHbl1l
-
20
TYPltCTCKI1A MapWPYT
..
YBl1llCTb ...
Usage Notes
B npO'lI1TaHHOM BaMI1 TeKCTe CJlOBO wonder BCTpeTI1J10Cb ABa pa3a: a natural
wonder 11 a scenic wonder. nOJle3HO 3anOMHI1Tb CJleAyKlIlll1e Bblpa)f(eHI1H:
no wonder HeYlll1BI1TenbHo
it is little/small wonder tbat...
He np"XOlll1TCn Ylll1BnnTbcn TOMY, TO . ..
a wonder lasts but nine days (proverb) Bce npl1ellaeTCR (6YK8.: YllO .!lnI1TCR nllUlb lleBnTb llHC:!'t)
I wonder wby I1HTepeCHO, noeMY...
-
Reading Comprehension
to
to
to
to
a bus
a boat
a walkway
a park
Exercises
1.
Have
you
npell
(have)
2.
You
3.
The post
4.
You
(see)
breakfast? - Yes,
(come)?
_ __________
_
Yes, it
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___ ___________
22
"
VlIHepecHo.
YTO TeM caMblM OH naJl nOBOJlbHO 'leTKoe onpeneJleHl1e 3Toro Bpe Me H I1 : nei1cf'
BI1TeJlbHO, B Present Perfect Continuous coxpaHHeTCiI MbICJlb'O TOM. 'ITO KaKoe
isiti ng ) npenCTaBJHleTCH
lie
Put the verbs in brackets in the P resent Perfect Continuous and translate the sentences.
I. I
(make)
flo ur (IYKa).
2.
Her phone
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______
m i nut e s.
answer it.
3. He
_____
(overwork). That
5.
He
_____
alphabet yet.
3.
(study)
_____
(look)
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_ ______ ____
_
Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
Sec Model on p. 13.
23
4.
In Russia there are quite a lot of natural wonders. Unfortunately, since some of
them have been neglected
_____________ ______
_
S.
short composition:
What arguments can you offer in favour of protecting some of the natural won
ders in Russia?
Unit 4
THE EARLY HISTO RY OF THE WHITE HOUSE
Vocabulary
an inhabitant o6WTaTenb
to suffer many inconveniences
then President James Monroe
-
Usage Notes
HanoMHHaHHe: rJlaroJlbI to arrive, to go, to return c CYllleCTBI1TeJlbHbIM home
ynoTpe6J1i1IOTCil 6e3 npe)l)lora to IiJlIi at:
25
CpaBHlfTe:
Reading Comprehension
I. Why did George Wash ington NOT l i ve in the White H ouse?
(A)
It
(0) Construction
2. According to the passage, when James Monroe came back to the White House,
it had been
(A) rcpressed.
(B) reconstructed.
(C) relocated.
(0) reserved.
Exercises
I. B
Perfect
rOBopHlIH.
be
marollbHoH
0 BpeMel-l11
B coorBercrBYloweM BpeMCI-I H,
liHue H
Present
QJopMoB
Perfect
P resen t
Mbl
y'>Ke
'IHClIe
CMblCJlOBOH
maroll B
be BO BpeMeH H
been; occupied
Present
TO occupy. 06paTHTe
y,
eClIl1 oHa
6CIO rpaMMa
26
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OKpaLUI1BaTb, KpaCI1Tb).
_ _ ___
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LUpaM) .
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31.
27
3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
4.
What arguments could you offer in favour of (or against) naming the residence of
the Russian Government in Moscow "The White House"? Your short composition
could begin with the following sentence:
"In my opinion, some of our attempts to imitate American traditions and cul
ture are . . .
"
Unit S
THE BEG I N N I N G OF REFORM
IN AMERICAN EDUCATION
Vocabulary
to be in desperate need of smth - CHnbHO
a private school - yaCTHall WKona
for the very rich - Jl)lll caMblX 60raTblX
29
a laborer - pa604HH
to waste one's time - rp3THTb BPCMSl JP". nonycT)'
to set about smth - H3q3Tb llen3Tb I-ITO-ll .
an excuse - onpaB1l3HHe
to match - npHBOllHTb B COOTBeTCTBHe: these changes were soon matched in other school districts - n01l.06HbIC 113MCHCHJHl 6blJlH BBcn.eHbI J.1 B lI.pyniX MeCT3X
to extend a school year - npOllllHTb Y4e6HblH rOll
to improve the quality of smth - yJlyqlllHTb Ka4eCTBO 4erO-Jl.
to institute smth - BBOIlHTb, Y4pelK.llaTb 4TO-Jl.
to bring about an improvement - npHBeCTH K YJlY4111 eHHIO
a salary - 3apa6oTHan nJlaTa
public awareness - OC03HaHHe o6111ecTBoM 4erO-Jl.
Usage Notes
B TeKCTe BbI BCTpenllIli CYllleCTBI1TeJlbHoe need: ... was desperately in need of
reform . 3TO CJlOBO npellCTaBJIHeT onpelleJIeHHYIO TPYllHOCTb npl1 nepeBOlle Ha pyc
CKI1I1 H3bIK. 06paTl1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha B03MOlKHbie Bapl1aHTbI nepeBOlla:
There is no need to tell the police about the accident. - COBceM He 06113a
TeJlbHO C0061llaTb nOJlI1Ul111 0 CJIyql1BllleMclI (npOI1CllleCTBI1I1).
There is a great need for international understanding. - JI IOllllM pa3Hblx CTpaH
He06xOlll1MO nOHI1MaTb llPYT llpyra.
Are you in need of any assistance? - BaM HYlKHa nOMOlllb?
I don't understand their need to sell the house. - 51 He nOHI1MaIO, nO'leMY 11M
HallO npOllaBaTb CB0I1 110M.
Reading Comprehension
I . It is implied in the passage that to go to a private school, a student
needed . . .
(A) a high level of intelligence.
( B) a strong educational background.
(C) good grades.
( D) a lot of money.
2. Why is the word waste punctuated in quotation marks (KaBbI'IKI1)?
(A) The author wants to emphasize how much time was wasted on educa
tion.
(B) The author is quoting (UI1Tl1pyeT) someone else who said that education
was a waste of time.
(C) The author thinks that education is not really a waste of time.
(D) The author does not want students to waste their time on educa
tion.
30
3.
According to the passage, why did H orace Mann want a better educational
system fo r Americans'!
Exercises
I. B n pO'IIH3HHOM
t heir task.
13 naHH OM CJIY'lae llpH nepeBone Ha PYCCK}!H 5!3b!K Bce TpVl cIIYlKe6H blx CIIOBa
if was . . . thor
Translate the following into Russian. Not" that the emphatic construction
whell)
apart from
u.meullo
paJ.
3.
2.
3.
In the first sentence of the text above you have come across the numeral
these selltences spelling the nUlllerals.
the Jlilleteellfh.
Rewrite
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31
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4.
Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
5.
What is your opinion? Write a short composition the first sentence of which is the following:
I ' m afraid, I don't know much about private schools in Russia; what little I know
shows that
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Unit 6
AN I NTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN CULTURE
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and drove to Los Angeles, stopping only to get gas, eat, and sleep, it would
take you four or five days. It takes two full days to drive from N ew York to
Florida.
On a typical day in November the national weather forecast might call for
rain in New York and snow in Chicago, while it was warm enough to swim
in Los Angeles. It is not difficult to imagine how different daily life might be
in such different climates, or how lifestyles could vary in cities and towns so
far apart.
(to be continued)
Vocabulary
the average American cpellHHll aMepHKaHeu
immense/enormous size OrpOMHhlll, rllraHTCKwll pa3Mep
to comprehend nOHflTb nORHOCTblO, JlO KOHua
to value smth ueHHTb TO-JI.
for that matter liTO K3caeTcn 3Toro, B 3TOM OTHoweHHH; B Ca1l3H C 3THM
ethnic diversity 3THweCKoe paJHoofipa3we
to he far apart HaXOIlHTbCH Ha fiOllbWOM paCCTOHHHW Ilpyr OT Ilpyra
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<1>pa30BbIM marOJI to get in ( .. .if you got in a car in New York ... ) MOJKeT 6blTb
I1CrrOJIb30BaH B HeCKOJIbKl1X 3Ha'leHI1S1X:
a) to come in, enter: He got in before the train started.
b) to be admitted: The child got in to the school after a special test. I think he
will get in without too much trouble.
c) pa3Z.: to get home: She said she would get in late tonight.
Exercises
1 . O.nHa 113 cepbe3HbIX Tpy.nHocTeH B 113Y'leHI1I1 aHml1HCKOrO Sl3bIKa - :no
TaK Ha3bIBaeMble MHOZ03Ha'lHble f/Jpa308b1e ZAaZOA bl, Ha3bIBaeMble TaKJKe ZAaZOAa
MU c nOCAeAOZOM, T.e. c Hape'll1eM .I1JII1 rrpe.nJIOroM. B TeKCTe BaM BCTpeTI1JICSI
(nOMI1MO maroJIa to get in, yrroMI1HaeMoro B Usage Notes K 3TOMY YPOKY) pa30BbIH marOJI to califor. The national weatherforecast might califor rain. BOT 'ITO
Harrl1CaJIl1 aBTopbI CJIOBapSi 'Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs and Their Idi
oms': "The English phrasal verb has always been a headache to the foreign learner.
Combinations of verb and adverb or preposition are among the first things the
Go away, Come along, Shut up. Such ex
English-speaking child learns to say
pressions form the basis of much everyday communication. " ( Tom McArthur, Beryl
Atkins)
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Translate into Russian the sentences below. To make your task easier, the corresponding meanings of
callfor are given in brackets.
I . The customers called for more beer (the literary equivalent: demand).
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2. I ' ll call for you at seven o'clock and we can go there together (to
co llect).
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quire).
2. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
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3. What effect does climate have on the lifestyles of the people in your country?
Unit 7
AN I NTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN C U LTU R E
(Continued)
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Vocabulary
ethnic diversity - 3THI1"eeKOe pa3Hoo6pa311e
a settler - KOJlOHHCT
ancestors - npeAKI1
to feel strongly about smth - npl1AaBaTb "eMY-Jl. 60JlbWOe 3Ha"eHl1e
ethnic heritage 3THI1"eeKoe HaeJleAl1e
to rerer to each other as Swedes... - 3a. Ha3blBaTb APyr Apyra WBeAaMI1
to honor a tradition - OTAaBaTb AaHb TpaAl1U1111
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Usage Notes
1. 06panITe BHI1MaHl1e Ha TO, 'ITO a(!) second (npUAaz.) 03Ha'laeT .D;pyrOH, elUe
O.D;I1H: There is a second important factor, TOr.D;a KaK the second (noPMKoBoe '1I1C
JlI1TeJlbHoe) 03Ha'laeT BTOPOH.
2. 06paTI1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha TO, 'ITO maroJi to influence (6AUJlmb), B OTJll1'1l1e OT
pYCCKoro 1I3blKa, He Tpe6yeT nocJle ce611 KaKOrO-JlI160 npeMora:
. . . another factor influencing American life ...
Who influenced her to do that?
nOJle3HO 3anOMHI1Tb CJle.D;YJOlUl1e, '1aCTO BCTPe'lalOlUI1eClI CJlOBOCO'leTaHl1l1: to
influence deeply, profoundly, strongly.
Exercises
1 . B TeKCTe :3Toro ypoKa BbJ CTOJlKHYJlI1Cb C marOJlOM did B POJlI1 CJlOBa-3a
MeCTI1TeJlll :
All Americans came from foreign countries - or their ancestors did.
06paTI1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha TO, 'ITO B POJlI1 CJlOBa-3aMeCTI1TeJlll to do Mo)KeT 6bITb
I1CnOJlb30BaH TOJlbKO nocJle rJlarOJlOB B aKTI1BHOM 3a.JJore 11 HI1KOr.D;a nocJle maro
JlOB B naCCI1BHOM 3a.JJore.
1ranslate tbe following sentences into Russian. Mind the meanings of the verb to do:
1. as a notional verb aeAamb. aeiicm808amb; 2. as an auxiliary verb; 3. as a substitute for another
verb; 4. as an empbasizer of another verb.
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I do.
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9. John does enjoy his food. (cp. c John enjoys his food.
1 2. Do be quiet, children.
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1 5. Not only does he speak Russian, but he speaks three other foreign languages.
16. Only when you are here do I get practice in speaking French.
1 7. Only then did I understand that.
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2. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences aDd try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
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3.
Unit 8
AN INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN CULTURE
(Continued)
For better understanding of basic American beliefs, values, and character traits we
might refer to the wisdom of a famous observer of the American scene, Alexis de
Tocqueville ['touk,VII) ( 1 805- 1 859). Tocqueville came to the United States as a young
Frenchman in 1 83 1 to study the American form of democracy and what it might mean
to the rest of the world. After a visit of only nine months he wrote a remarkable book
called "Democracy in America", which is a "classic study of the American way of life" .
Tocqueville had remarkable powers of observation. He described not only the demo
cn'ttic system of government and how it operated, but also its effect on how Americans
think, feel, and act. Many scholars believe that he had a deeper understanding of
basic American beliefs and values than anyone else who has ever written about the
United States. What is so remarkable is that many ofthe traits of the American char
acter which he observed over 150 years ago are still visible and meaningful today.
Another reason why Tocqueville's observations of the American character are
important is the time when he visited the United States. He came in the 1 830's, be
fore America was industrialized. This was the era of the small farmer, the small busi
nessman, and the settling of the western frontier. Americans look back at this period
as the golden age of the pioneers. In hard times they speak of the moral character of
the pioneers and they remember their frontier heritage with pride. To them, this era
represents the best of the American character. The qualities and character traits
Tocqueville describes are the same ones that Americans take pride in today. He, how
ever, was a neutral observer and saw both the good and the bad sides of these qualities.
Vocabulary
identity TO)KJleCTBeHHOCTb, O,UHH3KOBOCTb, n.neHTHl.JHOCTb
iDcideDtally - MelK.l\Y npOI1M
citizeDs of the United States refer to themselves as - rpalK.l\aHe Cili A rOBOpijT 0 ce6e KaK 0. . .
to cause misunderstaDdings Bbl3saTb HellOpa3YMeHI1e (npl1secm K HenpasHnbHoMY nOHI1MaHI1IO)
this makes DO seDse ::>TO (cosepllleHHO) 6eCCMbicneHHO
to make geDeralizatioDs - llenaTb o606meHI1n
cautious OCTOPO)l(Hblil
to hold beliefs npl1llep)l(l1SaTbCn KaKI1X-n. y6eJKlle HI1il
to the same degree s olll1HaKosoil CTeneHI1
a pattern Mo,aeJlb, YCToRYHSan cxeMa
a characteristic trait - xapaKTepHan epTa, oco6eHHOCTb
the res i of the world - oCTonbHa!! aCTb Ml1pa
a way of life o6pa3 )l(113HI1
American ..dues aMepl1KaHCKl1e lIeHHOCTI1 (so S3rnijilaX Ha )l(113Hb)
pioneers nepBOOTKpblS3reJIH
froDtier heritage 30. Tp3ll11111111 speMeH nOKOpeHl1n 3an3lla C iliA
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Usage Notes
06panITe BHHMaHl-le Ha TO, 'ITO maroJl to refer MOlKeT 6bITb HCnOJlb30BaH
KaK c to, TaK H c back to. B nOCJle.uHeM cJlyqae 3TOT rJlaroJl HMeeT 3Ha'leHl1e
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Reading Comprehension
Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false according to the information.
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1 . Because ofthe great size of the United States, there are many differ
ent climates.
2. All people in the United States have the same lifestyle.
3. All people living in the United States today came from another coun
try, or their ancestors did.
4. Americans do not know or care where their ancestors came from.
5. Although Americans may be very different, there is still a strong feeling of what it means to be an American.
6. The English language has no adjective for United States and there
fore uses the term American to refer to its people.
7 . It is not possible to make generalizations about what Americans be
lieve because they are so different.
8 . Many of the characteristics ofAmericans which Alexis de Tocqueville
observed 150 years ago are still true today.
9. Many Americans think of the time when Tocqueville came ( l 830s)
as a time when Americans were at their best.
Exercises
1.
Interview two or three students in your group and ask them to complete the following:
I . Americans are
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Then sum up their answers and write a short essay "What my friends think Americans are like."
of the traits of the American character . . . are still visible and meaningful today.
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4.
Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
5.
What is your opinion? Write a short composition as an answer to one (two, three, or all four) of the
following questions:
I . Do you think it is possible to describe an average person in your country and
what he or she believes?
2. How would you describe the traits of the people in your country?
3 . Do you think people all over the world are basically the same or basically very
different?
4. How are Americans different from people in your country?
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Unit 9
I NCREASE IN u . S . M E DICAL B I LLS
Vocabulary
a medical bill - C\fCT, nOll)le)l(3uudt onnaTC, 3a OKa3aHHe Me,nHUJ1HCK"X ycnyr
bills have risen outrageously eYeTa BOJpOellH HeHMOBepHO
to take steps - npHHHMaTb Mepbl; llellaTb warM B HanpaBlIeHHH
to reverse a trend nOJIHOCTbJO H3MeHHTh TCH.lleHUi11O
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naHHI1
Usage Notes
B TeKCTe BbI CTOJlKHYJlI1Cb C CYll.\eCTBI1TeJlbHbIM a cause: . . . as a major cause for
the increase in ... .
3Ha'leHl1e ::noro CYll.\eCTBI1TeJlbHOrO MO)J(}!O onpe)leJlI1Tb KaK He'lTO, 'ITO npo113BO)lI1T KaKOe-JlI160 B03)leikTBl1e 11J111 lIBJllIeTCli npl1'1I1HOll, BbI3bIBaeT KaKoe-TO
)lellCTBl1e.
CYll..{eCTBI1TeJlbHoe cause Hepe)lKO OTOlK)leCTBJlHIOT C CYll.\eCTBI1TeJlbHbIM reason,
'ITO HenpaBHJIbHo. 3Ha'leHl1e 'reason' MO)J(}!O onpe)leJlI1Tb KaK <l>aKT> KOTOPbIll npl1BO)lI1TCli B Ka'leCTBe Momuea 11J111 o6MCHeHuR 'lero-JlI160 I1JII1 )I(e Mll TOro, '1T06bI
OnpaB)laTb CBOll BbIBO)l, YM03aKJIIO'leHl1e.
nOJle3HO 3anOMHI1Tb CJle)lyIOlI..{l1e YCTOll'lI1Bble CJIOBOCO'leTaHI1H C CYll.\eCTBI1TeJIbHbIM reason:
with reason, not without reason He 6e3 OCHOBaHl1l1
to give a reason for 06bllCHI1Tb npl1'lI1HY 'lero-JI.
by reason of no npl1'1I1He
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ECJII1 Bbl npO'lTeTe npl1Be)leHHyIO Hl1)1(e rnyTKy, BbI XOPOlliO 3anOMHI1Te 3Ha
'1eHl1e CYll.\eCTBI1TeJIbHOrO 'reason':
Young man to his beloved: You are so clever and so beautiful! Why do you refuse
to marry me?
She: My friend, you have given the reasons yourself!
Reading Comprehension
I . What is the subject of this passage?
(A) The increasing costs of malpractice insurance.
(B) Factors causing the increase in US medical bills.
(C) Steps for Americans to take to obtain medical care.
(0) The outrageous medical profession.
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2. The passage implies that a slowing in inflation would have what kind of effect
on medical costs?
(A) Tremendous.
( B) Nonexistent.
(C) Slight.
(0) Maximum.
3. What does the paragraph that might follow this passage most likely contain?
(A) A discussion of why the average American will soon be unable to afford
medical care.
(B) Forecasts of how inflation will influence medical care in the future.
(C) The tremendous increases in malpractice insurance.
(0) The steps the government could take to keep under control medical costs.
Exercises
1 . B TeKCTe BaM BCTpenmocb cYlllecTBI1TeJlbHoe practice c npl1CTaBKOH mal-.
3Ta npl1CTaBKa BCTpe'laeTCSl B CJlOBaX, npl1Hawre)l(allll1X pa3J1I1'1HbIM '1aCTSlM pe
'111, I1 I1MeeT 3Ha'leHI1S1: I . nJlOXOH, nJloxo; 2. HenpaBI1J1bHbIH , HenpaBI1J1bHO; 3. He
nO}lXO}lSllllI1H.
Add mal- to the following words and translate them into Russian (in writing):
nutrition -
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large - 60JlblllOH
largely - maBHblM 06pa30M, B OCHOBHOM
bad - nJlOXOH
badly - I . CHJlbHO, 2 . MOXO
late - n03}lHHH
lately - He}laBHO, B nOCJle}lHee BpeMSI
near - 6J1H3KO
nearly - nO'lTH
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heavy - TSDKeJlbIH
heavily - CHJlbHO, YC"lJIeHHO
necessary - Heo6xoD.I1MbIH
necessarily - 06i13aTeJlbHO
high - BbICOKI1H
highly - O'leHb, BeCbMa, CI1J1bHO, '1pe3BbI'IaHHO
ready - rOToBbIH
readily - JlerKO
BHelllHee CXOllCTBO 3TI1X CJlOB CTaJIO npI1'1I1HOH Toro, 'ITO I1X HenpaBI1J1bHOe
ynoTpe6J1eHI1e npeBpaTI1J10Cb B TI1nl1'1HyIO OlllI16KY.
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3.
Sum up tbe contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
4.
' I'll begin with the opinion of my family. My granny is strongly against any pri
vate medical service. She thinks it all unreliable and unprofessional. My father says
he rather likes it because
As to me, 1
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2. What relation (if any) do you see between privatization and quality of medical
service in Russia?
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Unit 1 0
T H E FI RST TWENTY- FOUR H O U RS
Vocabulary
to be buried - (30.) B nepeHOCHOM CMbICne
a catching disease - 3apa3HaH 60ne3Hb
a cold - npOCT)'lla
goose bumps - MypallIKH
to swallow - rnOTIlTb
to sneeze - 4l1X3Tb
to cough [knfl - KallInHTb
Usage Notes
1 . 06panITe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITO marOJl to feel + infinitive HCnOJlb3yeTcH 6e3
'1aCTHl.{bI to.
He Z060pume: I could feel his heart )Q: beat.
F060pume: I could feel his heart beat HJlH: I could feel his heart beating.
IIoMHHTe:
eCJlH maroJIblfeel, make (3aCTaBJIJlTb), see, watch, hear HCnOJlb3YIOTCH B naCCHBe, '1aCTHlla 'to' ,llOJl)KHa 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHa. E.g.:
He was seen to leave the house.;
H e was heard to speak English.
But: I saw him 0 leave the house; I heard him 0 speak English.
Translate into Russian paying attention to different meanings of must + perfect infinitive.
a) must + perfect infinitive means necessity in the past <He06xo.!lI1MOCTh B npollIJlOM):
You must have lived here for five years in order to apply for a residence per
mit. - BaM HMO 6bIJIO npOlKHTb 3,lleCb nHTb JleT .!lJlH Toro, '1T06bl nOJlY'lHTh
BH,ll Ha lKHTeJIbCTBO.
To become a professor, you must have published several books.
To get a full pension, an employee must have contributed to the fund for at least
twenty years.
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11J111
yBe
A: They quarrelled quite often and whenever they quarrelled they threw chairs at
each other.
B: They must have broken a lot of chairs. ,ll,OJDKHO 6bITb, OHI1 CJlOMaJll1 MHOro
CTYJlbeB.
He must have left his umbrella on the bus (meaning: he can't have left it any
where else).
John must have missed his train; the train leaves at 10. 1 5 and he left the house
as late as five past ten.
When they returned from their holidays they looked very refreshed; they must
have had a good time while they were away.
When I first met my new neighbour he said he was George Washington; he
must have been crazy or drunk.
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c) must not + perfect infinitive often means a deduced decision or judgement (JlO
rWleCKI1H BbIBO.ll., lIBJ1l1JOll.\I1I1cll pa3YMHbIM 06bllCHeHl1eM):
Mr. Green mustn 't have received my letter, otherwise he would have replied
before now. - Ml1cTep rpl1H, CKopee Bcero, He nOJlY'l11Jl Moe nl1CbMo. B npo
TI1BHOM cJlyqae OH YlKe npl1CJlaJI 6bI OTBeT.
George must not have been consulted, or else we wouldn't have such a weak
scheme in front of us now.
3.
Sum up tbe contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
4.
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2) Do you agree with the writer's description of a cold? What would you add to or change about the
description?
06panITe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITO Mll oTBeTa Ha nepBbIH Bonpoc BaM nOHlI,llO 611TCli pa3JIH'JHble coellHHHTe1lbHble C1l0Ba: first, then, at that time, over that period
of time; in that case; that being so, besides, after that; from then on H IIp.
s.
There are a number of possible explanations for the decline in service standards
, many people in the 1 970's insisted on buying
in the United States.
high inflation.
everything at the lowest possible price
stores and other businesses which offered extra services either changed their approach,
by reducing sales personnel, or, in many cases, went out of
business.
, as inflation declined in the 1 980s, some customers began
to complain that they could no longer get good service when they wanted it.
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Unit 1 1
EDUCATI O N
Vocabulary
schooling 06pa30BaHHe
to place emphasis on smth npHllaBaTb '.eMy-n. oc060e 3Ha4eHHe
primary schooling Ha4MbHoe 06pa30BaHHe
a degree 30. YlleH3n CTenCHb
an extra year JlOnOJIHHTeJlbHblA ron
employment pa60Ta, cn)'lK6a ( n o HaAMY)
part-time HCnOJIH3n CTaBKa (l13CH1.4Han 33HflTOCTb)
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Usage Notes
I . It would be useful to know that to go on might be used in a number of mean
ings:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
'to
'to
'to
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'to
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2. Insert prepositions of time: aI, on, in, for, during, after, before, from, until, by, up 10.
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3.
of.
Quesions for
sbort composition:
S8
Unit 12
PERSONAL SPACE
B HaJIJ.l4J.1H npOCTP.HCTBO
OTIl.B'Tb ce6e OT4eT B 4eM-n.
59
to mutter an apology
np"HeCTI 113BI1HeHI1e (TI1XI1M rOJlOCOM, CKoporOBopKoA)
try to avoid touching one another CTapalOTCH He .uorpamoaTbCH .uo .upyroro 4eJlOBeKa
try to disperse themselves evenly
nblTalOTCH pacnpe.ueJlI1TbCH paBHOMepHO
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Usage Notes
1. Different means 'not the same, unlike' (oppos. - like, similar): Different coun
tries have different rules.
Various means 'several, many'; it stresses the number of things, more than
their unlikeness:
Do you understand this joke ?
" H ave you much variety at your canteen?"
"Yes, we have three different names for one and the same dish."
y06Hoe BpeMH -
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y06Hoe MecTO -
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Reading Comprehension
I . In what meaning is the word consciously used in the passage:
People are usually not consciously aware of . . . ?
(A) being awake, not sleeping
(B) giving emphasis to a particular fact or phenomenon
(C) carefully
(D) knowingly
Exercises
1. BepoliTHo, BaM }')Ke 113BeCTHo, 'ITO B aHfJII1I1CKOM 1I3blKe naCCI1BHali KOHCT
PYKI-ll1l1 Mo)t(eT I1CnOJIb30BaTbCli co 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHO 60JIbllll1M '1I1CJIOM fJIaroJIOB 11 B
3Ha'lI1TeJIbHO 60JIbllleM '1I1CJIe CJIy'laeB, HelKeJII1 B PYCCKOM 1I3blKe (HanpI1Mep, B
TeKCTe: their space is entered without permission).
Fill in the blanks using tbe verb in bold type in its passive form. Translate the sentences.
1 . Most British people do not drink a lot of coffee, but a lot of tea
everywhere in the country.
2. Most English housewives make Christmas puddings (the famous 'plum puddings'). These puddings
several months before Christmas.
3. Englishmen love to eat roast beef. However, a lot of lamb
in England, too.
4. Women sometimes wear a colourful tartan (WOTJIaHJ\Ka - KJIeT'IaTali wepCTliHali TKaHb) skirt called a 'kilt'. In Scotland, kilts
by men, too,
sometimes.
5. In Galicia in Spain people play an instrument called the 'gaita'. Similar inin Scotland.
struments, bagpipes,
6. In North Wales many people speak \\elsh. In the West of Scotland, Gaelic
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7. In the USA sportsmen bunt animals with guns. In Britain some animals (eswith dogs but without guns.
pecially foxes)
8. People in Britain keep cage birds, such as canaries, as pets, but pigeons
only as racing birds.
9. On New Year's Eve in Britain, people often have parties and sing songs, and
at midnight the famous Scottish song 'Auld Lang Syne'
by people
everywhere (Auld Lang Syne old times, times past, esp. those remembered
with affection or nostalgia; 6YK6.: old long since).
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2 . Use the verbs i n brackets i n the passive. Translate the sentences into Russian. Don't forget that
sometimes passive forms are often translated into Russian by active forms.
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2. If you are punctual, you (spare) a great deal of work and worry.
3 . I (tell) that Bill (offer) quite a good job but wouldn't take it. He was a fool to
refuse, he (not give) such a chance again.
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3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
\ . If you are alone in an elevator and someone comes in, where does he or she
: 2.
3.
4.
5.
. 6.
7.
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stand?
As more people enter the elevator, where do they stand?
Do people talk to one another?
How loudly do they speak?
Do strangers touch?
What happens in a crowded elevator when someone in the back has to get off?
How does it all compare with the space rules in your country?
Unit 13
I N DIAN CLIFF DWELLINGS
Vocabulary
a cliff dwelling lIGImllue B OTBeCHOH CKane
an explorer HCCJlen.oa3rel1b; nyrewecTBeHHHK no HeHCCnell.Oa3HHblM MeCTaM
built in layers into BCTpoeHHb!e pllJlaMH B
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Usage Notes
1 . A.C.
2. N.B. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITO B CJlOBaX THna to occur, to refer B >op
Me nporne,nwero BpeMeHH 6)'KBa r y,nBaHBaeTClI: occurred, referred.
3. B TeKCTe YPOKa BCTpe'laeTCli CJlOBO room.
Reading Comprehension
I . According to the passage, what were the cliff dwellings like when the explor
ers first found them?
(A) Heavily decorated.
(B) Full of daily life.
(C) Empty.
(D) Attractive.
2. According to the passage, what do archaeologists believe caused the cliff dwellers
to abandon their homes?
(A) A lack of food.
(B) Warfare with neighbouring tribes.
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Exercises
1 . B TeKCTe ,nOfO YPOKa BbI CTOJIKHYJIHCb C OPMOH nepeKTHofo HHH
HHTI1Ba:
. . . the inhabitants could have left the clifT dwellings . . .
. . . a serious drought that is known to have occurred i n the area . . .
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3. To have lived all one's life in a small village gives one a rather limited outlook.
4. He seems to have missed the train.
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When a child did you read books about American Indians? Unfortunately, at
present most children prefer watching TV to reading fiction. What solution to the
problem could you offer?
Unit
14
A few years later, the Coinage Act of 1 792 made the dollar the official currency
of the United States and put the country on a bimetallic standard. In this bimetallic
system, both gold and silver were legal money, and the rate of exchange of silver to
gold was fIXed by the government at sixteen to one.
Vocabulary
monentary system - )leHelKHaa CHCTeMa
a means - CPC.llCTBO, cnoco6
to be forced to do smth
6bITb BbIHYlKJleHHblM (c)leJIaTb 'ITO-JI.
goods - TOBapbI
beaver pelts W KypKH 606pOB
a wampum ['wDmpom]- OlKepeJIbe 113 paKOBHH (y uHoeulle8)
a substitute for smtb - 3aMeHHTeJIb 4erO-JI.
Dutch - rOJIJIaH)lCKHR (He rryraTb C Danish )laTCKHA!)
virtually - <!>aKTH4ecKI1. Ha caMOM )leJIe
worthless (was virtually worthless) - H114ero He CToallIHA; He HMeIOllIHil HHKaKoA ueHHOCTH
to nourisb
rrpOUBeraTb
to be in a state of total disarray - HaXO)lHTbCa B COCToaHHH rrOJIHOrO 6eCrrOpa)lKa (paccTpoli-
cTBa)
MeHH. (OD.HH 113 OCHOB HbIX npHHUHnOB MOHeTapH3Ma COCTOHT B TOM, l.fTO POCT KonWICCTsa
.neHer, npCSbIWaIOLUJ.1A CKOPOCTb 3KOHOMHlfeCKoro pOCTa , SISJUIeTCH OCHOBHoR npHl.JHHOA
HH<!>JIaUHH.)
Usage Notes
1 . 06paTiHe BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITO cYlllecTBHTeJlbHoe money HMeeT <!>OPMY
ellHHcTBeHHoro '1HCJla H 6cezaa CO'leTaeTCJI C marOJlOM B ellHHCTBeHHoM '1HC
it; HH B KoeM cJly'lae
J1e H MeCTOHMeHHeM B ellHHCTBeHHoM '1HCJle (money
He they).
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XVI BeK - 113 HI1)I(HeHeMeUKoro (Low German) daler, llaJIee - 113 HeMeUKoro
Taler, Thaler. nOCJIeAHl1e IlBa CJIOBa SlBJISlJOTCSI cOKpameHHoM <j>OPMOM OT
'loachimsthaler coin'. 3Ta MOHeTa 'JeKaHI1JIaCb 113 MeTaJIJIa, np0l13BOlll1MOrO B
'loachimsthal Jachymov - ropolle, KOTOPblM ceti'lac HaXOlll1TCH Ha Teppl1TOpl111
qeUlcKoM Pecny6JII1K11.
Reading Comprehension
I . The passage indicates that during the colonial period, money was
(A) supplied by England.
(B) coined freely by the colonists.
(C) scarce.
(D) used extensively for trade.
2. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was allowed to make coins
(A) continuously from the inception of the colony.
(B) throughout the seventeenth century.
(C) from 1 652 until the Revolutionary War.
(D) for a short time during one year.
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a substitute for
money during the colonial period?
(A) Wampum.
(B) Cotton.
(C) Tobacco.
(D) Beaver furs.
4. According to the passage, what happened to the American monetary system
during the Revolutionary War?
(A) The Continental Congress issued gold and silver coins.
(B) Individual states were not allowed to issue money.
(C) So much paper money was circulated that it lost its value.
(D) American money replaced trade in goods and foreign coins.
Exercises
1. B 3TOM ypOKe BbI BCTpeTl1JIl1Cb c marOJIbHOM <j>OPMOM Past Perfect (had
+ 3-H q,opMa CMbICJIOBOrO maroJIa) Passive: ' By the time the Revolutionary
War had been won by the American colonists .. . ' . Korlla ynoTpe6JISleTCSl Past
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2. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form - Simple Past or Past Perfect.
I . After a long forced march, Caesar _____ (enter) the town only to find
(make) the long march
(flee) : he
that the enemy
in vain.
2. Columbus _____ (gaze) at the land that he
(come)
so far to seek: he
(see) nothing but the ocean for five long
weeks.
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5. They had not offered Clara any money for her painting.
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4. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate tbem into English.
See Model on p. 13.
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5. Questions for
short composition:
I. What is the meaning of the word wooden in the idiom wooden money?
hyperinflation?
NOTE: Russian idioms CMompume, '1m06bl eac lie HaiJY!1U, He iJaeaiime eoiJumb
ce6R 3a HOC, cmapaiimeCb He nonacmbCR I/O yiJO'lKY are often translated as
don't take any wooden money (rum nickels), aMep. pa3z.
Unit 1 5
THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary
on hand HMelOlUHl\cH B HanHqHH; to keep (money) on hand paCnOnaraTb HanHqHblMH cpellCTDaMU
a deposit BKJlaJl KJlHeHTa B KpellHTHoM yqpelKl\eHHH (8 BHlle lleHer HnH ueHHblX 6YMar)
a vault xpaHHnHlUe: 6onbwoll cell", HnH cell",OBaH KOMHaTa 6aHKa
money supply lleHeJl(HaH Macca
the discount rate yqeTHan CTaBKa: CTaBKa, no KOTOpoil ueHTpanbHblll 6aHK rOTOB npellOCTIIU
nHTb KpellHTbl 6aHKaM (HHCTPYMeHT lleHeJKHO-KpellHTHoll nonHTHKH)
interest rate npoueHTHan CTaBKa: nnaTa 3a KPCllHT B npoueHTHOM Bblp3JKeHHH B paCqeTe Ha
OllHH rOll
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Usage Notes
1. to keep (the percentage of deposits that a member bank must keep . . . ) means
'to possess', 'to have in one's possession', while to hold means 'to have in the hands',
'to support with the hand'. E.g.:
very rich
Reading Comprehension
I . According to the passage, the main purpose of the Federal Reserve System is to...
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2. The passage implies that a lowering of the discount rate would lead to . . .
(A) an increase i n the money supply.
(B) a decrease in borrowing from the Fed by commercial banks.
(C) a decrease in the money available.
(D) an increase in the reserve requirement.
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Exercises
1. B TeKCTe BbI CTOJIKHYillICb C marolloM to raise (Jro - npaBI1JIbHbrn marOJI ): to raise
or lower the discount rate. npeno}laBaTeJ1bCKIDI OTIbIT nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO HepeDJ<I1 CJJY'IaH,
KOr}la yqaIUI1eClI He pa3rpaHI1'lI1!lalOT }lBa marOJIa: nepexoilHbIH maroll to raise 11 Hene
pexoilHbIH maroll to rise, KOTOPbIH lIBJUIeTClI HenpaBI1JIbHbIM: to rise - rose - risen.
Use one of these verbs in the sentences below.
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2. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
3.
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Unit 16
T H E FORGOTTEN LETTER
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Vocabulary
Usage Notes
1 . Don't say: Would you please check whether I have for)Q:tten a black handbag
in Room 2 1 .
Say: Would you please check whether I have left a black handbag in Room 2 1 .
Don't use forget if you mention a place. E.g.: If the keys aren't in your jacket,
you must have left them somewhere.
I 've left all my money at home.
2. Prefer to, not prefer
Reading Comprehension
I . In what meaning is the word calling used in the text? (see the second para
graph)
Many people prefer calling to writing letters.
(A)
(8)
(C)
(D)
giving a name to
speaking loudly in order to make someone hear
going to another man's house
telephoning
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2. In what meaning is the verb to reach used in the text? (see the first paragraph)
We are now reaching each other more quickly.
(A) to arrive at or get to a person, place, etc.
(B) to extend as far as (E.g. : mould (lUIeceHb) has reached the ceiling)
(C) to come to a certain condition ( E.g.: to reach the point of starvation)
(D) to extend in influence (E.g.: the Roman conquest reached throughout England)
3. In what meaning is the noun means used in the text? (see the first paragraph)
.. . As a means of keeping in touch over long distances.
(A) method or instrument used to obtain a result or achieve an end
(B) measure
(C) considerable wealth
(D) income
Exercises
1 . B TeKCTe YPOKa BbI CTOJIKHYJII1Cb C I1CnOJIb30BaHI1eM rrpl1JlaraTeJIbHbIX, Ha
pe'lI1H I1 I1X CTerreHeH cpaBHeHI1H: it is generally more convenient and immediate; we
are now reaching each other more quickly; not necessarily more effectively; it takes
less time; telephoning is more convenient; there is less work involved; the more expen
sive one-step telephone call; the cheaper multistep letter.
Put the right form of the adjective in brackets into each of these sentences.
as James (good).
I . John is a good violinist but he's not
2. Fortunately the news was not
as we expected (bad).
3. That TV programme was even
than the one we saw yesterday,
which was bad enough (nasty).
4. Niagara Falls is one of
sights in the world (fantastic).
man I have ever met (wise).
5. He was
6. Young Mary is becoming
every day (pretty).
result in the whole
7. You got zero in that test, Billy; that was
class (bad).
than the one you've got on, Mary; why
8. Your blue skirt is much
don't you change into it? (nice)
in the world (tasty).
9. I think Swiss chocolate is
as Switzerland (mountainous).
10. Germany is not
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Model:
A cat is faster than a mause. A mouse is not as fast as a cat.
The garden is more attractive than the house. - The house js not as attractive as
the garden.
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3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
What effect (if any) does the telephone have on your life?
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Unit 1 7
THE FORGOTTEN LETTER
(Continued)
Vocabulary
a reserved person CllepJKaHHblH "eJIOBeK
a receiver TeJIeq,OHHaJI Tpy6Ka
gives immediate pleasure cpa3y JKe llOCTaBJIeT YllOBOJIbCTBl1e
the benefits (of letter writing) npel1MymecTBa
a means of communication cpe.uCTBO o6weHlui
a comprehensible order nOHHTHblH (Bpa3YMI1TeJIbHbIH) nopllOK
luxury POCKOWb
to enjoy smth
nOJ1y"aTb OT "erO-J1. YllOBOJ1pCTBHe
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Usage Notes
1. comprehensible is 'that can be understood'. Its synonyms are: understandable,
clear, coherent, intelligible.
Each is used when the members of a group or class are thought of separately, as
individuals. E.g.:
A phone call gives a more complete picture of how each person is doing.
Complete the following sentences in English paying special attention to the use of each and every.
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Remember:
Reading Comprehension
1 . In what meaning is the word reserved used in the text:
... the other person is reserved (see the first paragraph)
(A) kept for future use by a particular person
(B) cool or formal in manner
(C) silent
2. In what meaning is the word benefits used in the text:
. . . to forget the benefits of letter writing (see the third paragraph)
(A) something that stands in the way
(B) advantages
(C) payments or series of payments
3 . In what meaning is the word to enjoy used in the text:
A letter can be enjoyed several times (see the third paragraph):
(A) to receive pleasure from
(B) to maintain
(C) to offer
Exercises
1 . B TeKCTe ypoKa BbI BCTpeUiJII1 CJIOBO whether: One can tell whether the
other person is angry . . 3TOT COI03, BepHee, ero ynoTpe6JIeHI1e 11 nepeBOJ]., I1HO
rJ].a KaJKyrcli Y'laml1MClI O'leHb CJIOJKHbIMI1. Ha caMOM J].eJIe :no He TaK. KaK
BbI MOJKeTe y6e]:{I1TbClI, OCHOBHble cnoc06bI nepeBo]:{a COlO3a whether CBOJ].lITCli
K TpeM OCHOBHbIM CJIY'laliM. DepeBe]:{I1Te CJIeJJ.YlOml1e npeMOJKeHl1l1 Ha pyc
CKI1H 1I3bIK:
.
a) 'IaCTHIa JIU
I . He asked whether he could help.
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c) He3aBHCHMO OT
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2. 06paTI1Te BHI1MaHl1e Ha TO, 'ITO COlO3 whether MOJKeT 6bITb 3aMeHeH COlO30M
if B TaKOM npeMOJKeHI1I1, KaK: Ask him whether (if) he can come.
11
pH.ua cywecTBI1TeJlb-
J1J\11
if).
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3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
4.
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Unit 18
J U ST WHAT IS A VACATION ANYWAY?
85
Vocabulary
anyway B R1ofioM ClIY4ae, BO BCnKOM ClIY4ae
to offer one's congratulations
n0311paBHTb KOro-lI.
a lucky guy 30. c4aCTlIHB4HK
to be about to do smth
cofiHpaTbcR CllellaTb 4TO-1l.
merely TonbKO, J1HWb
exhausted
H3MY4eHHblll, H3MolKlle HHblA
hiking JllI HTellbHaR nporyllKa 3a ropolloM JllI R YIlOBOllbcTBHn HlIH TpeHHpoBKH
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Usage Notes
It would be useful to remember that:
vacation - is a regular period of freedOl:n from work or duty, while
vocation - is the form of life to which one is called
Reading Comprehension
I . What choice, (A), (B), (C) or (0), is closest in meaning to the adverb merely?
(see the second paragraph)
(A) nothing more than
(B) very early
(C) quietly
(0) peculiarly
2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the noun employment? (see
the second paragraph)
(A) the services (of)
(B) high position
(C) one's usuai work, business or profession
(0) superiority
Exercises
1. B TCKCTC :rroro ypoKa I1CnOJIb30BaH <pPa:JOBbIH rJIarOJI to make up: ... we do not
agree upon what makes up a vacation. KaK OTMe'laJIOCb Bblwe, <ppa:JoBble rJIaroJIbl lpytl
Hhl nJIll Y4awHXCll no nnYM npW!l1HaM: Bo-nepBblx, <ppa30Bbrn maroJI caM no ce6e, KaK
npaBI1JIO, 11t1110MaTH'leH. BO-BTOPbIX, OH, TOlKe KaK npaBI1JIO, MHoro3Ha'leH.
Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verb.
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2. I1.CnOJlb30BaTb KOCMeTltKY}):
The actors were making up when we arrived.
(CYJl.l. make-up
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cosmetics)
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He made the story up.
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5.
llIHTb (ooeJICoy)}):
They make up clothes as well as sell materials.
Notice: " Customers' own material made up here."
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7. KoMneHcHpoBaTb}):
I 'll make it up to you for all you have suffered.
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8 . YJlalKHBaTb:
They have made up their quarrel at last.
9. CTeJlHTb nOCTeJlb (6e3 (I) nocnen02a up)
As you make your bed, so you must lie on it (a proverb).
Hornby (with a little smile): Well, are you enjoying the land of promise as
much as you said I should?
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Norah: We've both made our bed and we must lie in it.
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3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
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4.
Unit 1 9
J UST W HAT I S A VACATION ANYWAY?
(Continued)
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Vocabulary
unless
ecnl1 He
He. B
HepeJlKO 3a6blBalOT.
invariably Hel13MeHHO
to fall into a category
nonaCTb B KaTerOp"1O
to plan in advance
nnaHl1pOBaTb 3apaHee
to wander nepe.llBH raTbCSI C MeCTa Ha MeCTO 6eJ
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11J11. 1
nyHK
Ta Ha3HalJeH H$I
Usage Notes
to catch up (on/with something) means 'to do the things that you should have
done before, so that your work is up to date'
E.g. : Why don't you stay at home tonight and catch up on some of
your homework?
Compare:
Don't get too far behind with your homework or you 'll never be able
to catch up.
Exercises
. 1 . B TeKCTe YPoKa CJlOBO one I1CnOJlb30BaHO L\Ba pa3a. nepBblti pa3 B POJlI1 CJlO
Ba-3aMeCTI1TeJJ5I, KOrL\a OHO 3aMeH5IeT cYlllecTBI1TeJlbHoe vacation, L\lI5I TOro '1T06bI
L\aHHOe cyweCTBI1TeJlbHOe He nOBTOp5ITb L\BalKll bI B OL\HOM 11 TOM lKe npeL\llOlKeHI1I1:
I know that this cannot be the true definition of a vacation because I take a
vacation every year, and I would never paint my house during one.
H BTOPOti pa3 one
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5 . There were only hard chocolates left; we've eaten all the soft
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I can remember.
ability - inability
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accuracy - inaccuracy
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action - inaction
active - inactive
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adequate - inadequate
advisable - inadvisable
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appropriate - inappropriate
artistic - inartistic
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attentive - inattentive
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calculable - incalculable
capable - incapable
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competent - incompetent
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3. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English.
See Model on p. 13.
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3. Do you agree with the writer's definition of a vacation? Why? Why not?
When giving your own interpretation ofthe term vacation some expressions might
be useful:
To me the term is ...
What I mean by the term is that it means ...
In this context the term signifies ..
In this situation the term refers to ..
For this purpose the term is considered to be ...
.
Unit 20
T H E CHARACTERISTICS OF B U S I N ESS
Vocabulary
to own
BlIalleTh (UMyuecm80M, q,UPAfOU U m.a.)
to distinguish smth from smth OTlIH"aTh "TO-ll. OT "ero-ll.
a decade n..eCHTHJlCTHe (3TO C}lOBO - TaK Ha3bIBaCMblH JIO)l(HbIA ,npyr nepeBO.ll1..J: HKal>. K
)KaJlCH 11 10 MHOfl1C Ylf3lUl1eCfI nepCBoanT ero K3K oelCaaa .)
to possess
l1MCTb, 06Jlan.3Tb
a competition
KOHKYPeH UJHT
basic American values
OCHOBHblC (6a30Bble) 3MCPl1K3HCKl1e UCHHOCTH
equality of opportunity paBeHeTBO B03MOlKHoereif
to ensure o6eCnC1..f H OaTb, rapaHTI1pOS3Tb
fair 4CCTHbIH, cnpaac.llJl l1BblH
to afford to do smth
n03BOllHrh ee5e ellellarh "TO-ll.
inferiors 3a. mo.nl1 SToporo COpT3 (moiJu, 3QHUMGJOLUe HU3Koe nOAOJICeHue)
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co-
Usage Notes
npl1JTaraTeJTbHOe own I1MeeT 3Ha'leHl1e 'belonging to you' I1JTI1 'only to be used
by you'. 3TO npl1JTaraTeJIbHOe I1CnOJIb3yeTcil JTI160 nepell KaKl1M-JII160 cynrecTBI1TeJIbHbIM, JII160 B CJIOBOCO'leTaHI1I1 of your/my/his, etc. own. E.g.:
I wish I had my own car.
.upYfl1e npl1MepbI:
I didn't have a room of my own but had to share one.
Timothy has decided that he wants a bicycle of his own.
I now have enough money to buy my own car.
Exercises
l.
Do you agree or disagree with each of the statements below? Write the number (from +2 to -2)
that indicates how you feel:
+ 2
+ I
I
-2
-
Strongly agree
Agree
No opinion or don't know
Disagree
Strongly disagree
I . Business people who start a successful business from scratch are heroes (from
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2. I admire a person who is a boss more than a man who must answer to others.
3. I would like to own my own business.
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1 0. All things considered, socialism is better for a country and its people than
capitalism.
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3. B TeKCTe ypOKa Bbl HaUIJlI1 CJIO)l(]ioe CJIOBO al/-poweiful BceMoryu!l1i-h>. 00JIe3HO 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha Il.pYfHe CJIOJKHble CJIOBa, nepBblM KOMnOHeHTOM KO
TOPbIX HBJIHeTCH MeCTOHMeHHe al/.
Translate.
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4. Sum up the contents of the text in several Russian sentences and try to translate them into English .
See Model on p. 13.
I . Do you think people are motivated to work harder when they will increase
personal profit, or when they are worldng together toward a common goal
under a socialist system?
2. Is the economy of your country basically capitalist or socialist? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of both?
4 3.K. 797
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3. What kind of respect do busineses and business people have in your country?
Why is this so?
4. If you were looking for a job with a business in your country, how would you
go about it? How important are family reputation and connections?
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2. How do you believe upward mobility affects the way employers treat their
employees? Do you think there would be a difference in the attitudes employ
ers have about employees if they knew that these employees wOUld work for
them all their lives? Compare and contrast these two systems: a system where
employees are guaranteed lifetime employment versus one in which employ
ees change jobs in order to advance to a higher position.
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Most businesses in America require those applying for a job to submit a resume,
that is; a summary of their work experience, education and qualifications. Jerrold G.
Simon, psychologist and career development specialist at Harvard Business School,
who has counseled over a thousand people in their search for jobs, has written an
article to tell you how to go after the job you really want. The article, " How to Write
a Resume" , was printed as an advertisement in a news magazine. Throughout the
article is the implied message, ' You must sell yourself'. That is, you must assert yourself
and convince a prospective employer that you are the best person for the job.
'Who am I? What do I want to do?' Writing your resume forces you to think
about yourself.
The most qualified people don't always get the job. It goes to the person who
presents himself most persuasively in person and on paper. So just don't list where
you were and what you did. This is your chance to tell how well you did. Give num
bers, statistics, percentages, increases in profits.
Would following this advice get you a good job in your country? What American
values do you see at work here? If you were trying to 'sell yourself in a resume, what
points would you make?
I.
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9.
1 0.
Part II
SUMMING UP
Text 1
MODERN LIFE
Is life really better than it was 1 00 years ago? It is certainly true that people live
longer than they used to, travel faster than they could, and own more things than
they did. We have made great progress in industry, science and medicine. But we
still have to put up with noise, overcrowding and bad air. They are still a basic part
of modern life.
But industry and modern life do not have to be enemies of beauty. Progress
needn't be ugly. We can have beauty and open countryside just as much as
people did 1 00 years ago. Perhaps, in some ways, we need them even more.
H owever, things like open land, clean water, and good air are getting scarcer
and scarcer.
Bbl , KOHe'IHO, 3HaeTe, 'ITO CJlOBO npozpecc lIBJ1l1eTCli B PYCCKOM 1I3blKe 3a
I1MCTBOBaHHblM (113 JlaTI1HCKoro SJ3blKa - pri5gressus). H aLlO nOMHI1Tb, 'ITO 3TO
CJlOBO MO)l(eT nepeBOlIl1TbCSJ TaK)l(e C nOMOU(blO 1I3blKOBbiX cpelICTB He3aI1MCT
BOBaHHoro xapaKTepa. Hanpl1Mep: ycnex, np006U:JICeHUe 6nepeo, yoa'fa, xopoUJue
pe3Yllbmambi. nOJle3HO 3HaTb, 'ITO YMeHl1e nOJlb30BaTbCli POlIHblM 1I3blKOM 3TO Heo6xOlII1MOe (B03MO)l(HO, rJlaBHoe) YCJlOBl1e OBJlaLleHl1l1 I1HOCTpaHHblM
1I3bIKOM.
Translate paying special attention to phrases with the word progress.
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2. Is there any way to facilitate your progress in English? 3. Our progress in business is not as rapid as we would like it to be.
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Write several English sentences which sum up the contents of the text. The lirst three are done for
you as a model. Use the hints in Russian.
Model:
more things.
2. People have to put up with noise. bad air
and overcrowding.
3. People should learn how to preserve nature.
4.
What enemies of beauty, besides those mentioned in the passage, do you know
and would like to discuss?
Text 2
HYG IENE
Hygiene has always been a touchy subject in hospitals. Rules of cleanliness must
be kept here more than in any other public place. Not so long ago, an attack was
made against long-haired surgeons by a doctor writing in the ' British Medical Jour
nal ' . He accused them of wearing caps "which perch inadequately on hairy heads. "
The trouble is that hair, even when washed regularly, contains particles of Staphy
lococcus and these carry bacteria.
And what about these other places, such as restaurants, where rules of hygiene can
affect the public? Chefs wear taU hats, though no one would suggest waiters should do so.
It is a pity that hair, the crowning glory of so many beautiful women and the
envy of the bald man, should also be the happy home of Staphylococcus .
Ha nepBbIH B3fJJHJl, CJIOBO attack Kll)I(eTCl! npOCTbIM lUll! nepeBOila. Ha ca
MOM lIeJIe, :no He TaK. BbI B 3TOM y6emlTeCb, eCJII1 nonp06yeTe nepeBeCTI1 CJIe
IlYJOll{l1e npelUlO)l(eHI1l!:
Translate into Russian, paying special attention to the word attack.
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Write three sentences which sum up the contents of the text. The lirst sentence is done for you.
I . Rules of hygiene must be kept in hospitals
more than in any other public place.
2.
3.
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Text 3
A POLITE REQU EST
If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.
You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket. However, this does not
always happen. Traffic police are sometimes very polite. During a holiday in Swe
den, I found this note on my car: " Sir, we welcome you to our city. This is a 'No
Parking' area. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs.
This note is only a reminder." If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to
obey it!
CnpaBe1I.Jll1BO C'lI1TaeTCIl, 'ITO 3HaHI1e YCTOH'IHBLIX CJlOBOCO'leTaHHH (KoHe'l
HO, nOMI1MO 3HaHI1l1 rpaMMaTI1'1eCKOrO CTPOli 1I3bYKa) IIBJ1l1eTCIl KpaeYTOJIbHblM
KaMHeM npouecca OBJIaD,eHI1I1 I1HocTPaHHblM 1I3bIKOM. B npl1Be.ll.eHHOM Bblwe KO
POTKOM TeKcTe aBTop Bbl.ll.eJTI1JI rJIaroJI to fail (cooTBeTcTBYJOwee cYUJecTBI1TeJIb
Hoe - failure): You cannot fail to obey it! - 1I.JI1I TOro, '1T06bl BbY 3anOMHI1JII1 11 no
B03MOlKHOCTI1 'lame I1CnOJIb30BaJII1 YCTOH'II1Bble CJIOBOCO'leTaHI1I1, BKJIIO'IalOml1e
.lI.aHHblH rJIarOJI 11 CYUJeCTBI1TeJIbHoe.
Translate.
I . He failed in business.
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HWlTO He CTOIiT
Write four English sentences which sum up the contents of the text. Use the hints in Russian.
I.
2.
o pa3JIH'mOM
3.
4.
Text 4
FASTER THAN SOUND
Once a year a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race
last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of
the most handsome cars was a Rolls- Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual
car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1 8 8 5 , it was the oldest
car taking part.
After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down
on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them!
A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty
miles an hour - much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the
race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it.
The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from mod
ern car races but no less exciting.
Pay attention to phrases with the word trouble. Translate tbe sentences into Russian.
I . H e has caused us much trouble. -
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2. What is he doing?! H e is just asking for trouble. 3. She has a lot of trouble with her back. 4. We got into
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7. I managed to get out of trouble. 8 . We had trouble with neighbours over the noise they were making.
9. Try to keep out of trouble.
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KOTopble
np"
3.
JHO
Text 5
THE WORLD OF P ERCEPTION
Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to phrases with 10 pro.ide.
I . What are you going to do
to
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2. Blankets were provided for the refugees. 3 . They were provided with proper equipment.
4. Students must provide their own textbooks.
5 . She had three children to provide for.
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III
II
TeM 113 Bac, KTO I1HTepecyeTclI npOI1CXOlKl\eHl1eM CJlOB, 6Y)leT nOJle3HO 3HaTb,
"ITO rJlaroJl to provide 3al1MCTBOBaH B aHfJll1HCKHH 1I3bIK 113 JlaTbIHI1.
o 60rarcTBc oUlYUleHHA,
2.
H eKoropble
nepeJ\aBaeMblx
HaUlHMW opraHaMH YBCTB.
ocrpory
3.
UH q,Pbl. nOKa3blBalOUlHe
HaUl "X opraHOB YBcrB.
Text 6
T H E W O R L D ' S LANGUAGE - U N EXPECTED TRAPS
English is full of unexpected traps for the foreigner. Any language where the
unassuming word 'fly' signifies an insect, a means of travel, and a critical part of a
gentleman's clothing is clearly asking to be spoiled by making bad mistakes.
Imagine being a foreigner and having to learn that in English one tells a lie but
the truth, that an American who says ' I could care less' means the same thing as
someone who says ' [ couldn't care less', that a sign in a shop saying 'All items not
on sale' doesn't mean literally what it says (that every item is not on sale) but rather
that only some of them are on sale, that when a person says to you, "How do you
do?" he will be taken aback if you reply, with perfect logic, " How do 1 do what?"
The complexities of the English language are such that even native speakers
cannot always communicate effectively, as almost every Briton learns on his first
day in America. Indeed, Robert Burchfield, editor of the "Oxford English Diction
ary", created a stir in linguistic circles on both sides of the Atlantic when he an
nounced his belief that American English and British English are "drifting apart
so mercilessly that one day the two nations may not be able to understand each
other at all."
06panITe BHHMaHHe Ha CYllleCTBHTeJlbHOe a means. KaK 3TO HH CTpaHHO,
HO B e.!lHHCTBeHHOM 'lHCJle OHO HMeeT 4>OPMY MHO)l(eCTBeHHoro 'lHCJla C OKOH'la
HHeM -s: one means -five means. B TeKCTe Mbl HaXO.!lHM: a means of travel.
Translate into Russian.
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113
3. The end does not justify the means. 4. Do they have the means to buy such a large house? 5. She lives beyond her means. -
Write three English sentences which sum up the contents of the text.
l.
2.
3.
Text 7
ENG LISH PUBS
Pubs are supposed to be the Englishman's favourite meeting place, where he can
get together with a few friends over a pint of beer and talk about football, or horse
racing, or business or whatever else occupies his thoughts.
You notice that the pub is the Englishman's meeting place, not the English
woman's. Even in our liberated times it is still not quite respectable for a woman to
go into a pub alone: she must have a man to escort and protect her. Pubs are in
tended mainly to provide for male interests, which are often pretty narrow.
However, most Englishmen have their local where they can escape from the pres
sures of family life or work, and if they are lucky, tell their troubles to a pretty barmaid.
Indeed, many men dream of retiring from their 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. jobs and buying a little
country pub, where they imagine they will be the host of a seven nights a week party.
This dream usually dies with cleaning up spilled beer at one o'clock in the morning.
Still, there is a pub for every type of man, from the city sophisticate to the rural
primitive, and a man for every type of pub.
naBaHTe 06paTI1M BHI1MaHl1e Ha CYllleCTBI1TeJlbHOe dream 11 COOTBeTCTBYIO
lUl1H maroJi to dream. 3TI1 CJlOBa He npl1Ha.Ll.lIelKaT K 'fI1CJlY TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX TPY.u
HbIX CJlOB, YCBoeHl1e KOTOPbIX Tpe6yeT YCI1J1I1H. O.uHaKo 11 B 3TOM cJly'fae 3HaHI1e
YCTOH'fI1BbIX CJlOBOCO'feTaHI1H BeCbMa nOJle3Ho.
Translate into Russian.
I. Do you remember Martin Luther King's famous words: "( have a dream that one
day this nation will rise up, live out the true meaning of its creed: we hold these
truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal." (Washington, 27 Aug. 1 963)
115
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Write four English sentences which sum up the contents of the text.
I.
2.
3.
4.
Questions for
short composition:
I . Camus (a French novelist, dramatist, and essayist) said, "Without work all
life goes rotten. But when work is soulless, life stifles and dies." What kind of
work is soulless? When does work stifle and kill?
2. When and how do people in Russia escape from the pressures of family life
and work? Draw an analogy with Englishmen and their pubs.
1 16
Text 8
E N G LAND , I RELAN D , SCOTLAN D , WALES
Off the northwest coast of Europe lie two large islands. The larger one, an irregu
lar triangle about 1 , 200 kilometres in length is called 'Great Britain ' , the other, to
the west, which is roughly rectangular is ' I reland' . Since 1922 most of Ireland has
been an independent republic which took the name Eire' ['aIT;)] in 1 937. Eire has a
separate ( Roman Catholic) history and culture, although the two countries are very
close. The northeast corner of Ireland, sometimes known as 'Northern Ireland',
sometimes as 'Ulster', is a part of 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland '. Officially it is not a country, but a province.
Great Britain is divided into three countries: ' England', 'Scotland' , and 'Wales'.
Citizens of the United Kingdom are known as ' British', and a useful short form for
the United Kingdom is ' Britain', but the people who live in these islands tend to
think of themselves as ' English' or ' Scottish' or 'Welsh' . (In Northern I reland defi
nitions are more complicated - 'British' would be a very politically-loaded self
description.) You can often hear remarks like, ' I 'm half English, half Welsh' , or 'my
parents were both Scots but I 've lived in England almost all my life, so I suppose
I'm English' .
OfipaTJ1MCll K C)'ll.l.eCTBJ1TeJIbHOMY half, ynoTpefiJIeHJ1e KOTOporo TpefiyeT He
KOToporo nOJICHeHJ1l1.
Read the explanation in English.
The use of the preposition of is necessary when a pronoun follows. When a noun
follows, the of may be omitted, e.g. half (oj) the audience; half (oj) the students.
However, compare: she spent half (oj) the money; she spent her half of the money; half
of it (of the room) was occupied by a grand-piano.
Note the constructions: a half hour, half an hour, it is half past four (in telling
time).
1 17
Write three English sentences which sum up the contents of the text.
I.
2.
3.
1 18
Text 9
SCOT LAND
cheerful view
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optimistic view
grave view
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modern view
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old-fashioned view
outdated view
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1 19
pessimistic view
advanced view
contrary view
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conservative view
liberal view
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progressive view
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philosophical view
popular view
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political view
radical view
reactionary view
unpopular view
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3.
4.
Text 1 0
AMERICAN PATTERN O F THI N KI N G
'-IeTaHI1H. BBI1.1lY TOro '-ITO lack/to lack HBJlHIOTCH '-IaCTOTHbIMI1 CJlOBaMI1 KaK B nl1Cb
MeHHoH, TaK 11 B YCTHOH pe'-ll1, nOJle3HO nOTpeHl1pOBaTbcH B I1X nepeBO.1le Ha pyc
CKI1H H3bIK.
Translate into Russian.
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I.
2.
3.
Give some illustrations showing that the value of a theory cannot always be es
timated by its practicality.
Text 1 1
THE OYSTER'S TEAR
"The pearl", an old saying used to go, "is the oyster's tear". This is more poetic
than accurate. The pearl is formed in oysters (or other shellfish) when a foreign
body or a grain of sand is introduced. It is made of exactly the same substance as the
lining of the shell, or mother-of-pearl.
First this grain of sand accidentally lodges itself in a weak place in the lining.
The lining, as a matter of course, grows over it. In most cases, when this happens,
you will merely find a lump in the lining, but when a second accident takes place
the lump is dislodged, and it begins to roll about in the shell. The rolling rounds and
polishes it. When the little ball assumes its final spherical form we have a true pearl .
But this does not happen too often. The crew of one boat opened a week's catch 35,000 pearl oysters. Out of all these, how many pearls? Twenty-one. And of these
twenty-one - only three were good enough to be sold as gems.
At the beginning of the 20th century a man named Nishikawa, produced a truly
spherical cultured pearl, but at great effort and expense, which excluded his using
the process commercially. Nishikawa's work, however, contributed greatly to the
mounting knowledge of pearl production .
.llJUI :3Toro TeKCTa CJ].eJlaeM I1CKJIIO'IeHl1e 11 3aHMeMcll He pa3JII1'1HbIMI1 yc
TOH'II1BbIMI1 CJlOBOCO'leTaHl1l1MI1, a TOJlbKO OJ].HOH KOHCTPYKlll1ei1 used to, KOTopall
I1MeeT 3Ha'leHl1e I1MeTb 06bIKHoBeHl1e, B npOlllJlOM. E.g.:
I used to take the bus. - 51 06bI'IHO e3J].11J1 Ha aBT06yce.
It used to be said that ... - EbIBaJlO rOBOpl1J1l1, 'ITO . . .
He used to say that ... - O H roBapl1BaJI, 'ITO . . . (OH HepeJ].Ko rOBOpl1J1, 'ITO ... )
Make up sentences with the given word combinations + used 10
Model:
going to school
When I was a child I used to go to a school in Rome.
1 23
I . going on holiday
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7. working in a factory
8. being late for work
9. having English lessons every day
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2.
yCTpHUY.
BTOpoA 3Tan
06pa30BaHHH lKeM4YlKH
yCTpHue H, TaKHM
06pa30M , oKpyrnHeTcH
3.
H nonHpyeTCH.
4.
1 24
Text 12
COM M U N I CATION P HASES
When learning a new language, learners appear to pass through at least three
kinds of communication phases: one-way, partial two-way, and full two-way.
In one-way communication, the learner listens to or reads the target language but
does not communicate back. The communication is one-way, toward the leamer,
not from the learner. Listening to speeches and radio programs, watching films and
most television programs and reading books and magazines are examples of one
way communication.
In partial two-way communication, the learner may respond orally to someone,
but the communication is not in the target language. The response may be in the
leamer's first language or may be nonverbal, such as a nod or other physical re
sponse.
In full two-way communication the learner speaks the target language, acting as
both recipient and sender of the message in the target language.
Learners appear to tend toward these types of communication at different times
during the learning process.
B nepBOM npeWIOlKeHl111 TeKCTa I1CnOJIb30BaH fJIarOJI to pass: to pass
through . . . communication phases. 06paTl1Te BHI1MaHHe Ha TO, KaK pe3Ko MeHlIeT
Cll 3Ha'leHHe :'lToro maroJIa B 3aBI1Cl1MOCTI1 OT roro, B KaKoe JIeKCI1'1eCKOe OKpy
lKeHl1e OH nona,n;aeT.
Translate into Russian.
1 . At the table: 'Pass me the sugar' or 'Pass the sugar to me' (3Ha'leHl1e: to hand).
2. He can pass for a Frenchman (3Ha'leHl1e: to be accepted as).
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6. They passed over her when promotions were handed out (3Ha'leHl1e: to disre
gard).
2.
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3.
Text 13
LANGUAGE LEARN I N G
Language learning is a two-way street. Learners, and all the mental machinery
they come with, comprise one dimension. The environment, including the teacher,
the classroom, and the surrounding community, is the other. During the last 1 0 years
the focus was mostly on the learner. In the last few years, the pendulum has begun
to swing in the other direction; researchers are paying attention to the environment
surrounding the learner.
A natural language environment exists whenever the focus of the speakers is on
the content of the communication rather than on language itself. An ordinary con
versation between two people is natural, and so are natural verbal exchanges at a
store, a bank, or a party.
The participants in these exchanges care about giving and receiving information
or opinions, and although they use language structures, they do so with virtually no
conscious awareness of the structures used. Likewise, reading for information or
entertainment, or film or television viewing are also natural u.ses of language. All
these activities provide the participants with natural exposure to the language.
(to be continued)
1 27
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I.
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3.
Text 14
LAN GUAGE LEAR N I N G
(Continued)
Students who report a year's study abroad usually perform best; those who report
a summer or a tour abroad perform next best; and both of these groups outperform
those who have never studied in a host country but only in a formal foreign lan
guage learning environment (such as learning French in the United States).
The host language environment (such as French in France or English in the
United States) is one which permits learners to talk about issues relating to their
lives in the new environment. It provides maximum opportunities for natural lan
guage exposure.
With careful planning, natural language exposure can also be made available within
a foreign language environment. When it is, language learning results improve no
ticeably. For example, students learning English in Egypt and Lebanon improved
differently over time: students who had experienced learning academic subjects in
English (such as biology, chemistry or physics) improved steadily over time, while
those who studied English only in a formal language classroom situation did not
improve as steadily.
opportunity H
possibility.
Opportunity
(KoM6HHal\HH) 06CTOHTeJIbCTB .
5 3.K. 797
1 29
1 . He was smart enough to seize the opportunity. 2. He has found new opportunities there. 3 . He has lost a wonderful opportunity.
4. It was a lost opportunity. -
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6. It is the government policy to give all citizens an equal opportunity (chance). 7. We had an opportunity to visit our parents. 8 . I had no opportunity to thank him.
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9. Ring me up if you get the opportunity. 10. He let slip a golden opportunity. -
2.
3.
4.
1 30
J.
2. Why wo.uld students studying academic content (in chemistry, physics, biol
o.gy, etc.) improve more steadily in English skills than students studying En
glish as a foreign language only?
3. Discuss the proverb: "The to.ngue alo.ne is eno.ugh to' kill a man".
Text 15
' EI N I MAGE P ROBLEM' A N D ' DAS CAS H - FLOW '
Nowadays the world continues expropriating words and phrases from the English
language. Already Germans talk about 'ein Image Problem' and 'das Cash-Flow' .
Italians program their computers with 'il software', French motorists going away for
a 'weekend break' pause for 'Ies refuelling stops' , Spaniards have a 'flirt', and the
Japanese go on a 'pikunikku'.
For better or worse, English has become the most global of languages, the lan
guage of business, science, education, politics, and pop music. For the airlines of
157 nations (out of 1 68 in the world), it is the agreed international language of
discourse. In India, there are more than 3,000 newspapers in English.
The six member nations of the European Free Trade Association conduct all
their business in English, even though not one of them is an English-speaking country.
When companies from four European countries - France, Italy, Germany and
Switzerland formed a joint truck-making venture called Ivecco in 1 977, they chose
English as their working language because, as one of the founders sardonically ob
served, ' It puts us all at an equal disadvantage. '
06paTilTe BHI1MaHl1e H a CO'leTaeMOCTb cymecTBI1TellbHoro advantage. 06 0T
pl1l..(aTellbHoti npl1CTaBKe dis- (disadvantage) MbI roBOPI11111 BbIIlIe, CM. c. 92.
Translate into Russian.
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2. Her connections gave her an advantage over the others. 3. It was to a mutual advantage.
1 32
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4. His wealth was an obvious advantage to us. 5 . This method has the advantage that...
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6. She managed to turn the whole situation to her advantage. 7. Let's take advantage of favourable conditions! -
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PycCKHli BlblK.
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5.
A question for a short composition:
How does the situation described in the passage compare with that in the Rus
sian language? Give examples.
133
Text 16
W HAT TO DO?
A major problem at the office is that workers who do not smoke must share
offices with people who do.
Of course, it is not possible to assume that my coworker will quit her job just
because I don't like the fact she smokes. I am not prepared to quit my job either.
I am certainly not going to take up smoking, since I am an asthmatic.
So, let's look now at the more workable solutions. I could ask my coworker not
to smoke. This does not seem to be the best solution. It would probably make her
angry. Even if she agreed to try, there is no guarantee that she would be successful.
We work in a high-pressure job, and she says that she smokes to help relieve tension.
I considered moving my desk to a different corner in the room so that I was no
longer facing my coworker's desk. This doesn't seem like a very good solution be
cause I will still be able to inhale the smoke no matter where I am in the room. This
would also probably make my coworker angry because 1 would constantly be re
minding her that I don't like her smoking. So, what to do? What would be a pos
sible solution?
Do you think the following could solve the problem: I feel that the best one is to
ask if I can move to another room to work. If my coworker is forced to quit smok
ing, her ability to work will be hurt. If I have to continue to smell smoke, my ability
to work will be lessened. We can agree to meet at a "neutral location" for short
periods of time when we need to work together. My coworker will not smoke during
those times. In this way we can both do our jobs and be happy in our working en
vironment.
+ B 3TOM ypOKe MbI 06paTHMcll He K YCTOM'lHBbIM CJIOBOCO'leTaHl1l1M, a K rpaM
MaTH'leCKoMY HBJIeHHIO, a HMeHHo K KocBeHHoM pe'lH: she says that she smokes to
help relieve tension. ,UaBaMTe CLleJIaeM CJIeL\YlOlllee ynp1UKHeHHe, B KOTOPOM KOC
BeHHaH pe'lb, KaK H B TeKCTe 'What to Do', BBOLlI1TCli marOJIOM to say B HaCTOll-
1 34
Model:
Alan: I ' m phoning from the station.
Betty: He says he's phoning from the station.
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6. But this may take some time as all the football fans seem to want taxis too.
(Use it for this.)
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1 35
3.
Text 1 7
ANOTHER P ROBLEM TO SOLVE
137
I just can't work out on the map where we are. He worked out all the answers. -
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The plan worked out. The crossword puzzle does work out after all. (HcnOJlb3yMTe 3JJ:eCb pa3rOBopHoe
CJlOBO nOAY'wemCJI.) _
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2) B 3Ha'leHI1I1 BKJlIO'IaTb:
When he wrote his essay, he worked in several quotations. -
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2.
3.
4.
Text 18
MELATO N I N
An advertisement i n the check-out counter o f a large drug store i n Chicago runs:
"You have seen it on TV and read about it in major national publications. Buy a
bottle today and see for yourself why melatonin has everyone talking."
Why are they talking? By some accounts, a single melatonin pill will cure or
prevent cancer, heart disease, diabetes, cataracts, AIDS, depression, schizophrenia,
epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and influenza. It will improve your sex life, reverse the
ageing process and help you to sleep better and lose weight. Clearly, this 'natural'
compound is no less than the fountain of youth.
Such wild claims have been made in the past for other compounds, and will no
doubt be made in the future. They are similar to those made by salesmen who rode
their covered wagons from town to town in the Wild West of nineteenth-century
America selling 'snake oil' as a miracle cure.
How did a great deal of serious and medically important research turn into the
'melatonin craze '? The short answer is simple: scientists went public writing books
and articles for a general audience and giving interviews on radio and television.
This of course is precisely what scientists should be doing in the current climate of
'distrust of science' and at a time when public and government support of science
is diminishing.
Indeed, it is clearly the duty of the many scientists whose careers are heavily
dependent on taxpayers' money to inform the public of the possible benefits of
their work and the importance of scientific research in general. But in spreading
this message, scientists must be careful not to cross the 'truth-in-advertisement
line' by exaggerating the significance of a few selected studies to the point where
the public receives an unbalanced and potentially dangerous view of the present
state of knowledge .
B TeKCTe ' Melatonin' MbI HaXOlll1M q,pa30BbII1 maroJI to turn into B 3Ha'leHI1I1
npeBpaTI1TbCH BO 'ITO-JI.: " How did a great deal of serious and medically impor-
140
tant research turn into the melatonin craze?" no cpaBHeHl110 c Il.PYrl1MI1 <ppa30BbI
MI1 marOJIaMI1 c nOCJIeJIOraMI1 turn c pa3JIWIHbIMI1 nOCJIeJIOraMI1 npell.CTaBJIlIeTClI
Il.OBOJIbHO npOCTbIM il.JIlI OCMbICJIeHl1lI 11 nepeBOll.a Ha PYCCKI1H 513bIK. BaM He CO
CTaBI1T TpYll.a nepeBeCTI1 11 3anOMHI1Tb CJIeiJ.YlOwee:
I ) turn down - B 3Ha'leHI1I1 OTKa3aTb:
The committee has turned down his application.
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I'm afraid we must turn down your kind offer of help. He was turned down by several publishers. -
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3) turn in
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8) turn out
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B 3Ha'leHI1I1 OKa3aTbC5I:
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141
They turned him out of the club. 1 2) turn out - B 3Ha'leHHH C)leJlaTb TlllaTeJlbHYJO y60PKY,):
They turned the room out completely. -
1 3) turn over
_
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1 5) turn upside down - B 3Ha'leHHH nepeBepHYTb BBepx )lHOM (cp. TaKlKe BbI
we to turn inside out):
The police have turned the place upside down in an effort to find him. -
2.
3.
142
4.
What does the author of the passage mean by 'wild' claims (for cure-all drugs)?
See the third paragraph.
Text 1 9
I NTERESTI NG TRAITS
heroic wars to combat these dangerous ideas without ever mentioning which is re
ally the most superior race in the world.
Continental people are sensitive and touchy; the English take everything with an
exquisite sense of humour - they are only offended if you tell them that they have
no sense of humour.
On the Continent the population consists of a small percentage of criminals, a
small percentage of honest people and the rest are a vague transition between the
two; in England you find a small percentage of criminals and the rest are honest
people. On the other hand, people on the continent either tell you the truth or lie;
in England they hardly ever lie, but they would not dream of telling you the truth.
Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a game .
I . It's cold,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I I.
1 2.
1 3.
14.
?
Tom has a car,
I may take it,
?
?
You can come,
?
He should drive slowly,
?
You knew that,
?
He plays well,
?
She used to live here,
?
I was right,
?
He likes it,
?
You won't be long,
?
She didn't find it,
They aren't allowed to play cards here,
?
She doesn't know you,
BOCKpeceHbC H 3 KOHTHHCHTC
nHH.
2.
11 B
AHf
1 45
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Compare interesting traits discussed in the passage above with some of those
typical of Russia.
Part III
GRAMMAR
AND VOCABULARY TESTS
Test A
Each sentence below has four underlined words or phrases marked (A) , (B), (C), and (D) . Identify th.
on. underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
1 . I . Americans tend to see the world in simple terms, especial in matters involv(A)
(B)
(0)
(C)
ing action.
(B)
3. The fact is that when we travel abroad, most of us becomes more patriotic.
(A)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(0)
7. It is better to have loved and lost 1hrn never to have loved at all.
(A)
(B)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(0)
149
(B)
(0)
(C)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(A)
(0)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
and traditional.
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
7. Over the next few years various telescope surveys are expected find more
(B)
(A)
(C)
1 50
(B)
(C)
(0)
9. All children should start learning a language other then their own at pri(A)
(B)
(C) (0)
mary school.
10. He has written a book the name of which [ have completely forgot.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(A)
5. A lot things will be changed while I am away from my native cou ntry.
(A)
(B)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(0)
(B)
(0)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(N
3. Forty years ago seeing a black man on a London bus was a rarely
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
excitement.
151
4. The influx of non-white people .inJQ Britain have had very striking effects
(C)
(0)
(A)
(B)
on British attitudes, culture and values.
(8)
(C)
(0)
7. Ve ry few of the colonise peoples had an opportun ity to settle in Britain
(A)
(8)
(C)
(8)
(0)
(C)
6. I . In 1 786 George 'Mtshington write that he wished some plan might be adopted
(A)
(8)
(C)
"by which slavery may be abolished by slow, sure and imperceptible degrees" .
(0)
2. Gefferson, Madison and Monroe, all Virginians, and other leading Southern
statesman, made similar statements.
(8)
(C)
(A)
(0)
3 . As late as 1 808, when the international slave trade was abolished, there was
(A)
(8)
(0)
4. Most Americans assume that nature is material and exploitable and this
(A)
(8)
assu mption is relate to the fact that Americans usually desire material com
(C)
(0)
5. People should have shelter, clothing, warmth and all of the other means
( 8)
)
)
that makes the individual materially comfortable.
(0)
152
6. Progress rest on the belief tha! there is something better than our own way
(D)
(8) (C)
(A)
of life.
7. I . About seven thousand years ago, at the beginning of what was to became known
(A)
(8)
as the Neolithic age, England wasoccupied by hunters who lived on wild animals.
(D)
(C)
2. Then, about six thousand years ago, these Stone Age hunters were joined by
(A)
other people immigrants from the Continent, small men and women rarely
(8)
more then 5ft in height who brought with them a different way of life.
(C)
(D)
widely scattered until for reasons not yet understood, in about 1600 BC,
(8)
(D)
(C)
4. The population, it has been estimated, rise to about one million Qy 1500 Be.
(A)
(8)
(C)
(D)
5. At the beginning of the late Bronze Age, yet another immigrants arrived,
(A)
bringing with them skills and ornaments of a quality which had never been seen
(8)
(D)
(C)
in England before.
6. In about 800 BC, at the beginning of the Iron Age, other settlers arrived
(A)
(8)
from the Continent, at the first in small groups, then in larger bands.
(C)
(D)
8. I. Scotland has it's own legal and educational systems, and there is an auto no(e)
W ( 8)
(D)
2. From the Scottish point of view London is a long way away, and the small
(A)
(8)
(D)
1 53
3. Recently the Scottish Nationalist Party have been very successful at elections.
(B)
(A)
(C)
(0)
4. At the end of the century the Scottish Nationalist Party demands a separate
(A)
(B)
(0)
5. The Scots can certain claim that they take education more seriously than
(N
(B)
(C)
6. The cities of Scotland, a relatively poor country, show great official respect
(
(C)
7. For the last quarter of a century, Northern Ireland have been synonymous
(C)
(B)
(A)
8. After centuries ofstruggle, Ireland finally win the right to independence in 1922.
(B)
(A)
(C)
(0)
9. The minority ofCatholics were badly treat politically and legally for many years.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
9. I . The success Marie Curie has achieved was the isolation of radioactive elements
(A)
of polonium and radium. 11 was her brilliant insight that radioactivity were
(C)
(B)
2. The distance between what we know and what we wish to know is too great,
(C)
(B)
(A)
(0)
3. For Americans, the world is composed of facts - not ideas. Their process of
(A)
ideas.
1 54
(0)
4. I n the United States the practice followed requires that a sign announcing
(A)
(8)
the road repairs be placed at the last point at which the motorist may chose
(0)
(C)
an alternative route.
5. It is not the road repair that is announce, but the last choice available to
(8)
(C)
(0)
6. I n other parts of the world the sign is placed so that it accurate indicates the
(A)
(8)
(C)
site of the repairs, thus ignoring the motorist's ability to make choices.
(0)
10. I . Soon after the United States' entrance into the war, the major hotels in
(8)
(C)
(0)
2. The value of precious gems is determined by its hardness, color, and brilliance.
(A)
(8)
(C)
(0)
3 . The colour blue gradually merges into green. The difference between
(A)
(8)
the two is continuous since no boundary does not exist which clearly sepa(C)
rates them.
4. The dog is surely both an animal and more then an animal; he is a pet and
(A)
(8)
(C)
(0)
companion of man.
5. Astronomers do not know how much galaxies there are, but it is thought
(A)
(8)
(C)
(0)
6. A water molecule consists from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
(A)
(8)
(C)
(0)
7. The amount of copper sulfate used in the experiment depends from the
)
(8)
(C)
(0)
I SS
8. There exists more than 2,600 different varieties of palm trees, ID1h varying
(C)
(B)
(0)
(A)
flowers, leaves, and fruits.
1 1 . I . Jane in the habit of llill;. walks before breakfast.
(C)
(B)
(A)
(0)
2. When question, she denied l! member of the group.
(A)
(B)
(C) (0)
(C)
(A)
(C)
and natural science, there were also night schools for adults.
(0)
6. Forests in Kenya are not been conserved and under 1!rulli1.
(0)
(A)
(B) (C)
7. Anybody who the literature of the British Empire knows that the
(A)
as
8. More than forty per cents of blacks and Asians were born in London and
(A)
(B)
(0)
12. I . The state of New Mexico lin.Q1 densely population, with an average of
(C)
(A)
(B)
(0)
four people per square kilometer.
2. Plant cuttings who are in water will develop roots and can then be
(C)
(
W
planted .i!u.Qil.
(0)
1 56
(A)
(C)
(8)
6. Latin was the official language; and most well-educate people spoke it
(A)
as well as Celtic which remained the language of the poor, though many
(C)
(
Latin words were incoIDorated into it.
(D)
7. Whether or not King Arthur lived it is impossible now to say. But that
(A)
there came at this time a British leader of extraordinary power there seem
(C)
(8)
(C)
(8)
(C)
(8)
2. Einstein insisted that unmeasured quantities must exist in some definite state,
(A)
(8)
(C)
fully.
1 57
4. Small birds increase their fat reserves in winter as insurance against reduced
(A)
(8)
or unpredictable food supplies: fat is accumulated daily from feeding and utilize
(m
(C)
overnight.
5 . It is in the troposphere, the lowest part of the atmosphere, that wind, stormy.
(8)
(0)
(C)
(8)
(C)
(0)
2. Sirius is the most brightest star in the sky with an absolute magnitude about
(
)
twenty-three times that of the sun.
(0)
(C)
3. Some of the most useful resistor material are carbon, metals, and metallic alloys.
(0 )
(C)
(8)
(A)
4. Alloys of gold and copper has been widely used in various types of coins.
(0)
(A)
(C)
(8)
5. Wales is less than half the size of Estonia but it has twice the population
(C)
(8)
(A)
(0)
6. The polite word for describing people whose ancestors came from Africa
(A)
(8)
used to be 'Negro'. This is no long so. The standard polite word is 'black'.
(C)
(0)
1 58
7. You can travel through the southwest of England and believe that everyone
(A)
in the country are white, whereas in some districts of London you will think
(B)
(C)
(B)
(C)
English and who wish to enter American universities are to take the
(B)
(C)
(0)
TOEFL.
2. One ofthe world's best-known conductors, he have performed in public since
(C)
(B)
(A)
6. Only one Qf all the states in the United States are larger than Texas.
(B)
(C)
(0)
(A)
16. I . A very high proportion of British homes have small gardens attached and
(A)
those people without much space but many enthusiasm can rent allotments
(B)
(C)
3. Until recently. the British enjoyed less holiday time then most European
(B)
(C) (D)
(A)
nations.
4. Nowadays, virtually every full-time employee are entitled to four weeks or
(B) (C)
(A)
more of paid holiday (excluding Sundays and any half or full free days
(D)
included in the contract).
5. Much of this free time will be soend at home or visiting relatives, especially
(C)
(D)
(B)
(A)
at Christmas.
6. 'Taking a holiday' means go away from home for at least a few days.
(B)
(D)
(C)
(A)
7 . Group holidays, whether in holiday camps in Britain or in hotels in Spain,
(A)
(B)
are not expensive, and therefore offer the possibility of a proper holiday to
(C)
people with fewer money.
(D)
8. The nearest term for the Russian word 'dacha' would be 'country cottage'.
(
But country cottages are owned in Britain by a small minority, and most of
(C)
them are to far away to be visited more than three or four times a year.
(D)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(D)
of himself as an individual,
(A)
(B)
1 60
5 . People should have shelter, clothing, warmth and all of the other means
(A)
6. In India, on the other hand, the stress on spiritual grace rather than on
(C)
W
(m
material comfort is ready observed.
(0)
18. I . Because business is competitive, many American believe that it is more
(m
(0)
(A)
businessman are competing against each other, the one who works harder is
(C)
(0)
(B)
likely to win. The one who is lazy is likely to lose.
. 6 33K. 797
161
(8)
(0)
(C)
19. I. Parents smoke risk rising sickly children who make slower progress in
W
)
reading, writing and other learning.
(C)
(0)
2. Margaret Thatcher was sililll Prime Minister the country had had Eden
(8)
(A)
resigned
(C)
in 1 957.
(0)
3. Irving Berlin his famous "Oh How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning"
(A) .
(8)
(C)
(C)
(8)
carpets.
(0)
(B)
(C)
(0)
"
"
"
.' , 1 ;
Test
B
' -..-.'
The sentences below are incomplete. Choose the one word or phrase, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D),
that best completes each sentence.
1. I . Rarely
_____
_
,,--"_
_
,"
4 . In the U.S.
and highways.
(A) there
(B) is
(C) because of
(0) there are
1 63
5. Potassium has a valence of positive one because it usually loses one electron
with other elements.
when
(A) does it combine
(B) it combines
(C) in combining
(0) combination
2. I . Unlike the earth, which rotates once every twenty-four hours,
once every ten hours.
_
_
_
_
_
_____
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
4.
_____
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
Since
Resulting
However
Because of
5 . When
of impulses from many of the neurons in one part of
the brain, an epileptic seizure occurs.
_____
1 64
3. I .
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
It is a
A
There is a
An
2. Located in Florida,
_____
4.
the predicted "W" particles do exist was proved in the partice accelerator.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5.
The fact is
In fact
That is
The fact that
_____
is sometimes disputed.
___ ___
sun.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
_____
(A) has
(B) have
(C) to have
(0) that has
3.
appears considerably larger at the horizon than it does overhead is merely an optical illusion.
(A) The moon
(B) That the moon
(C) When the moon
(0) The moon which
has twenty-nine.
(A) there
(B) its
(C) is a leap year
(0) a leap year
5. Aspirin
_____
_____
8.
_____ ,
_____
_____
_____
, apologized.
_
_
_
3.
_____
(A) dividing
( B) divides
(C) it would divide
(D) was divided
5. Among bees
(A)
(B)
(C)
( D)
6.
_____
occur
occurs
it occurs
they occur
_____
trap sunlight.
(A) A home is
(B) Homes are
(C) A home
( D) Homes
6. I .
Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in Southern California, can photograph objects several billion light years away.
(A) Through the
( B) With the
(C) U sing the
(D) The
_____
im-
(A) is definitely
(B) because of
(C) it is
(D) is
3. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet developed a test for measuring intelligence
served us the basis of modem I Q (intelligence quotient).
(A) has
(B) it has
(C) whose
(D) which has
168
4. The benefit
the study is that it provides necessary information to anyone who needs it.
(A) of
(B) which
(C) that
(D) because
Boolean algebra.
is called
which is called
known as
called
2.
_____
the largest
(A) of being
(8) to be
(C) being
(0) it being
4.
_____
_
_
_
_
_
1 69
_____
it has been
which has been
has been
is
_____
_____
(A) It offends
(B) There offends
(C) They offend
( D) Offends
4.
5.
Because
Because
Because
Because
postponed.
snowing
was snowing
there was snowing
it was snowing
6.
_____
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
170
It became obvious
There was obvious
It became be obvious
An obvious problem
7.
8.
_____
(A) various
(B) among
(C) over
(D) of
2. Birds head south to warmer climates when
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4. Aspirin is used
_____ by
_____
tion.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(0)
_____
_
_
_
_
_
5.
_____
_____
during Sherman's
Few writers
The few writers
The writers are few
Few are the writers
_____
heat from the sun is trapped near the earth's surface , the
greenhouse effect occurs.
(A) Not
(B) When
(C) That
(0) What
1 73
_
_
_
_
_
_
and inactivity.
(A) it is
(8) is a
(C) which is
(0) a regular
2. The fire _
' '-.
'
' '..:..
_
.
_
_
_
(A) is believed
( 8) that is believed
(C) they believe
(0) that they believe
3. I n Roman numerals,
_____
;1 . , .
(A)
(8)
(C)
(0)
_____
com-
;:
as either
either from
either to
to either
_
_
_
_
_
(A)
( 8)
(C)
(0)
1 74
jelly.
2. Therapists are currently using mental imagery in the hope that it might prove
in the treatment of cancer.
_____
(A) helpful
(B) for help
(C) helpfully
(0) with the help
3. Somerset Maugham, a novelist,
about a restless man seeking
inner understanding in "The Razor's Edge".
(A) who wrote this
(B) who wrote
(C) when he wrote
(0) wrote
4.
5.
When the
It is the
That the
The
the jaguar used to roam (6poaHTb) freely in the southwestern United States.
,
Test C
Each sentence below has an underlined word or pbrase. Below each sentence are four other words or
phrases marked (A), (B) , (C), and (D). You are to choose the one word or pbrase tbat best keeps the
meaning of tbe original sentence if it is substituted for tbe underlined word or phrase.
determine
mystify
announce
reduce
thought
philosophy
feelings
conduct
(A) an alternative
(B) an introspective
1 77
(C) an encompassing
(D) a necessary
2. Frank Borman was the commander of the Apollo 8 space flight when it
circled the moon in 1 968.
(A) travelled to
(B) went round
(C) reached
(D) spanned
3. When Benjamin Franklin became the first American postmaster general in
1 775, he worked to improve the frequency and reUability of mail delivery.
(A) satisfaction
(B) opportunity
(C) dependability
(D) extent
4. A human body requires more nutrients in cold weather because more en
ergy is necessary to maintain body temperature.
(A) surpass
(B) preserve
(C) equip
(D) reach
5. Some economists are proposing that the United States institute a consump
tion tax rather than an income tax.
(A) in addition to
(B) in place of
(C) at the expense of
(D) alongside
3. L Scientists measure the microscopic distances between atoms in microns.
(A) visible
(B) tiny
(C) machine-Uke
(D) unmeasured
2. The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1 804 and travelled 7,700
miles enroute to the Pacific Coast.
(A) away from
(B) returning to
178
instructions
procedure
development
variety
living
dead
flying
vanished
7. Henry Ford is known for mass producing the Model T, thus making it avail
able to the average American.
(A) known to
(8) desired by
(C) obtainable by
(0) constructed for
4. I . In the United States, election campaign spending and contributions are regu
buying
taxation
donations
charities
1 79
3. Three major United States television networks, ABC, CBS, and N BC, are
headquartered in New York City.
(A) in competition in
(B) centered in
(C) moving to
(D) broadcast from
4. Many desert animals have made adaptations that are strikingly similar to
those of desert plants.
(A) predominantly
(B) precipitously
(C) forcefully
(D) remarkably
5. Oats (oBec) were often harvested with a machine called a combine.
(A) ground
(B) packaged
(C) gathered
(0) planted
urge
enlighten
allow
adhere
strongly
extensively
weightily
narrowly
makes
receives
dissipates
manages
(A) sailing
(8) failing
(C) trying
(D) hoping
2. Many countries nowadays restrict the exportation of genuine archaeologi
cal artifacts (an artifact is smth made or given shape by man, such as a tool
or work of art, esp. an object of archaeological interest).
(A) particular
(8) rare
(C) authentic
(D) costly
3. Aside from its reproduction on the one-dollar bill, the reverse (06paTHaH
cTopoHa) of the Great Seal of the United States has hardly been used.
(A) Except for
(8) Since
(C) As a result of
(D) I n addition to
181
slowness
primitive appearance
ugliness
vast size
Topic 1: You never had a weight problem. In the past few months, however, you
have put on a lot of eight that you can't seem to lose. Write a short composition
in which you offer the best solution to losing unwanted pounds.
lbpic 2 : Over the past year the number of crimes has risen dramatically in your
neighborhood. Write a short composition in which you offer the best solution to
decrease the number of crimes where you live.
183
Topic 3: Imagine that you have a friend who has a very low opinion of himself or
herself due to an unhappy childhood. Write a short composition in which you offer
the best solution to help your friend get a strong self-image.
Topic 4: Imagine that you have an abnormal fear of heights (dark places, flying,
or whatever). Write a short composition in which you offer the best solution to get
rid of this problem.
Topic 5: Imagine that you received a bill from a furniture company that says you owe
them 500 dollars for some furniture that you bought last month. Your name is on the
bill, but you have never even been inside that store. You have never bought any furniture
there. Write a short composition in which you offer the best solution to this problem.
1 84
Topic 6: Interview at least three of your friends and ask them about their work.
Ask each one the following questions, record their answers and after that write a
short composition in which you offer your personal point of view about some com
mon features characteristic of present -day employment in your country:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
ANSWER KEY
1. S.F.B. Morse - I B; 2A
2. The Invention of the Phonograph - 1 0 ; 2A; 3D; 4C
3. Niagara Falls - I C; 2A; 3B; 4C
4. The Early History of the White House - 1 0 ; 2B
5. The Beginning of Reform in American Education
1 0; 2C; 3 B
8. An Introduction to American Culture - 1 - T; 2 - F; 3 - T; 4 - T; 5 - T;
-
6 - T; 7 - T; 8 - T; 9 - T
Unit 9.
I C;
20; 3B; 4C
Unit 15.
Unit 16.
!lnit 1 7.
Unit 18.
3A
1.
186
4. 1 . (A) - these 2. (8) - has 3. (C) - filled 4. (C) - others S. (A) - a lot of
6. (C) months 7. (C) - people 8. (C) - originate
S. 1 . (0) - that 2. (0) - mixed 3. (0) - rare 4. (C) - has had S. (8) hundreds of thousands 6. (8) - built up 7. (8) - colonised 8. (A) - thou
sands
6. 1 . (A) - wrote 2. (8) - statesmen 3. (8) - there were 4. (C) - is related
S. (0) - make 6. (A) - rests 7. (8) - hundreds
7. 1 . (8) - to become known 2. (C) - than 3. (A) - its 4. (8) - rose S. (A) other 6. (C) - at first
8. I . (8) - its 2. (C) - little 3. (8) - has been 4. (8) - much greater S. (A) certainly 6. (0) - are 7. (8) - has 8. (C) - won 9. (C) - treated
9. I . (C) - was 2. (0) - it 3 . (0) - proceeding 4. (0) - choose S. (A) - an
nounced 6. (C) - accurately
10. 1 . (0) - were 2. (8) - their 3. (0) - exists 4. (0) - than S . (A) - how many
6. (C) - consists of 7. (C) - on 8. (A) - exist
1 1 . 1 . (C) - taking 2. (A) - questioned 3. (A) - thinks 4. (A) - seventeenth
S. (C) - mathematics 6. (A) - being 7. (A) - reads 8. (A) - per cent
12. 1 . (8) - populated 2. (A) - which 3. (8) - too 4. (0) - percent S. (0) - as
well as 6. (A) - well-educated 7. (C) - seems 8. (A) - (died) in 900
13. 1 . (0) - its 2. (C) - know 3. (C) - approximately 4. (0) - utilized S. (8) storm 6. ( 0) - weights 7. (C) - affect 8. (0) - negligible
14. I . ( 8) - hundreds 2. (A) - the brightest 3. (C) - materials 4. (A) - have
S . (0) - million 6. (0) - no longer 7. (8) - is 8. (0) ...,. their
IS. 1 . (C) - is 2. (8) - has performed 3. (A) - there is 4. (0) - has resulted
S . (C) - is 6. (C) - is
16. I . (C) - much 2. (C) - claim 3. (C) - than 4. (8) - is S. (8) - will be spent
6. (C) - going away 7. (0) - less 8. (0) - too far away
17. I . (C) - referred to 2. (8) - possess 3. (8) - does not possess 4 . (0) - pref
erable or preferred S. (8) - make 6. (0) - readily
18. I . (8) - Americans 2. (C) - than 3. (8) - associated 4. (C) - to strengthen
S. (C) - regardless 6. (0) - inherited 7. (8) - businessmen 8 . (8) - one
another
19. I . (8) - raising 2. (A) the sixth 3. (C) - serving 4. (C) - too S . (A) - like
6. (C) - because 7. (C) - devotes
-
Test B
I . (0) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (0) S. (8)
1 . (C) 2. ( 0) 3. (B) 4. (0) S . (C)
I . (8) 2. (8) 3. (C) 4. (0) S. (8)
1 . (C) 2. (C) 3. (8) 4. (0) S. (A) 6. (0) 7. (C) 8. (0) 9. (0) 1 0 . (C) I I . (C)
S. 1 . (A) 2. (8) 3. (A) 4. (8) S. (8) 6. (0)
1.
2.
3.
4.
187
6. I .
7. I .
8. I .
9. I .
10. I .
1 1 . I.
12. I.
13. I.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
(C)
(C)
(A)
(A)
(A)
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
(B) 2. (A)
(0) 2. (B)
(B) 2. (C)
(C) 2. (A)
5. 1 . (A) 2. (B)
6. 1 . (C) 2. (C)
1. I .
2. I .
3. I.
4. I .
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
B I B LIOG RAPHY
Dictionaries
I . Collins English Dictionary. Updated Edition. Harper Collins Publishers, 1994.
3. Collins Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs and their Idioms. By T. McArthur and Beryl Atkins.
Collins, LLT, 1992.
Benson, R. IIson.
7. The Penguin Dictionary of English Synonyms and Antonyms. Penguin Books, 1 992.
8 . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, 1 99 1 .
9. EonblUOU aHzno-pyccKUU cn08apb 8 {J8YX mOMax. nOli 061UHM PYKOBOIICTBOM npo<j>eccopa
I1 . P. ranbneplIHa. M . , 1 972.
10. PyccKo-aHZRuucKUU cn08apb. nOli 061UIIM PYKOBOIICTBOM npo<j>eccopa A.11. CMHpHHUKoro.
M . : PYCCKHIi lI3blK, 1985.
I I . PyCClw-aHZRuucKUU cn08apb. nOli pell. P.c. llarnllwa. l1:maHHe lieclIToe. M.: PyccKHA lI3blK, 1997.
1 2 . A.B. KYHUH. AHrJlo-pYCCKHA <j>pa3eOJlOrH'leCKHA CJlOBapb. 11311. 4-e, nepepa60TaHHoe H 110nOJlHeHHoe.
1 3. Cno8apb-MuHUMYM {JnR ,meHUR HaY'Hou numepamypbl Ha aHZRuucKOM R3blKe. COCT. : A.B. MH
xeeBa, E.C. CaBHHoBa, E.C. CMwpHoBa, A. I1 . 'lepHan. 11311. 6-e. M., 1985.
Textbooks
I . Bryson, B. Mother Tongue. The English Language. Penguin Books, 1990.
2. Coffey, M . P. Communication through Writing. Prentice Hall, Inc. 1987.
3. Curry,
D.
1 89
CONTENTS
].
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
]2.
13.
14.
Unit ]5.
Unit ]6.
Unit 17.
Unit ]8.
Unit ]9
Unit 20.
.
1 90
].
2.
3.
4.
.:.......................... 9
. . .
..
The Invention of the Phonograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Niagara Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Early History of the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Beginning of Reform in American Education . . . . . .
An I ntroduction to American Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Introduction to American Culture {cant.) ..............
.
An Introduction to Americari Culture (cont.)
Increase in U.S. Medical Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The First Twenty-Four Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indian Cliff Dwellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The American Monetary System of the 1 7th
and 1 8th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Federal Reserve System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Forgotten Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Forgotten Letter (cant.) ..
.. .
.
. . .
Just What Is a Vacation Anyway? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Just What Is a Vacation Anyway? (cant.) .....................
The Characteristics of Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..............
......
...
.....
......
....
.......
...
... .
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..
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.........
....
.....
....
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....
. .
..
....
..
.....
II
IS
20
25
29
33
37
41
46
51
55
59
63
67
73
76
80
85
90
94
101
Modern Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 03
Hygiene
l OS
A Polite Request .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 07
Faster Than Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 09
......................................................................
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
Text
. Text
Text
Text
Text
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
IS.
16.
1 7.
18.
19.
.
..
III
The World's Language - Unexpected Traps .
1 13
...
. . ..
.
.
. .
. I I 5.
English Pubs
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
..
.
... 1 1 7
Scotland ..
. .
.
.
.
.
1 19
American Pattern of Thinking
121
The Oyster's Tear
.
...
.
. 1 23
Communication Phases . . .
.
1 25
Language Learning
.. .
..
.. 1 27
Language Learning (cont.)
. ...
..
1 29
' Ein Image Problem' and 'das Cash-FloW' .
. 132
What t o Do?
.
.
..
.
..
1 34
Another Problem to Solve
...
.. .
1 37
Melatonin
: . . . . . . .......... 1 40
Interesting Traits .
..
...
..
1 44
........................
.....
............
..
......
......
..
............
.......
.......
. .
..........
..
.....
.....
...........
.. ..........
.......
....
.......
.....
...........
......
....
...............
....................................
.....
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
......
......
. . . .. . . .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
....................
.....
......
.....
...
........
...........
...
. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........
.........
..............
..........
. .. . . .
..
...
..........
........
........
...
.....
..................
. . . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
.....
...................
......
......
................
...... . . . . . . . . . . ..........
. 1 47
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test C .
..
.....
.....
..
. .... . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
.......
1 49
1 63
1 76
. .
.
. 1 83
Topics for Discussion or Composition
.
..
. . .
1 86
Answer Key
Bibliography . .. . .
, ........... .................................. ....... 1 8 9
.............
...................................
....
....
...
........
..
.....................
..........
. . ....
.... ....
..
..
.....
ll.
20.
I,
;t Ii. 1" to n (
r melt. S U( 1
lrli r ed iOI
- l ' P ell:
UUb
.I.
('
paratlves ana