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El Estrs Crnico,
Factor de Riesgo para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer?
Mary Garca-Acero,1,5,6 Mauricio Avila-Guerra,1,5,6 Cristina Blanco,2,6 Jorge Mario Rodrguez-Fernndez,4,5
Bryann Avendao,3,6 David Casilimas3,6
Resumen
La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), es un trastorno neurodegenerativo progresivo, con gran importancia epidemiolgica
debido a la alta prevalencia de personas afectadas mundialmente. A lo largo del tiempo, se han planteado diversas hiptesis
de la fisiopatologa y etiologa de la enfermedad; actualmente el estudio de esta patologa, es abordado desde la perspectiva
multi-causal teniendo en cuenta diferentes factores etiolgicos, entre los cuales se encuentran: la gentica, el estrs oxidativo,
la dinmica intracelular de calcio, efectos vasculares, la inflamacin y el estrs, entre otros. A continuacin se revisar la literatura, mostrando estudios que correlacionan el estrs como factor de riesgo en la EA, reconociendo su efecto en los hallazgos
neuropatolgicos de la EA dado por el incremento en la produccin de glucocorticoides causado por el estrs crnico y la
consecuente alteracin del eje hipotlamo-pituitario-adrenal. Se exponen los resultados que muestran dichos hallazgos con la
visin crtica de la literatura revisada.
Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Alzheimer, depresin, eje hipotlamo-hipfisis-adrenal, estrs, glucocorticoides, protena
tau, ovillos neurofibrilares.
Summary
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with epidemiological importance due to the high
prevalence of people affected worldwide. Over time, various hypotheses have been raised in the pathophysiology and etiology of the disease and now the study of this disorder, is tackled from a multi-causal perspective, taking into account different
etiological factors, among which are: genetics, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium dynamics, vascular effects, inflammation
and stress, among others. The following literature review, aims to show studies that correlate stress as a risk factor in AD, recognizing the pathophysiological findings of AD, due to augmentation on glucocorticoids by chronic stress and the subsequent
alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Critical view of these findings according to the literature.
Keywords: Alzheimers Disease, depression, glucocorticoids, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurofibrillary tangles,
stress, tau protein.
Rev. Ecuat. Neurol. Vol. 21, No 1-3, 2012
Introduccin
La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno
neurodegenerativo que afecta aproximadamente a 20
millones de personas en todo el mundo, con una prevalencia entre el 3% y el 15%. Se caracteriza por el deterioro cognitivo de inicio insidioso y progresivo propio de
la edad adulta. La etiologa de esta enfermedad es desconocida, sin embargo, se concibe como una enfermedad
de causa multifactorial, en donde el envejecimiento es
el principal factor de riesgo que coexiste con otros como
el estrs.1 Las caractersticas neuropatolgicas de la EA
son las sinapsis anmalas, ovillos neurofibrilares intracelulares (NFT) que contienen principalmente protena tau
hiperfosforilada y polimerizada, en asociacin con la acumulacin de placas de -amiloide (A) extracelulares.2
Los recientes estudios en biologa molecular y gentica de esta patologa se centran en la especie humana y
determinan posibles factores genticos de incidencia significativa en la activacin y desarrollo de la misma, implicando genes asociados con presenilinas 1 y 2 (PSEN 1 y 2),
protena precursora de amiloide (APP), apolipoprotena-E
(APOE), entre otros. Estos han cobrado importancia en el
Facultad de Medicina
Facultad de Psicologa
3
Facultad de Biologa
4
Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York
State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
5
Grupo Neurociencia Hospital Universitario San Ignacio
6
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogot, Colombia.
Correspondencia
Carrera 7, No. 40-62, 6 piso, Unidad de Neurociruga, Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, Bogot Colombia.
E-mail: jrodrig@nyspi.columbia.edu
Estrs Crnico
Altera Regulacin Negativa
Actividad Eje HPA
Hiperfosforilacin
TAU
GC
Liberacin
Glutamato
Ovilos
Neurofibrilares
A 42
Alteracin CPF
e Hipocampo
Placas Amiloide
Alteracin
Axonal
Disfuncin
Neuronal
Estrs
Oxidativo
Factores
Neurotrficos
BNDF / TGF-
Apoptosis
Disfuncin
Neuronal
Alteracin
Funciones
Cognitivas
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