Links:

https://quizlet.com/16126721/hsrs430-chpt-13-do-people-choose-their-own-healthflash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/16175207/hsrs430-chpt-14-psychosocial-factors-affect-healthbehavior-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/58733646/chapter-15-public-health-enemy-number-one-tobaccoflash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/31973730/chapter-16-public-health-threat-number-two-andgrowing-poor-diet-and-physical-inactivity-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/71355419/do-people-choose-their-own-health-ch-13-howpsychosocial-factors-affect-health-behavior-ch-14-public-health-enemy-number-onetobacco-public-health-enemy-number-two-and-growing-poor-diet-and-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/31386070/ch-22-clean-water-a-limited-resource-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/80828579/23-solid-and-hazardous-waste-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/22432283/chapter-23-safe-food-and-drugs-an-ongoingregulatory-battle-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/31399949/ch-25-population-the-ultimate-environmental-healthissue-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/55568487/ch-31-public-health-in-the-21st-centuryachievements-and-challenges-flash-cards/

Chapter 13: Do People choose their own health?

Leading cause of death in U.S. in 2010

Heart disease
Alcoholism has Early, Middle to Late, and Late stages.
In which stage do people drink for relief from problems and
they need more and more alcohol to feel drunk?
Early
In which stage of alcoholism do people:
Drink more than planned and
Drink as soon as they wake up?
Middle to Late

In which stage of alcoholism do people experience

severe withdrawal symptoms?
Late
Top 3 ACTUAL leading causes of death
1. Cigarette smoking
2. Poor diet and physical inactivity
3. Alcohol consumption
Chapter 13 to 16:

What are the actual leading causes of death?

Tobacco
Poor diet and physical inactivity
Alcohol consumption
Microbial agents
Toxic agents
Motor vehicles
Firearms
Sexual behavior
Illicit drug use
Expand on the leading actual causes of death
Account for almost half of deaths
Most are preventable
Most are premature
Most are caused by individual behavior
Targets for public health intervention
What can tobacco lead to?
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Chronic obstructive lung disease
Infant deaths due to low birth weight
Burns
What can poor diet and physical inactivity lead to?
Obesity
Heart disease and stroke
Diabetes
Cancer
What can misuse of alcohol cause?
Motor vehicle fatalities
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Home injuries

Drownings
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fire fatalities
Job injuries
Cancer
What are some public health interventions for these
actual causes of death?
Education
Regulation
Prohibition
Examples of the intervention of education
Provide information
Example: damage from smoking
Example: recommended dietary allowances
Health education in schools
Example: sex education
Physicians' recommendations
Examples of the intervention of regulation
Traffic regulations
Restrictions on alcohol, drugs, and tobacco
Age restrictions on many behaviors
Alcohol used to be prohibited is that true?
True
Why the war on drugs may not be working?
Expensive
Empowers criminals to be more creative
Disproportionate prison sentences
What is the most important predictor of health?
Socioeconomic status
Health is also affected by what other factors?
Gender
Marital status
Race
Ethnicity
In U.S. racial and ethnic minorities have poorer
health than whites.
True health disparities are a major concern of public health.
Describe the social status ladder

Mortality differences are related to inequalities in social position

and material resources
Imagine a social status ladder: each step towards improvement
means improvements in health
Poverty affects health outcomes
Health should be viewed as a social phenomena
To improve health, must understand its determinants
How does SES effect health?
Nutrition
Sanitation
Conditions of the physical environment
Higher SES leads to more healthy environments
Access to medical care
What is the impact of psychological factors?
Stress
Mortality is increased after death of a spouse, loss of a
job, divorce, etc
Stress increases risk of heart disease
Daily hassles adds up
Social support
Social support can buffer stress
What is the Health Belief Model (HBF)?
The health belief model suggests that people's beliefs about
health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to
action, and self-efficacy explain engagement (or lack of
engagement) in health-promoting behavior
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits of an action
Perceived benefits to taking that action
Cues to action
Self-efficacy
A stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to
trigger the health-promoting behavior.[1][2]
What is the ecological model for health model?
Intrapersonal level: knowledge, attitudes, and skills
Interpersonal level: family, friends, coworkers
Institutional/organizational level: school, workplace
Community level: churches, community organizations
Public policy development: government regulations
What are the health risks of obesity?

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
Cancer risks
Arthritis
The prevalence of overweight and obesity have been
increasing since the 1960s in males and females of all
ages
True
What percentage of adults in the U.S. are overweight
or obese?
69%
True or false Black women are more likely than White
women to be overweight or obese
True
White men are slightly more likely than Black men to
be overweight or obese
True
Higher SES is associated with lower rates of
overweight and obesity, especially among women
True
What is the prevalence of overweight among 6 to 19
year olds between the 1960s and 2000?
5% to 18%
High prevalence among Mexican American boys and African
American girls
True or false
Type II diabetes is being diagnosed in children
True
What are Americans eating?
Only 1% to 3% of Americans eat recommended number of
servings from all food groups
Main vegetables: iceberg lettuce, potatoes, and canned tomatoes
Increased intake of sweetened beverages, less milk
What are the benefits of physical activity and health?

Weight control works best when healthy eating is combined with

physical activity
Exercise promotes health whether or not you are focusing on
weight control
Exercise helps to prevent chronic disease
What is the epidemiology of injuries?
Unintentional
Intentional
Homicides
Suicides
5th leading cause of death in the U.S.
Leading cause of death among people ages 1-44
Higher injury rates in groups with lower SES
Males have higher injury rates than females
Blacks have lower injury mortality than Whites
Exception being higher in homicide rates
What are the leading causes of injury?
1. Poising
2. Motor vehicle injuries
3. Firearms injury
4. Falls
5. Suffocation
6. Drowning
7. Fires/burns
8. Cuts/piercings
Describe the injury pyramid
bottom to top:
Injuries treated outside the health system, not treated, or not
reported
Injuries resulting in visits to primary care facilities
Injuries resulting in visits to the ER
Injuries resulting in hospitalizations
Fatal injuries
What is primary injury prevention?
Addressing the conditions prevailing before the event
What is secondary injury prevention?

Addressing the conditions prevailing during the event

What is tertiary injury prevention?
Maintaining the availability and quality of emergency care after
the event
What are the three Es of injury prevention?
Education: information to the public
Enforcement: laws to keep public safe
Engineering: Making the product or environment safer
Give an example of the three Es of injury prevention
Child poisoning:
Education information and training to parents
Enforcement packaging laws
Engineering locks on cabinets; safety caps
Expand on poisoning
Leading cause of injury death
Recent increases largely from unintentional deaths
Inappropriate prescriptions of controlled substances
Prevention
Strict regulation of DEA
Drug tracking
Expand on motor vehicle injuries
2nd leading cause of injury death approx 34,000 deaths per year
Education & enforcement examples driver IDs seat belts
Engineering changes to make cars and highways safer
Alcohol plays a major role in fatal crashes
Second leading factor: youth and inexperience
examples: graduated driver's licenses & zero tolerance
for blood alcohol
Distracted driving laws help
Are the roads safe for everyone?
Pedestrians 4,000 deaths per year
19% are over 65 years old
Motorcyclists 4,500 deaths per year
19 states and DC require helmets
28 states require helmets for young riders
Bicyclists about 600 deaths per year
11% are under age 16
21 states and DC require helmets for children
Expand on firearms injuries

3rd leading cause of injury death

More than 31,000 deaths
Almost 60% suicides, 37% homicides, others unintentional
Homicide rates 2-4 times higher in U.S. than other developed
countries
Expand on occupational injuries
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA):
Regulatory Agency
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH):
Research agency
Over 4,600 deaths per year
Motor vehicle injuries are the leading cause of death
Highway crashes, overturned farm, or industrial vehicle
Falls, falling object/equipment, caught in equipment,
electrocution
Expand on domestic violence
Child abuse
More than 1,500 children die per year; 80% younger
than 4 years old
More than 740,000 treated in emergency departments
due to violence
Intimate partner violence
Includes rape, physical violence, and stalking
More than 12 million affected
2,300 deaths per year