CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF OUR INTERNSHIP HOSTING

COMPANY
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY
FANA Broadcasting Corporate S.Co., the Nations first commercial
National

Broadcaster and multilingual Radio Station, used to be a

clandestine anti-Dergue voice of Liberation (Voice of EPRDF) before its

establishment as Radio Fana S.Co. in 1994. With the defeat of the
notorious military regime by the EPRDF led popular struggle, Radio
Fana has been reorganized under the ownership of the four Regional
Endowments. The major shareholders of the company are: EFFORT,
TIRET, TUMSA and Wondo.As of January 2011, Radio Fana Sh.Co., grew
to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.Co. so as to enter into the TV
business. FBC's current capital is ETB 100 million and operates three
SW, one MW and 7 FM transmitters Nationwide. FBC has incorporated
commercial and public service values and advocates developmental
journalism to foster nation building and fight against poverty. FBC
employees around 200 Journalists and its total staff stand at more than
450.
Vision
A favorite, progressive and popular voice of Ethiopians and Africans.
Mission
Provide quality media services by providing informative, educative and
entertaining programs that help build democratic and prosperous
Ethiopia where all citizens benefit from such developments. FBC is also
working on establishing a world class engineering support for national
broadcasting equipment.
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Core Values

Promote and support National Economic, Political and Social policies to

achieve National Consensus on constitutional values and the role of

developmental state.
Promote equity and equality among citizens and assure mutual benefit
for every citizen from the National Development as per his contribution

to the national development.

Provide National and International News and Current affairs that
support and mobilize citizens for development and democratic change

so as to bring about national Prosperity and Good Governance.

Proactively promote and protect equality among Ethnic, Gender and
faith based communities and Nations and Nationalities to foster their
values, languages, and culture and history with respect and to effect

improvement based on their own choice.

Ensure professional ethics and principles of developmental journalism
Ensure company profitability and generate profits to share holders.

1.2 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

The main product of the company transmitting Information through radio FM and AM,
intranet, video and improve production. FBC is a NewsTalkVariety/information and
entertainment/ format station. Most of the program formats are participatory and
thousands of listeners phone and a variety of participate on FBC live presentations. FBC
incorporates multilingual services with special on focus local issues at
local studios or interlinked National service with the MW and SW
transmission. We broadcast in five national languages; namely
Amharic, A fan Oromo, Somali, Afar and Tigrigna languages. By rising
current and critical idea it discusses with the society in the problem
and come up solution.
FBC has a total of 588 hours service per week both on the National
Service MW, SW & 7 FM stations. FBC can be listened online at
www.fanabroadcasting.com or www.radiofana.com.

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The company plays a great role for the development of our country in
social, economically and political affairs. Because of it is experienced
for about 20 years in broadcasting it understands what the customer
need so provide valuable information on the time. By now FANA FM
radio is the first choose of the society.

1.3 CUSTOMERS OR END USERS OF THE PRODUCTS A

ND SERVICES
As have mentioned above, the main customer of FANA broadcasting
corporate are the peoples who can get the voice of FANA BC around
the country. FBC is the only private national broadcaster to operate 7
FM stations nationwide. Recent audience research indicated that our
Addis FM 98.1 is number one station and over all we have 40%
dedicated listener's nationwide /more than 30 million audience/.

1.4

OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW

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Board Directors

Chief Executive

Officer
Management
Committee

Engineering Project Directorate

Research and Study Directorate

e Chief Executive Division of Operation

ICT and Operation

Directorate

News and Current Affairs Directorate

Administration &
Finance Division VCE

Branch Executive
Coordinate directorate

Property & Finance Administrator Directorate Sales DirectorateBusiness Project Directorate

Program Directorate
Executive Branches
Regional Languages Directorate

Fig.1.1. Overall organization and work flow of FBC

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The objectives that has been focus on general

and specific General Objectives
The main objectives of this report are: Primary objective is to share knowledge I got during my
internship period with other students.
To briefly discuss what I have been doing and what my
final result was and the way I engaged in the companys
work.
To gain feedback and judgment from the mentors and
instructors how I understand the practical world.

Specific Objectives
The main objectives the internship is as follows
To obtain an important experience for future activities of one
life in working environment.
To increases the practical knowledge of the student
To apply the theoretical knowledge on practical working
environment
To relate the theoretical knowledge with

real practical

working environment
How the student can simulates the theoretical knowledge in
real working environment
To increases the communication skills; leader ship skills;
work ethics; entrepreneurship skills etc.; of ones life in real
world.

Statement of the problem

The problem we have faces is that the signal strength of
transmission system is low. This may as a result of sun light effect
or you may have a powerful transmitter and a frequency, but
without the correct antenna, communication will be less than
desirable, if not impossible.

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CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
Literature review
The studio-suite, that is the studio and its associated control center, is
the workshop of broadcasting. Through knowledge of its characteristics
and facilities is essential for any radio producer.
The group of studios in a broadcasting center is known as the studio
complex. In a simple center it may consist of only one studio and a
control both. The main broadcasting center it will have several studios
of different sizes, recording rooms, an echo chamber, a master control
and switching room, and a quality control room. The various units of
the complex are interconnected and can be joined together in a variety
of combinations-more than one studio may, for instance, be used in
a single production where isolation of the different sound elements is
needed. There are two principal systems of operational control. In the
continuity system all program material, whether from another studio,
or from tape, or from an outside broadcast point passes through a
studio where an announcer and a technical operator are on continuous
duty. In this system the announcers continuity studio has final control
of all program material before it leaves the broadcasting center for the
transmitter.

2.1. HOW WE GET TO THIS COMPANY

Based on the curriculum of Hawassa university Institute of Technology
(HIoT), Senior students of Hawassa university under technology
institute, including Electrical and computer Engineering school, are
sent to different organizations and industries for one semester or 4
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months each year of internship program to associate the theoretical

knowledge grasped during their stay in campus with real working
environment on practical projects and office undertakings.
The intern ship program will be a great chance for host organizations to
invest their practical experience on Ethiopian young professionals who
will play a key role in the development and transformation plan of the
nation in the areas of their profession. It has also a vital role for a
student who follows the program in developing its understanding on
practical world and technologies in association of theoretical
knowledge we gained inside the campus.
Considering these benefits; after finishing our 4 year study inside
university my school, school of Electrical and Computer Engineering
sent me to the company called FANA broadcasting corporate.
We got to this company through University Industry Linkage (UIL) of
Hawassa University with other two students.
In the first day of my internship we contacted the company program
director Mr. Muluken, and gave our documents and letters from the
university which says that we are set to this company, FBC. we have
been accepted to start the practice with our fellow friends and given
the place where we are going to work.

2.3. THE SECTION FOR THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN

WORKING
In FBC there are different sections to work as described in above
chapter one overall organization and work flow. With our friends we
have been working in program directorate section. In these sections
the director give us two choose to work that is either to stay in the
main studio or in the transmission station. But we are interested to see
both section then he allowed us to see by part. In this internship we
have gained theoretical as well practical knowledge.
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In the main studio we understand many experiences like how ;

FM studio work
AM studio work

In the transmission station we have seen different transmitter device of

FM and AM. The station has a standby for each device so emergencies
failure can be controlled soon. The main function of this station is
producing RF signal and send it to transmitting antenna that is for each
SW and MW transmission.
Both studios use different equipment for transmission purpose as well
as follow the different step.

Company Objective
To listen clear voice of FBC
To study more and explore each device
To cooperate with worker
2.6.3 Studio Equipment
Studio equipment can be classified as source equipment example computers, microphone,
mixer, FM tuner, speaker, headphone, telephones, audio cables and connecter and other
let us see one by one as follow.
2.6.3.1. Source equipment
The source equipment in a studio may include CD players, turntables, and cassette
Player or even reel to reel tape player and telephone. Of course, none of this equipment
is required for a radio station you only need as much of it as you want to use.
2.6.3.2. Computers
There are a number of uses for computers in the studio, and the requirements for a
computer will depend on its intended use. If you only want a computer for internet
access, you won't need a fast processor, a giant hard drive, a fancy soundcard, or really
anything beyond the bare minimum. If you want to stream your programming over the
internet, you won't need a fancy computer, but you'll need one computer dedicated for
encoding and streaming whenever you're on the air.
2.6.4. Microphones
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A studio should have one microphone for each DJ or host and a few for the guests. Try
not to have more than 4 microphones total in the any studio having lots of microphones
active at once leads to a lot of background noise. Guests can share microphones if need
be! Microphones can be either directional or Omni-directional. Directional microphones
only pick up sound waves from one direction, and as a result pick up less ambient noise
(equipment hum, paper-shuffling, etc). Omni directional microphones pick up sound from
all directions, and are therefore useful for speakers who don't have experience using
microphones or will be moving a lot while talking.
2.6.5. Mixer or console
An audio mixer takes input from multiple audio sources and lets the user determine
which channels to use in the output, and at what levels. A console is generally the same
thing as a mixer, but sometimes has some additional fancy features used just for radio. A
mixer or console is essential for any station that will broadcast using multiple audio
sources. A nice mixer should have ample channels to accommodate all audio sources and
easily visible level meters with sliding controls. Another useful feature is monitor muting,
which automatically mutes the studio monitor speakers whenever a microphone channel
is on. Without this, the sound from the speakers goes back into the microphone and
creates feedback, if the mixer does not include automatic monitor muting, you can make
or buy a speaker muting device that does this automatically, or the DJ can mute the
speakers manually to avoid feedback.

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Fig.2.1. Mixer
2.6.6. FM tuner
It is important to have an FM tuner so the DJ can listen to the signal that is being sent
over the air waves. The receiver should be tuned to the frequency at which the station is
broadcasting. The DJ can switch between the on-air signal and the console signal to make
sure the station is broadcasting loud and clear.
2.6.7. Monitor speakers
Monitor speakers let the DJ listen to what they are playing. The monitor speakers might
be internally amplified, or might require an external amp for power. The best monitor
speakers have a flat response so that the sound coming out of the speakers sounds as
much as possible like the audio going into them, but any old speakers will work in a
pinch.
2.6.8. Headphones
There should be enough headphones for the DJs or Hosts, and as many guests as will be
in the studio. Headphones tend to wear out quickly, so durability is an important
consideration if you want to avoid replacing them frequently. It's also a good idea to keep
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a couple pairs in reserve. If there are lots of headphones in the studio, you might want a
Headphone amplifier to split up the signal and allow all of the guests to set their listening
level to whatever is comfortable for them.
2.6.9. Telephone system
Most studios will have at least one telephone. If you plan to put callers on the air, you
will need a Telephone Hybrid. The hybrid feeds the signal from the phone line into the
console, and feeds another signal back to the caller. More complex (and more expensive)
caller management systems are also available to handle multiple calls in cue, and
sometimes do audio processing with the phone signal as well.

2.6.10. Audio cables and connectors

Audio cables transmit audio signals from one place to another, such as from an audio
source to the console. You will likely need an assortment of connectors to make custom
cables, depending on what equipment you use.

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Fig.2.2. Audio cable connector

2.7. The major solution we have taken

2.7.1 The AM transmitter
The block diagram below is AM transmitter. No matter how complicated an AM
transmitter may become, it is basically the same as shown in fig.1 below.
It is necessary to have nonlinear device in the system in order for modulation to occur,
that is, to create the sum and difference frequencies necessary for sidebands to appear.
The nonlinear device in which modulation occurs is the modulated amplifier.

RF oscillator

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Buffer amplifier

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Audio amplifier

Modulator

Modulated
amplifier

Fig.2.3. Block diagram of AM transmitter

The modulator is the last stage of audio amplification, while the modulated amplifier is
the circuit within which modulation occurs.
2.7.2 FM transmitter
The block diagram of FM transmitter appears to be somewhat similar to the block
diagram of an AM transmitter. The exciter is that portion of the FM transmitter which
modulation occurs.

Fig.2.4. Block diagram of FM transmitter

There are two categories of techniques for the generation of an FM signal. One is called
the direct method and the other is called indirect method.
In the direct method, a tuned circuit containing a device whose capacitance can be made
to vary directly with the amplitude of the modulating signal is used. It is placed in shunt
with a parallel RLC tank circuit. The most commonly used devices of this sort include the
transistor reactance modulator, the reactance tube modulator, varactor diodes (varicaps).

2.7.3 Antennas
An antenna is a device whose function is to radiate electromagnetic energy and/or
intercept electromagnetic radiation. A transmitting antenna can be used for reception and

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vice versa. In two-way communication, the same antenna is used for both transmission
and reception.
In FBC we have seen three types of antenna these are one parabolic antenna for middle
wave and two beam antenna for short wave transmission.

Fig.2.5. Transmitting antenna

2.7.4. The Atmosphere
How do radio waves travel from the transmitter to the receiver? What
effect does the atmosphere have on our radio energy? The answers to
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these and other questions will be answered as we discuss each facet of

wave propagation. The atmosphere around us changes seasonally,
yearly, daily, and hourly. The atmosphere is comprised of the
troposphere, stratosphere, and the ionosphere.
2.7.4.1. Propagation in the atmospheres
There are two ways radio energy travels from the transmitter to the
receiver: by means of ground waves or by sky waves. The ground
waves travel along the surface of the earth. The sky wave travels from
the transmitter to one of the ionospheric layers and is returned to
earth. Long distance radio communication, depending on the
frequency, can be by either ground or sky wave. The advantage of sky
wave communication is that very little power is needed to travel long
distances, say around 8,000 miles. In order to communicate by ground
waves, a powerful transmitter is needed in order for the radio waves to
travel the same distances. A combination of both ground and sky wave
communication usually occurs. The earth's surface affects the radio
energy coming in contact with it. Terrain features (jungle, desert, and
large bodies of water) either aid or lessen the radio signal. Diffraction
is the bending of the radio wave with the curvature of the earth. The
only variable in a ground wave signal is the terrain over which it
travels. There are many variables in a sky wave signal: the frequency,
the ionospheric layers, the time of day, the season, and the sunspot
cycle.

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Fig.2.6. Long distance radio wave propagation

2.7.4.2. Basic radiation patterns
An antenna radiates energy in a particular pattern in free space. It is
useful to examine these radiation patterns. It is possible to design an
antenna system to provide us with the best possible communication.
1. Radiation types and patterns.
a) An example of a source that radiates in all directions is the sun. This
type of radiator is called an isotropic radiator. If we could measure the
sun's radiation as we move around it in a circle, we would find it was
the same all along the circle.
b) Another type of radiator is called anisotropic. An example is a
flashlight. The light beam radiates only a small portion of the total
space around the flashlight. If we move in a circle around the flashlight,
we find the level goes from zero to maximum then back to zero again.

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2. Dipole antenna radiation.

a. The terms dipole and doublet are used interchangeably. Both are
used to indicate a basic half-wave antenna.
b. Radiation pattern of a doublet. The doublet is the simplest form of
an antenna. The radiation pattern is similar to the flashlight. There is a
vertical as well as a horizontal radiation pattern. As you can see, the
pattern is in the form of a doughnut. Whether it is seen from the side
or from the top, the pattern is full.
2.7.4.3. HF path and site engineering
1. In tactical situations, we are always making compromises. Selecting
a communication site is one of them. Seldom will a site satisfy all the
physical, electrical, or security requirements. In some situations, the
ground is too hard or there is foliage that surrounds us.
2. Site Criteria. An ideal site should meet as many of the following
criteria as possible:
a) Level ground, or sloping towards the distant station.
b) Adequate amount of real estate on which to locate equipment and
antennas.
c) Away from the base of mountains in the path of transmission.
d) Preferably no foliage under the antenna, or at least not as high as the
antenna.

Proper separation from wooded areas to meet the needed

take-off angle for the distance to distant station

e) Good earth ground conditions. (Use a radial/counterpoise for vertical
antennas.)
a) Away from major highways.
b) Away from power lines.
c) Away from sources of reflection or absorption such as metal buildings,
other antennas, high fences, etc.

Meet site security requirements. Clear area around the site for at least
100 yards. Surrounding hills should be occupied by friendly troops.

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CHAPTER THREE
THE OVERALL BENEFITS WE GAINED FROM THE
INTERNSHIP
3.1. In terms Of Improving our Practical skills
We practically acknowledged that what is broadcasting, news and
what are the essentials to take information and make it news worthy
item. Reporting is an activity of an intellectual mind, it need various
skills and patience. The good thing about the organization is the
learning atmosphere over there; an intake has an equal chance to work
as permanent employee. There is a lot to study and practice for an
individual. He is provided with every possible opportunity to get
knowledge and skills. It was a good experience for me to work with FBC
and it helped me a lot in my study.

3.2. In terms of Upgrading our Theoretical

Knowledge
We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship.
Among them we will try to mention some of them. We have
a) Learning the different equipment and their application in the
studio
b) Learning and reading different manuals that were used as
guidance
c) Learning different kinds of electronics device and their use in real
life.
Examples mixer, microphone, computer, telephone and soon on.

3.3.

In terms of improving our interpersonal

communication skills
During the internship we had been able to do different kinds of tasks.
At that time we have gained confidence on how:
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a) To ask different questions

b) To make discussions with workers example editor, technician.
c) To answer questions when our supervisor asked us.

3.4. In terms of improving our team playing skills

During the team work, we were contributing a lot of things that could
be helpful in accomplishing the internship as we planned. There were
so many problems we face, we were giving complete solutions for
some and we were steal sharing ideas on how to solve others. So we
can say that my team playing skill role in this company was great and
it had helped us a lot in improving this skill.

3.5. In terms of understanding about work ethics

related issues
As any other workers inside the company, we have to obey work rules.
We could learn the general rules and obligations expected from one
worker in any company.
Punctuality - arriving on time
Loyalty, Honesty, Trust worthiness, Dependability, Reliability,
Initiative, Self-discipline, and Self- responsibility
Respect the right of others
Displays appropriate dress, grooming, hygiene, and etiquette
(proper social behavior)
Openness: full disclosure
Impartiality: objectivity
Confidentiality
Avoiding conflict of interest
Without these traits the plan could have not been came true.

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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR THE
COMPANY
4.1. CONCLUSION
As it is known, the main goal of internship program is to integrate the
theoretically acquired concepts with a tangible practical
demonstration. As such, technology students are more effective in
achieving the intended learning competency as they have developed
their practical knowledge in addition to what they have known
theoretically. Therefore, the internship program must be continuous
since it has a pivoted role inculcating a full-fledged skill besides
enabling students to be self-confident. General speaking during the
internship program a lots of knowledge and skills have been gained.
This program helps students to develop practical knowledge that can
be applied in the real world, how to solve the problems related to any
professional areas, how to meet challenges. That probably encounters
the intern in the future. Moreover, as it is explained above, the
internship program has its own advantage on work ethics and other
crosscutting issues.

4.2.

RECOMMENDATION FOR THE COMPANY

Strength
Since the company has good outlooks, attitudes and respect for inters,
the interns
suggest that the company must keep up as it deems necessary for the
interns.
The company has enough equipment.
It plays a critical role to contribute community.
The school have been appreciate by preparing the internship program
for their students on their curriculum

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 We have to advice that the student must attend their internship

program

Weakness
Technician does not have manuals or modules. The company has
to prepare enough manual/ handout and give it out to technician
for the future and the company must put the copy of the manual
in the library, so that technician can use of them whenever
necessary.
The school have shortage of laboratory equipment
The school lab assistant are not properly skilled and they are not enough to
student
The curriculum of the school says there are six month internship program but they
give us three months internship program and the cost also not enough
It is better to search the internship place by their own

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References
1.www.pcs.Electronics.com,catalog
2.www.prometheusradio.org/sites/.../promethetheus_equipment_guide.
pd..
3. portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/pdf/configuration%2B manual pdf.
4. Telos.system.com/

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