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Saybolt Viscosity Test

Introduction:
The viscosity of a fluid is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid
motion near solid boundaries.
The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or
frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers
of fluids attempt to slide by one another.
In simple terms, viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. The knowledge of viscosity
is needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids.
There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as dynamic (or absolute) and
kinematic viscosity.
This test can be used to determine the Saybolt Universal Viscosity or Saybolt Furol (fuel and
road oils) Viscosity and then kinematic viscosity of asphalt emulsions. This covers the empirical
procedures for determining the viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures
between 21 and 990 C.
In this test method, the efflux time in seconds of 60 ml sample, flowing through a calibrated
orifice, measured under carefully controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice factor
and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that temperature.
Objectives:

Objective of this test is to determine the Saybolt Universal Viscosity or Saybolt Furol
(fuel and road oils) Viscosity and then kinematic viscosity of asphalt emulsions at
specified temperatures between 21 and 990 C.

Apparatus:
The following apparatus are required (Figure 1).
1) Saybolt Viscometer and Bath (Universal and Furol Orifice)

Figure 1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath

2) Receiving Flasks
3) Filter funnel
4) Thermometers
5) Timer
Procedure:
Preparation of Apparatus
1) A Universal orifice or tip for lubricants was used and distillated with efflux times
greater than 32 s to give the desired accuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than
1000 s are not conveniently tested with this orifice.
2) A Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with efflux times greater than 25 seconds
was used to give desired accuracy.
3) The viscometer was thoroughly cleaned with an appropriate solvent of low toxicity;
then all solvent was removed from the viscometer and its gallery. The receiving flask
was cleaned in the same manner.
4) The viscometer was set up and batted in an area where they would not be exposed to
drafts or rapid changes in air temperature and dust or vapors that might contaminated
a sample.
5) The receiving flask was placed beneath the viscometer so that the graduation mark on
the flask was from 100 to 130 mm below the bottom of the viscometer tube, and so
that the stream of oil would just stroked the neck of the flask.
6) The bat was filled to at least 6 mm above the overflow rim of viscometer with an
appropriate bath medium (water or oil).
7) Adequate stirring and thermal control for the bath was provided. Did not make
viscosity measurements at temperatures below the dew point of the rooms
atmosphere.
8) For calibration and referee tests, the room temperature was kept between 20 and 30 0C,
and the actual temperature was recorded.
Test Procedure:
1) The bath temperature was established and controlled at the selected test temperature.
Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt Universal viscosities are 21.1,
37.8, 54.4 and 98.90 C.
Standard test temperatures for measuring Saybolt Furol viscosities are 25.0, 37.8,
50.0 and 98.90 C.
Other standard test temperatures in use include 60.00 C and 82.20 C.
2) Cork stopper was inserted, having a cord attached for its easy removal, into the air
chamber at the bottom of the viscometer. The cork shall fit tightly enough to prevent the
escape of air, as evidenced by the absence of oil on the cork when it was withdrawn later
as described.
3) If the selected test temperature was above room temperature, the test may be expedited by
preheating the sample in its original container to not more than 1.70 C above the test
temperature. Any sample was never preheated to within 280 C of its flash point, because
volatility losses might alter its composition.

4) The sample was stirred well; then it was strained trough the No.100 wire cloth in the filter
funnel directly into the viscometer until the level was above the overflow rim.
5) The viscosities of stream-refined cylinder oils, black lubricating oils, residual fuel oils,
and similar waxy products can be affected by their thermal histories. The following preheating procedure was used with such products to obtain uniform results at temperatures
below 930 C.
6) The sample was heated in its original container to about 500 C, with sting and shaking to
dissolve and blended waxy materials. The bottom of the container was probed with a
stirring rod to be certain that all waxy materials were in solution and mixed well.
7) About 100 ml was poured into a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Stopper loosely with a cork or
rubber stopper.
8) The flask was immersed in a bath of boiling water for 30 min.
9) The sample was mixed well and removed from the boiling water bath, the outside of the
flask was wiped and dried and the sample was strained through the No.200 wire cloth in
the filter funnel directly in to the viscometer until the level was above the overflow rim.
10) The sample in the viscometer was stirred with the appropriate viscosity thermometer
equipped with the thermometer support. Circular motion at 30 to 50 rpm was used in a
horizontal plane. When the sample temperature was remained constant within 0.03 0 C of
the test temperature during 1 min of continuous stirring, the thermometer was removed.
11) The tip of the withdrawal tube was immediately placed in the gallery at one point, and
applied suction to remove oil until its level in the gallery was below the overflow rim.
Did not touch the overflow rim with the withdrawal tube; the effective liquid head of the
sample would be reduced.
12) The receiving flask was checked to be sure that it was in proper position; then the cork
was snapped from the viscometer using the attached cord, and the timer was started at the
same instant.
13) The timer was stopped at the instant the bottom of the oil meniscus reached the
graduation mark on the receiving flask. The efflux time was recorded in second to the
nearest 0.1 s.
Observation:
Temperature at 500 C.
Trail 1 The efflux time = 67 sec.
Trail 2 The efflux time = 58 sec.
Calculations and result:

The efflux time was reported as the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosity of the oil
at the temperature at which the test was made.

Saybolt Universal seconds can be converted in to kinematic viscosity by using the


conversion tables. Method D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the determination of
kinematic viscosity.

Specimen Calculation:
Saybolt Furol viscosity of the oil at the temperature 500 C
(Average efflux time)

= (67 + 58)
2
= 62.5 Sec

General Discussion:
The viscosity of a fluid is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid
motion near solid boundaries.
The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or
frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers
of fluids attempt to slide by one another.
In simple terms, viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. The knowledge of viscosity
is needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids.
There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as dynamic (or absolute) and
kinematic viscosity.
This test can be used to determine the Saybolt Universal Viscosity or Saybolt Furol (fuel and
road oils) Viscosity and then kinematic viscosity of asphalt emulsions. This covers the empirical
procedures for determining the viscosities of petroleum products at specified temperatures
between 21 and 990 C.

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