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SEMESTER 1
1. Pythagoras theorem
(Measurement and Geometry)
3
4
5
Term 3
1
2
4
5
6
3. Algebra
(Number and Algebra)
10
Term 2
1
2
4. Geometry
(Measurement and Geometry)
Term 4
1
2
10. Equations
(Number and Algebra)
4
5
6
6. Fractions and percentages
(Number and Algebra)
9
10
Lost time
6
7
9. Probability
(Statistics and Probability)
9
Lost time
8. Congruent figures
(Measurement and Geometry)
10
7. Investigating data
(Statistics and Probability)
6
7
SEMESTER 2
Week
7
8
9
Lost time
CURRICULUM STRANDS
Number and Algebra
10
Lost time
Year 7 topics
Week
Term 1
1
2
SEMESTER 1
1. Integers
(Number and Algebra)
3
4
5
2. Angles
(Measurement and Geometry)
3. Whole numbers
(Number and Algebra)
Lost time
Lost time
10
Term 4
1
2
4
5
6
6. Geometry
(Measurement and Geometry)
9
10
6
7
9
10
7. Decimals
(Number and Algebra)
Term 3
1
2
3
6
7
SEMESTER 2
Week
11. Probability
(Statistics and Probability)
12. Ratios, rates and time
(Number and Algebra,
Measurement and Geometry)
8
9
Lost time
CURRICULUM STRANDS
Number and Algebra
Lost time
10
1. PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Time: 3 weeks (Term 1, Week 1)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 1, p.2
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry
Right-angled triangles (Pythagoras) / Real numbers
investigate the concept of irrational numbers, including (8NA186)
Right-angled triangles (Pythagoras) / Pythagoras and trigonometry
investigate Pythagoras theorem and its application to solving simple problems involving right-angled triangles (NSW
Stage 4 / 9MG222)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-16 MG applies Pythagoras theorem to calculate side lengths in right-angled triangles and solves related problems
INTRODUCTION
This is the first time students meet Pythagoras theorem. This is a Year 9 topic in the Australian curriculum but a Stage 4
(Years 7-8) topic in the NSW syllabus: Students should gain an understanding of Pythagoras theorem, rather than just being
able to recite the formula. Emphasis should be placed upon understanding the theorem and using it to solve problems involving
the sides of right-angled triangles.
CONTENT
1 Square roots and surds 8NA186 U
2 Discovering Pythagoras theorem 9MG222 U F R C
4
5
6
7
identify the hypotenuse as the longest side in any right-angled triangle and also as the side opposite the right angle
establish the relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right-angled triangle in practical ways, including using
digital technologies
Finding the hypotenuse 9MG222 U F
solve practical problems involving Pythagoras theorem, approximating the answer as a decimal and giving an exact
answer as a surd
Finding a shorter side 9MG222 U F
Mixed problems 9MG222 F
Testing for right-angled triangles 9MG222 U F R
use the converse of Pythagoras theorem to establish whether a triangle has a right angle
Pythagorean triads 9MG222 U F
identify a Pythagorean triad as a set of three numbers such that the sum of the squares of the first two equals the square
of the third
Pythagoras theorem problems 9MG222 F PS
8
9 Revision and mixed problems
RELATED TOPICS
as a formula
EXTENSION IDEAS
n2 1 n2 + 1
,
) for odd n, (2n
2
2
+ 1, 2n2 + 2n, 2n2 + 2n + 1). Multiplying or dividing a triad by a constant gives another triad: we can use this to create
decimal triads such as (2.8, 9.6, 10).
Pythagorean triads (useful for triangle problems): (3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (6, 8, 10) (7, 24, 25) (8, 15, 17) (9, 12, 15) (9, 40, 41)
(10, 24, 26) (11, 60, 61) (12, 16, 20) (12, 35, 37) (13, 84, 85) (14, 48, 50) (15, 20, 25) (15, 36, 39) (16, 30, 34) (16, 63, 65)
(18, 24, 30) (18, 80, 82) (20, 21, 29) (20, 48, 52) (20, 99, 101) (21, 28, 35) (21, 72, 75) (24, 32, 40) (24, 45, 51) (24, 70, 74)
(25, 60, 65) (27, 36, 45) (28, 45, 53) (28, 96, 100) (30, 40, 50) (30, 72, 78) (32, 60, 68) (33, 44, 55) (33, 56, 65) (35, 84, 91)
(36, 48, 60) (36, 77, 85) (39, 52, 65) (39, 80, 89) (40, 42, 58) (40, 75, 85) (40, 96, 104) (42, 56, 70) (45, 60, 75) (48, 55, 73)
(48, 64, 80) (48, 90, 102) (51, 68, 85) (54, 72, 90) (56, 90, 106) (57, 76, 95) (60, 63, 87) (60, 80, 100) (60, 91, 109) (63, 84,
105) (65, 72, 97) (66, 88, 110) (69, 92, 115) (72, 96, 120) (80, 84, 116).
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Research assignment on Pythagoras and Pythagoras theorem.
Matching activities: Pythagoras theorem to diagrams.
Writing activity explaining Pythagoras theorem.
TECHNOLOGY
Spreadsheets can be used to find unknown sides or generate Pythagorean triads. Use the Internet to research the history of
Pythagoras and irrational numbers. Use dynamic geometry software to explore and prove Pythagoras theorem.
LANGUAGE
Hypotenuse is an ancient Greek word: hypo means under while teinousa means stretching because the hypotenuse
stretches under a right angle.
Explain and reinforce the logic behind the converse of Pythagoras theorem.
From the NSW syllabus: The meaning of exact answer will need to be taught explicitly. Students may find some of the
terminology/vocabulary encountered in word problems involving Pythagoras theorem difficult to interpret, for example,
foot of a ladder, inclined, guy wire.
INTRODUCTION
This topic revises and extends basic operations with whole numbers, integers, decimals, powers, roots and prime factors, then
explores properties of squares and square roots (ab)2 and ab and the index laws. This is a short refresher topic that reinforces
mental, pen-and-paper and calculator skills so dont dwell too long on particulars. Keep it simple and make the revision suitable
to the ability and experience of your Year 8 class. You may even like to set part of this topic as a revision assignment rather
than re-teach it all. Ensure that estimating and checking of answers are reinforced during lessons.
CONTENT
1 Mental calculation 7NA151 U F R
2
3
4
5
apply the associative, commutative and distributive laws to aid mental computation
Adding and subtracting integers 8NA183 U F PS R
Multiplying integers 8NA183 U F R
Dividing integers 8NA183 U F R
Order of operations 8NA183 U F
apply the order of operations to evaluate expressions involving directed numbers mentally, including where an operator
is contained within the numerator or denominator of a fraction, for example,
15 + 9
15 3
6 Decimals 8NA183 U F
,
0.3 , 0.345345345 = 0.345
0.26
9 Powers and roots 7NA149 U F R C
0.266666 =
find square roots and cube roots of any non-square whole number using a calculator, after first estimating
apply the order of operations to evaluate expressions involving indices, square and cube roots, with and without a
calculator
determine through numerical examples the properties of square roots of products: (ab)2 and
ab
express a number as a product of its prime factors to determine whether its square root or cube root is an integer
11 Index laws for multiplying and dividing 8NA182 U F R
use index notation with numbers to establish the index laws with positive integral indices and the zero index
use index laws to simplify expressions with numerical bases, for example, 52 54 5 = 57
EXTENSION IDEAS
Investigate the square root of quotients
Investigate the history of calculation methods, for example, Italian multiplication
Irrational numbers, surds, graphing surds on a number line, simplifying surds.
Revise number and calculator skills through problems, puzzles and games. Encourage students to develop number sense.
Analysing properties of numbers leads to the study of pattern and early algebra work.
Fractions, percentages, ratios and rates will be covered later this year.
The NSW syllabus says that written multiplication and division of decimals may be limited to operators with two digits.
When teaching rounding decimals, include more difficult examples, such as rounding 4.8971 to two decimal places.
Investigate patterns in the recurring decimals of the fraction families of the sixths, sevenths and ninths.
Some decimals are neither terminating nor recurring. Their digits run endlessly, but without repeating, for example, 2 =
1.4142135 and = 3.1415926
Investigate finding higher powers on the calculator.
As an alternative to factor trees, prime factors can also be extracted by repeated division. See the Skillsheet Prime factors
by repeated division.
Common mistake: 9 = 3. The square root of a number is a single positive value, so 9 = 3 only. However, 9 = -3
and the equation x2 = 9 has two solutions, x = 3 or -3.
In Year 8, the index laws are applied to numerical expressions only. The index laws in algebraic form will be covered in
Year 9 or in the Year 8 topic Algebra as extension work.
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Non-calculator test.
Revision assignment.
TECHNOLOGY
Not all calculators are the same: teachers will need to look for subtle differences in the locations and functions of keys. Use
calculators to evaluate mixed expressions, including the use of the parentheses and ANS keys, but beware of cheap calculators
that do not follow order of operations rules. Students can use the spreadsheet to round or order decimals, or convert fractions
to terminating and recurring decimals.
LANGUAGE
-3 is read negative 3, not minus 3. Students should not confuse the negative sign with the minus operation.
Reinforce the language of approximation: approximate, write correct to, round to, n decimal places, nearest tenth.
Note that the NSW syllabus now prefers the term rounding to rounding off.
Terminating means stopping; recurring means repeating.
3. ALGEBRA
Time: 3 weeks (Term 1, Week 7)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 3, p.88
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra
Algebraic Techniques 1 and 2 / Patterns and algebra
Extend and apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions (8NA190)
Factorise algebraic expressions by identifying numerical factors (8NA191)
Factorise algebraic expressions by identifying algebraic factors (NSW Stage 4)
Simplify algebraic expressions involving the four operations (8NA192)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-8 NA generalises number properties to operate with algebraic expressions
INTRODUCTION
The Australian curriculum introduces algebra by generalising number laws and patterns, and in the Year 7 topic Algebra and
equations students met elementary concepts such as variables, translating worded statements to algebraic expressions, algebraic
abbreviations and substitution. In this Year 8 topic, students meet more formal operations with algebraic terms such as
simplifying algebraic expressions, including the processes of expanding and factorising. This topic is fairly technical and
abstract so each skill should be taught with care and precision as students may will the concepts difficult. Students should
practise and master each skill before moving onto the next one.
CONTENT
1 Variables 7NA175 U F R C
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Using algebra to represent, generalise and simplify pattern in
numbers
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Describing and representing general properties of numbers
algebraically
EXTENSION IDEAS
More challenging problems involving substitution and translating worded statements into algebraic expressions
Binomial expansions (Year 9/Stage 5.2), for example (x + 3)(x 2), (x + 5)(x 5), (x + 2)2
Factorising by grouping in pairs
Negative or fractional indices
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Writing activity on the use of variables and simplifying algebraic expressions
Research assignment or poster on the algebraic rules or the history/meaning of algebra
Vocabulary test
TECHNOLOGY
Note that spreadsheet formulas are written differently to algebraic formulas. CAS (Computer Algebra Systems) can be used to
simplify, expand or evaluate algebraic expressions.
LANGUAGE
Reinforce the meanings of variable, term, expression, simplify, evaluate, substitute, expand and factorise.
An algebraic term consists of a number and/or a variable, for example, 4p2. An algebraic expression is a phrase containing
terms and one or more arithmetic operation, for example, 5x + 6. An equation is a sentence containing an expression, an
= sign and an answer, for example, 5x + 6 = 26.
The word expand comes from writing out an expression the long way without brackets. Draw a diagram using rectangles
and an array of dots to show equivalences such as 3(n + 2) = 3n + 6. Students are not required to learn the phrase
distributive law.
NSW syllabus: Recognise the role of grouping symbols and the different meanings of expressions, such as 2a + 1 and 2(a +
1).
Emphasise the difference between expand and factorise, as students will often do the opposite of what is requested.
4. GEOMETRY
Time: 3 weeks (Term 2, Week 1)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 4, p.130
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry
Properties of Geometrical Figures 1 / Geometric reasoning
Identify corresponding, alternate and co-interior angles when two straight lines are crossed by a transversal, and the
relationships between them (7MG164)
Investigate conditions for two lines to be parallel and solve simple numerical problems using reasoning (7MG165)
Classify triangles according to their side and angle properties and describe quadrilaterals (7MG165)
Demonstrate that the angle sum of a triangle is 180 and use this to find the angle sum of a quadrilateral (7MG166)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-17 MG classifies, describes and uses the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals, and determines congruent
triangles to find unknown lengths and angles
MA4-18 MG identifies and uses angle relationships, including those related to transversals on sets of parallel lines
INTRODUCTION
This topic revises geometrical concepts introduced in Year 7, namely relating to angles, triangles and quadrilaterals, in a more
formal way. However, practical activities and correct geometrical terminology should be promoted throughout this topic.
From the NSW syllabus: At this stage in geometry, students should write reasons without the use of abbreviations to assist
them in learning new terminology, and in understanding and retaining geometrical concepts.
CONTENT
1 Angle geometry 6MG141 U F PS R C
2
3
4
5
investigate angles on a straight line, angles at a point and vertically opposite angles, and use results to find unknown
angles
Angles on parallel lines 7MG163, 7MG164 U F PS R C
Line and rotational symmetry 7MG181 U F C
identify line and rotational symmetries
Classifying triangles 7MG165 U F R C
classify triangles according to their side and angle properties
Classifying quadrilaterals 7MG165 U F R C
distinguish between convex and non-convex quadrilaterals (the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the figure)
describe squares, rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, kites and trapeziums
Properties of quadrilaterals 7MG165 U F R C
investigate the properties of special quadrilaterals
classify special quadrilaterals on the basis of their properties
Angle sums of triangles and quadrilaterals 7MG166 U F PS R
justify informally that the interior angle sum of a triangle is 180, and that any exterior angle equals the sum of the two
interior opposite angles
use the angle sum of a triangle to establish that the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360
Extension: Angle sum of a polygon NSW STAGE 5.2 U F PS R
apply the result for the interior angle sum if a triangle to find, by dissection, the interior angle sum of polygons with
more than three sides
U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning geometrical concepts, definitions, terminology and notation
F = Fluency (applying maths): Applying correct procedures, language and notation to solve geometrical problems
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Finding unknown angles in geometrical problems
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Using logic and reasoning to explore and deduce geometrical
ideas and properties
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Classifying angles, triangles and quadrilaterals and describing
their properties, including symmetries
EXTENSION IDEAS
Investigate the history of geometry and Euclid.
From NSW syllabus: Students who recognise class inclusivity and minimum requirements for definitions may address this
Stage 4 content concurrently with content in Stage 5 Properties of Geometrical Figures where properties of triangles and
quadrilaterals are deduced from formal definitions. For example, is a parallelogram a trapezium?
The formal definitions and tests for special quadrilaterals (Stage 5.3). See the NSW syllabus (Stage 5.3 Properties of
Geometrical Figures) on introducing more formal definitions of the special triangles and quadrilaterals.
Find the size of one angle in a regular polygon, or the exterior angle sum of a convex polygon.
Formal proofs in deductive geometry.
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
TECHNOLOGY
There is much scope in this topic to use dynamic geometry software such as GeoGebra. The Internet is full of dynamic
geometry animations and applets that demonstrate the properties of angles, triangles and quadrilaterals shown in this topic.
LANGUAGE
Equilateral comes from the Latin aequus latus, meaning equal sides, isosceles comes from the Greek isos skelos, meaning
equal legs, and scalene comes from the Greek skalenos skelos, meaning uneven leg.
Avoid using the term base angles for isosceles triangles because it may be misleading, depending upon the orientation of
the triangle. Instead, use the angles opposite the equal sides or the two angles next to the uneven side.
From the NSW syllabus: The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the figure.
INTRODUCTION
This topic revises and extends perimeter, area and volume concepts, with new content including the areas of special
quadrilaterals and circles, and conversions between metric units for area and volume. Circle measurement is formally
introduced, and after examining the parts and geometrical properties of a circle, students discover the special number and its
role in calculating perimeters and areas of circles and circular shapes.
CONTENT
1 Perimeter 8MG196 U F PS R
2 Metric units for area 8MG195 U F PS R C
3 Areas of rectangles, triangles and parallelograms 7MG159 U PS R
establish the formulas for areas of rectangles, triangles and parallelograms and use these in problem solving
4
5
6
7
investigate the line symmetries and the rotational symmetry of circles and of diagrams involving circles, such as a sector
and a circle with a marked chord or tangent
8 Circumference of a circle 8NA186, 8MG197 U F PS R
investigate the concept of irrational numbers, including
find the perimeter of quadrants, semi-circles, sectors and composite figures
9 Area of a circle 8MG197 U F PS R
calculate the area of quadrants, semi-circles, sectors and composite figures
10 Metric units for volume 8MG195 U F PS R C
11 Volume of a prism 8MG198 U F PS R C
determine if a solid has a uniform cross-section
12 Volume of a cylinder 8MG198 U F PS R
13 Volume and capacity 6MG138 U F PS
connect volume and capacity and their units of measurement
recognise that 1 mL is equivalent to 1 cm3
solve problems involving volume and capacity of right prisms and cylinders
EXTENSION IDEAS
Herons formula for the area of a triangle with sides of length a, b and c.
Areas of irregular figures: traverse surveys, Simpsons rule.
Surface area of a cube, prism and cylinder.
History of , formulas for generating the value of . Area formula involving d rather than r. Area of an ellipse.
Calculate the perimeter of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle with the circles circumference to demonstrate that > 3.
Circumference of the Earth, latitude and longitude (small and great circles) on the Earths surface.
Volume of a pyramid or cone (Year 10 Stage 5.3).
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Practical activity/assignment/test on perimeter/circumference, area and volume.
Research assignment on the history/progress of and finding the circumference/area of a circle.
Open-ended and back-to-front questions: A triangular prism has a volume of 36 cm3. What could its dimensions be?
TECHNOLOGY
Drawing and animation software may be used to demonstrate area and volumes of geometrical figures. Also search for
animations and applets from the Internet.
LANGUAGE
From NSW syllabus: Volume refers to the space occupied by an object or substance. The abbreviation m3 is read cubic
metre(s) and not metres cubed. Ensure that students use the correct units for area and volume.
Express area formulas in words as well as algebraically.
From NSW syllabus: The names for some parts of the circle (centre, radius, diameter, circumference, sector, semi-circle
and quadrant) are first introduced in Stage 3 Pi () is the Greek letter equivalent to p, and is the first letter of the Greek
word perimetron, meaning perimeter. In 1737, Euler used the symbol for pi for the ratio of the circumference to the
diameter of a circle.
Concentric means same centre, an annulus is a ring shape bounded by two concentric circles.
INTRODUCTION
This topic revises Year 7 concepts in fractions and percentages before introducing operations with percentages and problems
involving percentages. Students have been calculating percentages of quantities since primary school but here they will learn
the skills necessary for applying percentages to financial situations, including percentage change, the unitary method, and
calculating profit, loss and GST. Although the advancement of computers and the metric system has made decimals more
practical than fractions, fraction skills are still applied in areas such as algebraic fractions, solving equations, ratios and similar
figures.
CONTENT
1 Fractions 7NA152 U F
solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions, including those with unrelated denominators
3 Multiplying and dividing fractions 7NA154 U F PS
multiply and divide fractions using efficient written strategies and digital technologies
4 Percentages, fractions and decimals 7NA157 U F C
connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple conversions
5 Fraction and percentage of a quantity 7NA158 U F C
find fractions and percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a fraction or percentage of another, with and
without digital technologies
6 Expressing amounts as fractions and percentages 7NA155, 7NA158 U F C
express one quantity as a fraction of another, with and without digital technologies
7 Percentage increase and decrease 8NA187 U F PS C
8 Percentages without calculators 8NA187 U F PS R
9 The unitary method 8NA187 U F PS R C
10 Profit, loss and GST 8NA189 U F PS R C
11 Percentage problems 8NA187 U F PS C
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solve a variety of real-life problems using fractions and
percentages, including financial problems
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Finding shortcuts for calculating with fractions and percentages
by looking for general patterns
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Converting between fractions, decimals and percentages;
interpreting and writing worded answers to problems
EXTENSION IDEAS
Repeated percentage changes, for example, successive discounts. What percentage change is equivalent to an increase of
10% followed by a decrease of 10%?
Investigate interest rates and the method and formula for calculating simple and compound interest.
2
, 16 % and 37.5% as
3
fractions?
Encourage students to develop a number sense rather than rely upon the calculator too often. Check that answers make
sense. Estimate first.
Applications of percentages: interest rates, cricket statistics (for example, run rate), exam marks, discount, GST, inflation,
unemployment, commission, ingredients in food and drink.
Does taking off 10% followed by adding 10% give the original number?
The unitary method is a powerful skill that can be applied to percentages, fractions, decimals, ratios and rates.
From the NSW syllabus: The GST is levied at a flat rate of 10% on most goods and services, apart from GST-exempt items
(usually basic necessities such as milk and bread).
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Collage/poster on the applications of percentages.
Revision assignment on applications of percentages.
TECHNOLOGY
Use spreadsheets to convert between fractions, decimals and percentages and to order fractions, decimals and percentages. You
could investigate the percentage format on a spreadsheet. Some calculators have a [%] key: 16 [] 25 [%] gives 25% of 16; 5
[] 40 [%] gives 5 out of 40 as a percentage; 150 [] 13 [%] [] decreases 150 by 13%.
LANGUAGE
The word cent comes from the Latin centum meaning one hundred, so per cent means out of one hundred. The %
symbol is a modified form of
100
When expressing quantities as percentages, reinforce the importance of identifying what follows of in the question, for
example, Calculate the discount as a percentage of the marked price. Students should also be able to differentiate between
cost price and selling price.
Why does the unitary method have that name?
7. INVESTIGATING DATA
Time: 3 weeks (Term 3, Week 1)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 7, p.282
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Statistics and Probability
Data Collection and Representation / Data representation and interpretation
Identify and investigate issues involving numerical data collected from primary and secondary sources (7SP169)
Construct and compare a range of data displays including stem-and-leaf plots and dot plots (7SP170)
Explore the practicalities and implications of obtaining data through sampling using a variety of investigative processes
(8SP206)
Investigate techniques for collecting data, including census, sampling and observation (8SP284)
Single Variable Data Analysis / Data representation and interpretation
Calculate mean, median, mode and range for sets of data, and interpret these statistics in the context of data (7SP171)
Describe and interpret data displays using median, mean and range (7SP172)
Investigate the effect of individual data values, including outliers, on the mean and median (8SP207)
Explore the variation of means and proportions of random samples drawn from the same population (8SP293)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-19 SP collects, represents and interprets single sets of data, using appropriate statistical displays
MA4-20 SP analyses single sets of data using measures of location and range
INTRODUCTION
This topic revises and extends statistical concepts introduced in Year 7, introducing the techniques involved in collecting data.
This is a practical topic, and it is expected that some data will be generated from surveys undertaken in class, which can then be
used for calculation and analysis. The mass media, including the Internet, is also a rich source of data for statistical
investigation.
CONTENT
1 Organising and displaying data 7SP170 U F PS R C
interpret and construct divided bar graphs, sector graphs and line graphs with and without ICT
use a tally to organise data into a frequency distribution table
2 Types of data 8SP284 U F R C
recognise data as numerical (either discrete or continuous) or categorical
3 The mean and mode 7SP171 U F PS R
4 The median and range 7SP171 U F PS R
5 Analysing frequency tables 7SP170, 7SP172 U F PS R
6 Dot plots and stem-and-leaf plots 7SP170, 7SP172 U F PS R C
7 Frequency histograms and polygons 7SP170, 7SP172 U F PS R C
draw and interpret frequency histograms and polygons
8 Sampling 8SP206, 8SP284, 7SP169 U F C
9 Designing survey questions 8SP206, 7SP169 U F PS C
construct appropriate survey questions and a related recording sheet to collect both numerical and categorical data about
an issue of interest
10 Comparing samples and populations 8SP293, 7SP169 U F PS R C
11 Analysing data 7SP172, 8SP207 U F PS R C
U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Knowing the various types of data displays and statistical measures
F = Fluency (applying maths): Reading and interpreting graphs, calculating and analysing statistics, comparing data sets
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Analysing data to solve problems, drawing conclusions
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Making generalizations and drawing conclusions from statistical
displays and measures
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Classify and represent data in different forms and make
conclusions about data sets after analysing them
EXTENSION IDEAS
(Year 10 Stage 5.2) Interquartile range, box-and-whisker plots.
Grouped data, class intervals, median class.
Replicate or implement a major statistical investigation.
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Include open-ended questions: The range of a set of eight scores is 10 and the mode is 3. What might the scores be?
Plan, implement and report on a statistical investigation.
Vocabulary test.
Investigate the use and abuse of statistics and statistical graphs in the media.
Research the role of the Australian bureau of Statistics.
TECHNOLOGY
Explore the statistical and graphing features of a spreadsheet, GeoGebra, Fx-Stat, graphics/CAS calculators or software. Visit
the Australian Bureau of Statistics CensusAtSchool website www.abs.gov.au/censusatschool or purchase their CD-ROMs.
LANGUAGE
This topic contains much statistical jargon, so a student-created glossary may be useful.
Median = middle, for example, median strip on a highway, or sounds like medium, mode (French) = fashionable, popular.
Population may refer to a collection of items as well as people.
Spend considerable time explaining the difference between discrete and continuous data.
8. CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Time: 2 weeks (Term 3, Week 4)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 8, p.342
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Measurement and Geometry
Properties of Geometrical Figures 2 / Geometric reasoning
Define congruence of plane shapes using transformations (8MG200)
Develop the conditions for congruence of triangles (8MG201)
Establish properties of quadrilaterals using congruent triangles and angle properties, and solve related numerical
problems using reasoning (8MG202)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-18 MG indentifies and uses angle relationships, including those related to transversals on sets of parallel lines
INTRODUCTION
This topic introduces the concepts and language associated with congruent figures (especially triangles), building on knowledge
learned in past geometry topics. The properties of congruent triangles are to be discovered through construction and
measurement, with more formal work such as congruent triangle proofs to be taught in Year 9 as a Stage 5.3 topic. The
geometrical constructions are included here because they are based on the properties of special triangles and quadrilaterals,
especially the diagonal properties of a rhombus.
CONTENT
1 Transformations 7MG181 U F R C
2
3
4
6
7
describe translations, reflections in an axis, and rotations of multiples of 90 on the Cartesian plane using coordinates
Congruent figures 8MG200 U F R C
name the vertices in matching order when using the symbol in a congruence statement
Constructing triangles 8MG201 U F PS R
construct triangles using the conditions for congruence
Tests for congruent triangles 8MG201 U F PS R C
investigate the minimum conditions needed, and establish the four tests, for two triangles to be congruent (the SSS, SAS,
AAS and RHS rules)
Proving properties of triangles and quadrilaterals 8MG202 U F PS R C
use transformations of congruent triangles to verify some of the properties of special quadrilaterals, including properties
of the diagonals
Extension: Bisecting intervals and angles U F R
Constructing parallel and perpendicular lines 7MG163 U F
construct parallel and perpendicular lines using their properties, a pair of compasses and a ruler, and dynamic geometry
software
EXTENSION IDEAS
Similar figures (Year 9)
Formal congruent triangle proofs (Year 9 Stage 5.3)
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Research assignment on congruent and similar figures and their history
Test/assignment on formal setting-out of geometry proof
Vocabulary test
TECHNOLOGY
The Math Open Reference website www.mathopenref.com contains animations demonstrating geometrical constructions and
the tests for congruent triangles. From NSW syllabus: Dynamic geometry software or prepared applets are useful tools for
investigating properties of congruent figures through transformations.
LANGUAGE
Use matching angles for congruent figures rather than corresponding to avoid confusion with corresponding angles found
when a transversal crosses two lines. From the NSW syllabus: This syllabus has used matching to describe angles and
sides in the same position: however, the use of the word corresponding is not incorrect.
Encourage students to set out their geometrical answers logically, step-by-step and giving reasons.
The mathematical symbol means is identical to in algebra and is congruent to in geometry.
9. PROBABILITY
Time: 3 weeks (Term 3, Week 6)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 9, p.384
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Statistics and Probability
Probability 1 / Chance
Identify complementary events and use the sum of probabilities to solve problems (8SP204)
Probability 2 / Chance
Describe events using language of at least, exclusive or (A or B but not both), inclusive or (A or B or both) and
and (8SP205)
Represent events in two-way tables and Venn diagrams and solve related problems (8SP292)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-21 SP represents probabilities of simple and compound interest
INTRODUCTION
This short topic revises and extends probability concepts learned in Year 7, introducing Venn diagrams and two-way tables as
methods of representing sample spaces of more complicated chance situations. There are many opportunities here for class
discussion, practical lessons and language activities.
CONTENT
1 Probability 7SP168 U F PS C
assign probabilities to the outcomes of events and determine probabilities for events
recognise the difference between mutually exclusive and non-mutually exclusive events
convert representations of the relationship between two attributes in Venn diagrams to two-way tables
solve probability problems involving single-step experiments such as card, dice and other games
Experimental probability 6SP146 U F PS R
compare observed frequencies across experiments with expected frequencies
EXTENSION IDEAS
Two-stage or three-stage experiments: making lists, tables, tree diagrams (Year 9)
Counting techniques
More complex Venn diagrams, set notation (union vs intersection)
New Century Maths 8 teaching program (p. 21)
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Vocabulary test or writing activities involving probability.
Research/investigation on listing and counting the outcomes of a sample space using Venn diagrams and/or two-way tables.
TECHNOLOGY
Random numbers can be generated on a calculator, graphics or CAS calculator, or spreadsheet. The Internet, spreadsheets and
other software may be used ti simulate a chance situation such as a lotto draw, coin tosses or dice throws.
LANGUAGE
How is the word complementary used in this topic similar to its use with complementary angles or its everyday English
meaning? Carry out language activities on identifying the complement of an event, such as there are fewer than 3 children
in a family. This could be done as a matching pairs memory card game.
What is the difference between more than 3 and 3 or more?
The NSW syllabus lists the following terms that can be used to describe compound events: at least, at most, not, and, both,
not both, or and neither.
Also from the NSW syllabus: An event is one or a collection of outcomes. For instance, an event might be that we roll an
odd number [on a die], which would include the outcomes 1, 3 and 5. A simple event has outcomes that are equally likely
A compound event is an event which can be expressed as a combination of simple events, for example, drawing a card
that is black or a King; throwing at least 5 on a fair six-sided die.
10. EQUATIONS
Time: 3 weeks (Term 4, Week 1)
Text: New Century Maths 8, Chapter 10, p.418
NSW and Australian Curriculum references: Number and Algebra
Equations / Linear and non-linear relationships
Solve simple linear equations (7NA179)
Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques, and verify solutions by substitution (8NA194)
Solve simple quadratic equations (NSW Stage 4)
NSW Stage 4 outcomes
A student:
MA4-1 WM communicates and connects mathematical ideas using appropriate terminology, diagrams and symbols
MA4-2 WM applies appropriate mathematical techniques to solve problems
MA4-3 WM recognises and explains mathematical relationships using reasoning
MA4-10 NA uses algebraic techniques to solve simple linear and quadratic equations
INTRODUCTION
This short topic revises and builds upon the concept of equations and the algebraic methods for solving them. Students were
introduced to equations in the Year 7 topic Algebra and equations, while the algebraic operations of collecting like terms and
expanding expressions were learned earlier this year in the Algebra topic. Like many algebra skills, the process of equationsolving is detailed and technical, requiring careful and precise understanding and practice. Aim to teach this topic at a level
appropriate to the ability of your class. Solving linear equations graphically will be covered in the topic Graphing linear
equations later this year.
CONTENT
1 One-step equations 7NA179 U F R
2
3
4
5
6
solve linear equations using algebraic methods that involve one or two steps in the solution process and which may have
non-integer solutions
Two-step equations 7NA179 U F R
Equations with variables on both sides 8NA194 U F R
solve linear equations using algebraic methods that involve at least two steps in the solution process and which may
have non-integer solutions
Equations with brackets 8NA194 U F R
Simple quadratic equations x2 = c NSW U F R C
Equation problems 8NA194 U F PS R C
solve real-life problems by using pronumerals to represent unknowns
U = Understanding (knowing and relating maths): Learning the techniques for solving equations
F = Fluency (applying maths): Selecting correct techniques for solving equations
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Solving real-life problems by modeling with equations
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Using algebraic operations to solve equations
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Describing the solution to real-life problems in words after
solving an equation
EXTENSION IDEAS
Equations involving x2 or
1
x
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
Writing activity comparing and evaluating the different methods of solving an equation.
TECHNOLOGY
Spreadsheets, graphics calculators and GeoGebra can be used to guess, check and improve solutions to equations. CAS
calculators can be used to solve equations.
LANGUAGE
Algebra comes from the Arabic word al-jabr, meaning restoration or the process of adding the same amount to both sides
of an equation. In 825 CE, the Arabic mathematician al Khwarizmi wrote a book called Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala (The
science of equations).
An algebraic expression refers to a phrase containing terms and arithmetic operations, such as 2a + 5, while an algebraic
equation refers to a sentence involving an expression and an equals sign, such as 2a + 5 = 13.
Encourage students to set out their solutions to equations neatly with equals signs aligned in the same column.
INTRODUCTION
This topic revised and extends concepts in ratios, rates and time calculations. Ratios compare parts or shares of something,
while rates compare quantities expressed in different units, for example, speed compares distance travelled with the time taken.
Travel graphs and time calculations are included here because travel graphs also compare distance with time, while many rates
include units of time. The new content of this topic are scale maps and plans, dividing a quantity in a given ratio, sketching
informal graphs and international time zones. Note that this topic links together concepts in Number, Measurement and
Statistics (graphs, timetables).
CONTENT
1 Ratios 8NA188 U C
2 Simplifying ratios 8NA188 U F
3 Ratio problems 8NA188 U F PS C
6 Rates 8NA188 U C
EXTENSION IDEAS
Investigate the golden ratio and the golden rectangle: see Just for the Record on page 456 and the NSW syllabus under
Proportion
Solve harder rate problems, for example, fuel consumption, converting rates to different units, for example, from km/h to
m/s
Investigate speed records and other units of speed such as Mach
Research the history of the calendar and/or time measurement: Julian, Gregorian, Islamic, Chinese, Jewish calendars,
daylight saving, International Date Line
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
TECHNOLOGY
Ratios can be entered into a calculator using the [ab/c] fraction key. However, when simplifying improper ratios, use the [d/c]
key to convert the mixed numeral answer to a proper ratio. Students should be introduced to the calculators degrees-minutesseconds key for time calculations. Use the Internet to find airline, train and cinema timetables. Put itineraries onto a spreadsheet
and calculate different times. Visit Google Maps and analyse its scale.
LANGUAGE
The symbol for minute is . The symbol for second is . Their abbreviations are min and s respectively.
The word minute comes from the Latin pars minuta prima, meaning the first (prima) division (minuta) of an hour. In this
way, it is related to the alternative meaning and pronunciation of the word minute as tiny. The word second comes from
pars minuta secunda, meaning the second (secunda) division of an hour.
The parts of a ratio are called its terms.
Why does the unitary method have that name?
INTRODUCTION
This algebra topic provides an introduction to coordinate geometry. Students were introduced to the number plane in Years 6-7, but
this is the first time they link tables of values and algebraic rules to graphing on a number plane. This topic demonstrates how
patterns in number can be represented visually and graphically. More formal coordinate geometry will be examined in Year 9.
CONTENT
1 Tables of values 8NA193 U F
2 Finding the rule 8NA193 U F R C
3 Finding rules for number patterns 8NA193 F PS R C
use objects to build a geometric pattern, record the results in a table of values, describe the pattern in words and algebraic
symbols and represent the relationship on a number grid
4 The number plane 7NA178 U F C
given coordinates, plot points on the Cartesian plane and find coordinates for a given point
5 Graphing number patterns 8NA194 U F R C
recognise a given number pattern (including decreasing patterns), complete a table of values, describe the pattern in words
or algebraic symbols, and represent that relationship on a number grid
6 Graphing linear equations 8NA193 U F R C
form a table of values for a linear relationship by substituting a set of appropriate values for either of the pronumerals and
graph the number pairs on the Cartesian plane
extend the line joining a set of points to show that there is an infinite number of ordered pairs that satisfy a linear
relationship
7 Finding the equation of a line 8NA194 U F R C
derive a rule for a set of points that has been graphed on a number plane
8 Comparing linear equations NSW U F PS R C
graph more than one line on the same set of axes using ICT and compare the graphs to describe similarities and differences,
for example, parallel, pass through the same point
use ICT to graph linear and simple non-linear relationships such as y = x3
9 Solving linear equations graphically 8NA194 U F R C
10 Intersecting lines 8NA194 U F R C
graph two intersecting lines on the same set of axes and read off the point of intersection
PS = Problem solving (modelling and investigating with maths): Identifying similarities and differences between two or
more lines
R = Reasoning (generalising and proving with maths): Finding a general rule for a number pattern or line, solving linear
equations graphically
C = Communicating (describing and representing maths): Representing number patterns algebraically and graphically
EXTENSION IDEAS
ASSESSMENT IDEAS
TECHNOLOGY
Use a graphics calculator, GeoGebra or spreadsheet software to graph and compare a range of linear equations.
LANGUAGE
From the NSW syllabus under Stage 3, Patterns and Algebra 2: The Cartesian plane (commonly referred to as the number
plane) is named after [Ren] Descartes who was one of the first to develop analytical [coordinate] geometry on the number
plane.
From the NSW syllabus under Linear Relationships: In Stage 3, students use position in pattern and value of term when
describing a pattern from a table of values, for example, the value of the term is three times the position in the pattern.