PH, Presidential Commission on Educational Report. 2000.

The PCER Agenda for Reform:

Nine Specific
Proposals. In Philippine Agenda for Educational Reform: The PCER Report.
Presidential Commission on Educational Report.
The third Chapter of the Book offers specific proposals to improve efficiency,
accountability and management of the different bureaus and organizations related to
the Education in the Philippines. Out of the nine specific proposals, one of them was
related to the topic of financing higher education. The Third Specific Proposal: Reorienting Premises for Higher Education explains that the use of allocations of
government budget for public higher education is perceived to be inefficient and
inequitable. The PCER further states that institutions were created without reference
to a master plan or national priorities; there are overlaps and duplications with the
private sector; the financing practice of incremental budget is often regressive.
The Presidential Commission on Education Report suggests that there is a need to rechannel vast resources more efficiently and in a more targeted manner to fulfill the
governments higher education goal of equity. It further proposes a policy that was
designed to shift to a scheme of financing higher education on the basis of delivery of
its service/programs, and restoring primacy of providing equity of access.
Recommendations include the prevention of duplication of programs and suggests
that programs should complement each other instead.
The resource is useful because the researchers can gather valuable insights and facts
from the reports of the PCER. The third chapter is especially helpful for the
researchers suggested proposal at the end of the study for more accessible financial
student aid programs since these reform proposals have given specific improvements
and changes that are related to subsidy and student assistance. The data and
statistics in this report, however, are outdated. And even perhaps, a few parts of the
proposal have already been inculcated in todays policies and bills.
Valisno, Mona D. 2012. Governing and Financing Education: The Movers. In The Nations
Journey to
Greatness: Looking Beyond Five Decades of Philippine Education. Fund for Assistance
to Private Education.
Dr. Valisnos book explores the past Philippine leaders visions and their educational
platforms, the fault lines in the Philippine educational landscape and their diagnosis,
the partnership of public and private educational sectors and even the past
curriculum changes and innovations. It also offers bold recommendations on how
Philippine education can move forward and propel itself to greatness in the next
decade. The sixth chapter, Governing and Financing Education: The Movers,
discusses the governing and financing of education in the Philippines. The chapter
had shown statistics on Philippine Education and reports the Filipinos growing
awareness of the need to acquire basic education to get out of illiteracy and poverty.
Dr. Valisno had stressed a number of important points in the sixth chapter of her
book. A few of which are the Philippines need for Educational Governance and
Decentralization as an unfinished agenda for establishing educational excellence. The
chapter also discusses the Philippine governments spending for accessibility to
education and its role to establish a system of grants and aids to the underprivileged.
Reports and data related to financing higher education and the SUCs, such as the
number of scholarships granted by CHED in the year 2010, are also discussed.

The resource is useful to the research on financial assistance on higher education in

the Philippines. The book provides recent statistics ranging from 2007-2011 on the
topic at hand. Not only that perhaps the data on previous administrations programs
on education may prove to be informative in comparing the present administrations
programs flaws in implementation.

Padua, Roberto N. 2003. A Quality-Based Normative Financing for State Higher Education
Institutions in the
Philippines. Journal of Philippine education Quality Assurance 20 (January): 71-77.
The article discusses the need to rationalize the budgets of state colleges and
universities in the Philippines. Calls and demands for accountability to be part of the
Philippines institutions quality assurance system pushed for a rationalized budgeting
process for grounds of efficiency. With the annual government subsidy given to state
colleges and universities being characterized as a negotiated funding scheme, CHED has
proposed a Funding scheme following the pattern of U.K.s Funding Council which links
funding and quality in higher education. It also gives an insight on how normative financing
provides avenue for educational program reforms and resource allocations for higher
education in the Philippines.
Normative Financing in State Universities and Colleges anchored on the premise that
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) will take the role of a Higher Education Funding
Council (HEFC). The journal introduces a funding formula related to quality, typology and
demand for higher education. However, the formula, which was patterned after U.K.s
Funding Council, seemed to be incompatible in the Philippines because of the staggering
cost per student per program.
Overall, the resource suggests the use of the Normative Funding scheme for
educational programs of State Universities and Colleges. All in all, it does not contribute that
much information about specific financial aids and scholarships in the Philippines. Very little
information will be contributed by this article to the researchers study. However, perhaps
the application of the Normative Funding scheme can be inculcated in the future policy
proposal of the study.
Congressional Oversight Committee on Education. 1993. The Financing of Philippine
Education. Book 1, v.5.
Quezon City: Congressional Oversight Committee on Education.
There are a total of four books comprising the entire report of the Congressional
Commission on Education (EDCOM) which are products of a twelve-month intensive study of
the state of education and training the Philippines. The fifth volume of the first book deals
with the financing of education. This volume shows how the development of a country is
dependent on the extent of its investment in education. The fifth volume delves in to five
major parts such as sources of financing, financial programing, fiscal management and
more. The book not only contains statistics of the budget allotted to education but also
assessments of efficiency on how those resources are spent.
The book contains analyses of statistics on the allocation of resources in higher
education. It also discusses tuition fees and student assistance programs in the private and
public sectors. A few of the programs discussed in the book were the Government Assistance
to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GATSPE), Private education student financial
assistance (PESFA) and the University of the Philippines Socialized tuition fee (which has

now evolved to the STS). Aside from programs, the book also gave recommendations to
rationalize policies for a more efficient and responsive delivery of the needs of the country
and to establish better access to education.
As a whole, the book was very informative, not only in the financing of grants and
aids in tertiary education but financing the education of the country as a whole. However,
the major weakness of this resource is the fact that it is outdated (Published in the year
1993). What the researchers can probably do, however, is to research on the data given in
the book, compare it to todays state of education in the Philippines and determine if the
proposals given in the resource have already been inculcated in present policies including
their effectiveness.

Nangpuhan, Julian B. 2015. Higher Education Policy in the Philippines: An Analysis.

International Journal of
Science and Research (IJSR) 4(1) (January): 2396-2401.
The paper examines the Long-term Higher Education Development Plan (LTHEDP)
which was implement in the year 2001-2010 in the Philippine Higher education system. The
LTHEDP seeks to prepare the country in embracing developmental opportunities in the
coming years such as globalization, information technology and communication technology.
Other than that, the LTHEDP seeks to solve persistent problems in the higher education
system of the Philippines.
The paper contains recent educational statistics, discussions of the present
educational programs and policies, and of course a discussion on the Long-term Higher
Education Development Plan. Nangpuhan states that the Philippine governments spending
on its higher educational system is not enough so, aside from discussions, the paper also
contains Policy Recommendations in higher education funding. He explains that public
funding plays a critical role for access and equity in the HE and states that government
funding for research and scholarship programs should be expanded to enhance human
capital and competitiveness.
Overall, the paper is useful not so much for comparative analysis on different
financial aid programs but perhaps on the background of the study. The paper provides
recent statistics which could be useful in specific parts of the paper such as the
effectiveness of certain sectors in their implementation of programs. The policy
recommendations could be perhaps be useful in the policy proposal of the researchers. The
Long-term Higher Education Development Plan could also be utilized and perhaps improved
by the researchers.