SimPowerSystems

Three-Phase Network with Electrical Machines

During this session you simulate the three-machines system shown in this single line
diagram.

Figure 1-19: Diesel Generator and Asynchronous Motor on Distribution Network

This system consists of a plant (bus B2), simulated by a resistive and motor load
(ASM) fed at 2400 V from a distribution 25 kV network through a 6 MVA, 25/2.4 kV
transformer, and from an emergency synchronous generator/diesel engine unit (SM).
A 500 kvar capacitor bank is used for power factor correction at the 2.4 kV bus. The
25 kV network is modeled by a simple R-L equivalent source (short-circuit level 1000
MVA, quality factor X/R = 10) and a 5 MW load. The asynchronous motor is rated
2250 HP, 2.4 kV, and the synchronous machine is rated 3.125 MVA, 2.4 kV.
Initially, the motor develops a mechanical power of 2000 HP and the diesel generator
delivers 500 kW of active power. The synchronous machine controls the 2400V bus
B2 voltage at 1.0 p.u. and generates 500 kW of active power. At t = 0.1 s, a threephase to ground fault occurs on the 25 kV system, causing the opening of the 25 kV
circuit breaker at t = 0.2 s, and a sudden increase of the generator loading. During the
transient period following the fault and islanding of the Motor/Generator system, the
synchronous machine excitation system and the diesel speed governor react to
maintain the voltage and speed at a constant value.
This system has already been built in the Power System Blockset. Open
the library of powerlib and double-click the demo

called
A system named psbmachines opens.

Figure 1-20: Power System of Figure 1-19 Built with the Power System Blockset
The Synchronous Machine (SM) block is using standard parameters, whereas the
Asynchronous machine (ASM) block is using S.I. parameters.
The other three-phase elements such as the inductive voltage source, the
Y grounded/Delta transformer, and the loads are masked blocks built with standard
single-phase Power System Blockset blocks. They are available in the
Ex library of powerlib.
The
blocks are also available in the same library. If you open their dialog
boxes, you see how the switching times are specified. Special measurement blocks
provided in the library are used to demultiplex the SM and
ASM machine outputs.

The SM voltage and speed outputs are used as feedback inputs to a Simulink control
system that contains the diesel engine and governor block as well as an excitation
block. The excitation system is the standard block provided in
the parameters as well
as the diesel engine and governor models were taken from reference [1].

Figure 1-21: Diesel Engine and Governor System

If you simulate this system for the first time, you normally do not know what the
initial conditions are for the to start in steady state.
These initial conditions are
Initial values of speed deviation (usually 0%), rotor
angle, magnitudes and phases of currents in stator windings, and initial field
voltage required to obtain the desired terminal voltage under the specified load
flow.
Initial values of slip, rotor angle, magnitudes and
phases of currents in stator windings.

at 1 p.u. Open the three scopes

monitoring the SM and ASM speeds as well as the ASM stator currents. Start the
simulation and observe the first 100 ms before fault is applied.
As the simulation starts, you will notice that the three ASM currents start from 0 and
contain a slowly decaying DC component. The machine speeds take a much longer
time to stabilize because of the inertia of the motor/load and diesel/generator systems.

In our example, the ASM even starts to rotate in the wrong direction because the
motor starting torque is lower than the applied load torque. Stop the simulation.
Siklus Diesel
Gambar berikut adalah diagram tekanan-volume (P-V) siklus ideal motor 4 langkah
tekanan tetap (siklus diesel). Langkah 0-1 adalah langkah isap, langkah 1-2 adalah
langkah pemampatan, langkah 2-3 adalah pembakaran yang menghasilkan
pemanasan gas pada tekanan konstan, langkah 3-4 adalah langkah ekspansi gas
panas, sedang segmen 4-1 turunnya tekanan secara tiba-tiba karena dibukanya
katup buang. Setelah itu gas dibuang pada langkah 1-0.
Asumsi yang digunakan pada siklus diesel ini sama dengan pada siklus Otto, kecuali
langkah penambahan panas. Pada siklus diesel langkah 2-3 merupakan
penambahan panas pada tekanan konstan.

Consumption

Efficiency Vs Load for a Diesel Generator.

Consumption at
1/2 load

0.34
gallons/hour

Consumption at
3/4 load

0.45
gallons/hour

Consumption at
full load

0.58
gallons/hour