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CP
-1.5
changing flap gap and overlap, the Gurney flap
-1
used for the main element trailing edge was the -0.5
1% chord height. The results for pressure 0
coefficient are presented always in comparison 0.5
-4
that at the bottom surface near the flap trailing -3
edge the pressure increases with the Gurney -2
flaps. These two effects combined can result in -1
an increase in lift of up to 10%. 0
Main 1
Flap at “zero” Element
Deg position 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Clean 1% Gurney 2% Gurney 4% Gurney X/C
Flap at 12o
Reference
Line
Fig. 8 Pressure coefficient for alpha=16o and
flap at 0o.
-6
LS
Fig. 5 Wing reference angles. -5 LS= laminar separation
T
T = transition
o
Alpha = 0 , Flap at 0
o
-4
R = reatachment
-2.5 R S = Turbulent separation
-2 -3
CP
-1.5
-2
S
-1
CP
-1
-0.5
0 0
0.5
1
1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 X/C 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 X/C 1 Clean 1% Gurney 2% Gurney 4% Gurney
Clean 1% Gurney 2% Gurney 4% Gurney
o
Figure 9 Pressure coefficient for alpha=20o
Fig. 6 Pressure Coeficient for alpha=0 and and flap at 0o.
flap at 0o
4
Experimental and Numerical Study of a Two-Element Wing with Gurney Flap
CP
clear that even with the flap fully separated the -2
pressure increase at the bottom surface near the
flap trailing edge still to occur, but it does not -1
affect the main element flow. Fig. 10 shows the
curve of CL x α from integration of pressure 0
-6
-5
CP
1.5
-4
-3
1 -2
-1
0
0.5 1
S 4%
-0.5
Gurney flaps still occurring, although with less
intensity at the flap. For alpha=16o the Gurney 0
5
F.M. CATALANO, G.L. BRANDT
-3
3.5
-2.5
3 -2
-1.5
2.5
CP
-1
-0.5
2 0
CL
0.5
1.5 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 X/C 1
1 GFmain2% flap crean Clean
Cp
calculation did not predicted well the large
laminar separation bubble (see Fig. 9) existing -1
at all incidence angle mainly due to the low
Reynolds number of the experiment (1.3x106) 0
and the airfoil leading edge geometry which
would induce laminar separation bubble. At the 1
flap there was another problem with the position Cp - Experimental Cp - Computacional
of the suction peak and the separation point,
probably due to the numerical solution of the Fig. 18 Comparison with numerical results,
confluent boundary layer created by the main alpha = 8o flap at 0o, 1% Gurney flap.
element wake. However, computation results
were used to identify points of interest in the 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
flow around the wing such the Gurney flap area. -4 X/C
Figs 21 to 24 show results by using the -3.5
computational flow visualization. The area of -3
-2.5
interest shown in Fig. 21 is that at the flap
-2
trailing edge with the 4% Gurney flap. The
Cp
-1.5
incidence angle is 8deg with the flap at zero -1
deg. Fig. 22 shows the two counter rotating -0.5
vortices and these results are in agreement with 0
0.5
previous works [4, 5 and 6]. It is clear from Fig
1
22 the different scale of the two vortices making Cp - Experimental Cp - Computacional
a downward movement of the flow that is
leaving the upper surface at the trailing edge. Fig. 19 Comparison with numerical results,
This downward movement in conjunction with alpha = 8o flap at 0o, 2% Gurney flap.
the existence of a vortex wake body displaces
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
the stagnation point (or effective Kutta point) as X/C
-4
it can be seen in Fig. 23 thus increasing -3.5
effective camber and chord. The development of -3
the wake from a wing with the Gurney flaps can -2.5
also be visualized as shown in Figs 24 and 25. -2
Wake studies are an important issue in the -1.5
-1
application of the Gurney flaps in aviation as -0.5
they can create a stronger vortex shedding due 0
to the von Karman structure of the two counter 0.5
rotating vortices. 1
Cp Cp - Experimental Cp - Computacional
7
F.M. CATALANO, G.L. BRANDT
8
Experimental and Numerical Study of a Two-Element Wing with Gurney Flap
References
[1] Liebeck, R. H. (1978), Design of Subsonic Airfoils
for High Lift, Journal of Aircraft, Vol 15, No. 9, pp.
547-561.
[2] Giguere P., Lemay, J., and Dumas, G., Gurney Flap
Effect and Scalling for Low Speed Airfoils, AIAA
Paper 95-1881, Jun.1995
[3] Myose R., Papadakis M. and Heron Ismael, A
Parametric Study on the Effect of Gurney Flaps on
Single and Multi-Element Airfoils, Three-
Dimensional Wings, and Reflection Plane Model.
AIAA 97-0034, 35th Aerospace Science Meeting &
Exhibit 1997, Reno Nevada USA