Enhancing Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio in

Terrestrial Cascaded EDFAs Fiber Optic

Communication Links using Hybrid Fiber Amplifier

Abstract -In this paper, we propose calculating models

of Terrestrial DWDM cascaded EDFAs Fiber Optic
Communication Links using Hybird Fiber Amplifier
(HFA) including combination of Distributed Raman
Amplifier (DRA) and EDFA, and build algorithm charts to
optimize parameters including signal power per channel
launched fiber, EDFAs gain, pump power of Raman
amplifier for improving optical Signal-to-Noise ratio
(OSNR) at the end of link. Then, algorithm-based
numerical calculating (MathCAD program) is applied in
typical system (WDM Nation-wide links in Vietnam).
Optimized results show that the OSNR can be increased by
(1-5)dB comparing with that in cases of parameters
chosen by experience way.

Amplifier DRA and EDFA) compared with original

transmission (using EDFA) could be explained as follow: DRA
which is located at the end of span (fig.2,3,4.) is considered a
pre-amplifier of EDFA. It makes signal power level at the end
of span higher and EDFA Gain smaller (see fig.1.) Therefore,
nonlinear effects, different noises in fiber could be reduced.
This results in higher OSNR at the end of link.

at the end of span

Keywords: OSNR, Terrestrial; WDM; cascaded EDFA; Hybird

Fiber Amplifier

I.

INTRODUCTION

Unlike Long-Haul undersea fiber optic communication

systems using in-line EDFAs chains where every span is
located equally, Nation-Wide backbone terrestrial systems are
connected through many cities that the distances between
among them are quite different. In such as systems, EDFAs are
usually located at main communication centers in these cities
to be convenient for system management, control and
maintenance.Therefore, spans have different lengths depended
on cities positions. In practice, after installing all system
components and configuration, the parameters of equipments
such as optical transmitters, all EDFA gains are chosen basing
on manufactures recommendations and/or compensating
completely the transmission loss of preceded span. In general,
recommended values of parameters are varied in broad band,
In that case, system can not be set up their optimized values to
achieve a high OSNR at the end of transmission link.
Yet, many WDM cascaded EDFAs systems using HFA
have been investigated, experimented and deployed in order to
get better OSNR. Through theory and numerical studies, they
have been demonstrated to be able to expand bandwidth from
C to L band and enhance OSNR [12], [13], [14], [15]. OSNR
improving ability of HFA (combinating of Distributed Raman

Fig 1. Signal power level versus distance in two cases:

using HFA and using EDFA (original transmission)[15]
In these systems, however, if values of signal power
launched fiber, pump power of raman amplifier and EDFAs
gain have chosen basing on manufactures recommendations or
by experience, each individual equipment and components can
operate indifferently well. That operation may be locally
optimized, not globally optimized because the interactions and
co-ordinations of individual components for the whole link
have not been considered yet. This means that system can not
be set up their optimized values to achieve a higher OSNR at
the end of link. In this paper, from calculating models
(fig.2,3,4.), we build algorithm charts for optimizing OSNR at
the end of link. Numerical calculating then, is applied in typical
system (WDM Nation-wide Links in Vietnam) to get higher
OSNR by (1-5)dB comparing with that in links where
parameters are chosen conventionally by experience way.
The rest of paper is organized as follows. In section II, We
propose three typical calculating models, then, present
calculation expressions signal power, dominant different
noises, OSNR at the end of link. In section III, we build
algorithm charts for calculating total accumulated ASE, FWM,
DRS noise powers, and for optimizing OSNR in general case
for all three calculating models (fig 2.,3.,4.). In section IV, we
apply numerical calculating in WDM Nation-wide Links in

Vietnam then analyze the results. Section V will be our

conclusion.
II. CALCULATING MODELS
When distance of Terrestrial WDM cascaded EDFAs
Fiber Optic Comminication Link is shorter than 1,000km, we
propose its calculating model consisting only one HFA in
order to decrease reasonably its cost and complication.

Gi(1)
Gj(1)
Gk(1)

Tx
Pi
Pj
Pk

Pij k(m) : Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) noise power that is caused

by FWM effect at the end of transmission link created within
the sections mth

Gi(2)
Gj(2)
HFA G (3)
k

Fiber

L(2)

L(1)

They are considered as extension of model proposed in

[1] to calculate HFA. Where: M; M-1: the number of spans
and EDFAs in the Link; L(m) (m = 1..M) : mth span length
Gi(m), Gj(m), Gk(m) : gain of the mth EDFA at channel i, j, k
respectively Pi, Pj, Pk : input power corresponding to
channels i, j, k

Gi(M-2)
Gj(M-2)
Gk(M-2)

Fiber

L(M-1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Rx

Gi(M-1)
Gj(M-1)
Gk(M-1)
L(M)

(2)

Pij k(1)
Pij k 2)

Pij k3)

Pij k(M-2)

Pij k(M-1)

Fig.2. General calculating Model of Terrestrial DWDM Cascaded EDFAs Link using HFA at the first span
Gi(1)
Gj(1)
Gk(1)

Tx
Pi
Pj
Pk

Gi(2)
Gj(2)
Gk(2)

Fiber

L(2)

(2)

Gi(M-2)
Gj(M-2)
Gk(M-2)

Fiber

HFA

L(M-1)

(2)

(2)

Rx

Gi(M-1)
Gj(M-1)
Gk(M-1)
L(M)

(2)

Pij k(1)
Pij k 2)

Pij k3)

Pij k(M-2)

Pij k(M-1)

Fig.3. General calculating Model of Terrestrial DWDM Cascaded EDFAs Link using HFA at the middle span
Tx
Pi
Pj
Pk

Gi(1)
Gj(1)
Gk(1)
(2)

Fiber

Gi(2)
Gj(2)
Gk(2)

L(2)

Gi(M-2)
Gj(M-2)
Gk(M-2)

Fiber

HFA

L(M-1)

(2)

(2)

Rx

Gi(M-1)
Gj(M-1)
Gk(M-1)

Fiber

(2)

L(M)

Pij k(1)
Pij k 2)

Pij k3)

Pij k(M-2)

Pij k(M-1)

Hence, three typical calculating models are given as in

Fig.2,3,4 in
which
HFAscalculating
are locatedModel
in the of
first
span, middle
Fig.4.
General
Terrestrial
WDM Cascaded EDFAs Link using HFA in the last span
Fig. 5. shows configuration of HFA with Backward pump at
span and last span respectively.
1450nm.
Fiber

EDFA
Gi

, Li

GFF

Raman pump
Fig.5. Calculating Model of HFA

DCM

PFWMtot ( f m )

f k f i fj f m f j

(3)

ijk

fi

Pijk : FWM noise power that is created by all M spans causes

at the end of link[1]:

+ Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) at the end of

transmission link
In this paper, total optical power launched fiber is limited
less than 20dBm.
Thus, the other effects of fiber
nonlinearities (SPM, XPM, SBS, SRS) are significantly less
than FWM one and can be neglected[1]-[4]. As a result,
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) at the end of link,
respectively mth channel (fm) is shown as:

OSNR ( f m )

Psig ( f m )

1024 6

2 Pi P j Pk
Pijk 4 2 2 d
exp

n0 c
Aeff2

m 1

( 2 A

exp

(l )

M 1

l m

2A
m 1

m 1

m 1
l 1

1 exp 1 i
1 i 1

1 exp 2 i 2 Lm2
exp 1 i1 L
2 i 2
m
1

( m)

(l )
G F

(l )

l 1

(4)
+ Accumulated ASE noise at the end of link

Pnoisetot ( f m )

(1)
where: Psig ( f m ) : is signal power at the end of link

Pnoisetot ( f m ) PFWMtot ( f m ) PASEtot ( f m ) PDRStot ( f m )

We

investigate

total

Accumulated

ASE

noise

PASEtot ( f m ) for general case (can be applied in all three

general models in fig.1, fig.2 and fig.3) in which Raman

PFWMtot ( f m ) , PASEtot ( f m ) and PDRStot ( f m ) are total

amplifier is located in kth span, 2<k<M-1; then build the

FWM, accumulated ASE and Double Raman Scattering noise

powers at optical mth channel, respectively.

expression of PASEtot ( f m ) at frequency fm (mth channel) as

+ Signal power at the end of link

follows

In a Fiber Optic Communication Link using cascaded

EDFAs and HFA, signal power received at the end of link
Psig(fm) is amplified by in-line EDFAs and is also decreased
by attenuation of fiber in spans. Therefore, it is presented as
follows

(2 A

Psig ( f m ) Pin ( f m ). exp

i 1

(2)

(i )

k
P
( f ) Pk
( fm ) P
( f ).
ASEtot m
ASE R
ASE (i) m
i 1
k
2 A( j ) 2 A( M )
.e
G

G .e
Roo
j
j 1
M 1
M 1
M 1 2 A(l ) 2 A( M )
G (i ) ( f m ).G Roo ( f m ) P

( f m ). G .e
.e
.
ASE (i)
l
i 1
ik
lk

where:
Pin(fm) : transmitted signal power assumed that are equally
for all channels

G ( i ) ( f m ) the ith EDFA at mth channel; G Roo ( f m ) : Gain of

Raman ; 2A(i): attenuation in ith span
+ FWM noise at the end of link
As system has a large number of channels, at a certain
frequency fm, a significant amount of FWM waves is created by
various combinations of channels in system[1],[5]. As a result,
the total FWM power PFWMtot ( f m ) at fm is shown as

(5)

PASEi ( f m ) : ASE noise power at fm at output of ith EDFA

PASEi ( f m ) mt nsp hf m (Gi 1) Bo mt nsp h

C
(G 1) Bo
m i
(6)

k
PASE
R ( f m ) :ASE noise power at the end of link caused

by the Raman in span k;

2A(M): attenuation in Mth span

Basing on expressions (4), (5), we build algorithm charts to

calculate Accumulated ASE and FWM at the end of link

PDRStot ( f m ) : Total Double Raman Scattering noise

optical mth channel at the end of Link:

at

M 1

PDRStot ( f m ) PDRS ( f m , L) e 2 A( i1)Gi

i 2

(7)
where
L

PDRS f m , L r ( f m ) PRS y G R y, L dy

Begin

(8)

Input parameters no, , , Aeff, i, ,

D, dD/d, L1, LM, mt, h, c, mth channel

III.

Writing expressions for calculating signal power Psig,

total accumulated ASE noise power PASEtot , total FWM
noise power PFWMtot, total accumlated DRS noise
power PDRS and OSNR of mth channel at the end of
Link. Assigment Max=15dB

BUIDING ALGORITHM CHARTS

Begin

Input parameters no, , , Aeff, i, ,

D, dD/d, L1, LM, mt, h, c, mth channel

Pp:=22

PFWMtot(fm):= 0, p:=1

Pin/ch:=-12

q := 1

G1:=10

r := 1

GM-1:=10
Psig(G1,G2,G3,,GM-1,Pin/ch,Pp)

N
N
Y

d := 6

PinFiber1, PinFiber2, PinFiberM<PinFibermax

d := 3

PASEtot(m,Pp,Pin.ch,G1,G2,G3,,GM-1),
PDRS tot(m,Pp,Pin/ch,G1,G2,G3,,GM-1),
PFWMtot(m,Pp,Pin/ch,G1,G2,G3,,GM-1)

Calculating Ppqr
PFWMtot(fm) := PFWMtot(fm) +Ppqr
Beginr:=r+1

q:=q+1

INPUT PARAMETERS

M,mt,nsp,nspr,h,fmN
,k,B0,L1,L2,Lm,....

OSNRmin:={OSNR=Psig/(PASEtott+PDRS tot+PFWMtot)}

r <K

q <K

N .e-2A(M)
PASE(M-1)(fm):=mt.nsp.h.fm.(GM-1-1).B
0
Y
p:=p+1
p
<K
PASE(fm):=0,P:=1
N

Max<OSNRmin

End

Max:=OSNRmin

Fig.6. Algorithm chart for calculating FWM noise power

i:=M-2

i>k

P:=P.e-2A(i+1)
PASEi(fm):=mt.nsp.h.fm.(Gi-1).B0.P

G(M-1):=G(M-1)+1
N

i=k

G1:=G1+1

P:=P.e-2A(i+1)
PASEr(fm):=mt.h.fm.Nase.B0.P
PASEk(fm):=mt.nsp.h.fm.(Gk-1).B0.P
PASEi(fm):=PASEr(fm)+PASEk(fm)

Gon_off:=(gR.Pp.Leff)/Aeff
P:=P.e-2A(i+1).Gon_off
PASEi(fm):=mt.nsp.h.fm.(Gi-1).B0.P

GM-1<=40

G1<=40
N

Pin/ch:=Pin.ch+1

Pin/ch<=0
N

PASE(fm):=PASE(fm)+PASEi(fm)
N
i<2

End

Pp:=Pp+1

PASEtot(fm):=PASE(fm)+PASE(M-1)(fm)

Fig.7. Algorithm chart for calculating ASE noise power

Pp<=27
N

i:=i-1

End

G1...GM-1, OSNR, Pin/ch, Pp

Drawing graph of G and OSNR

Fig.8. Main algorithm chart for optimizing OSNR

Pin/ch(opt)
-10dBm Vinh
L1 22dB
DWDM

G1

In order to illustrate the optimizing parameters in one

concrete Nation-wide system where every span length
between EDFAs is different, VTN Nation-wide DWDM
Optical Communication System (in Vietnam) is chosen as a
typical one.
P (opt)
in/ch

Ron

Dong hoi

Dong ha

Hue

29dB

18dB

19dB

19dB

L2=
154km

L4

L3

G2

L5

Da nang 39.71 dB
L7
16dB
L6
DWDM

G3

G4

G5

G6

23dB
36.5dB
18.2dB
23dB
18dB
27dB
Pin/ch(Non-opt)
OSNR(Non-opt)
34.41 dB
-8.98
dBm
Tx
Rx
Fig.9.
Vinh-Danang
segment
with
HFA
located
in
the
first
span;
Optimized
values:
Da nang
Vinh
We then build algorithm charts to calculate ASE noise
G2 Goptimize
,;Pin/ch ; OSNR are presented in Italic and Bold styles.
6
power, calculating FWM noise powerG1,and
It consists of 5 main segments (links) [10] connected from
parameters of link as in fig.6,7,8.
Ha noi (capital) to Ho Chi Minh City through many cities
The goal of this algorithm chart in fig.8. is to find out
located on the way. In each segment, EDFAs are established at
optimized parameter set including signal power per channel
communication center in the cities lying along the link.
launched fiber Pin/ch, EDFAs gain: G1, G2,GM-1; pump power of
Therefore, span length between every two EDFAs is different.
Raman amplifier: Pp for improving optical Signal-to-Noise
Communication is transferred in two directions. In this
ratio (OSNR) at the end of link.
system, Hanoi, Vinh, Danang, Quynhon, Phanrang and Ho chi
Steps of this algorithm chart could be explained in
Minh city play the role of both segment beginning and end
general as follows
positions where terminal DWDM equipments including
Step 1: Input parameters choosen from realistic values of link
optical transmitting and receiving cards are set up. Making
Step 2: Writing expressions for calculating signal power Psig,
algorithm and calculating optimal parameters, thus, can be
total accumulated ASE noise power PASEtot , total FWM noise
carried out independently in five segments for achieving
power PFWMtot, total accumlated DRS noise power PDRStot and
maximum of OSNR at the end of them. We consider VinhOSNR of mth channel at the end of Link. Assigment
Danang transmission link as one of the typical segments for
Max=15dB
applying algorithm charts mentioned in Fig.6,7,8. It connects
Step 3: running nested loops which correspond to parameters:
6 cities including Vinh-Ron-Donghoi-Dongha-Hue-Danang,
Pp, Pin/ch, G1, G2,GM-1; find out the set of their optimazed values
shown as fig.9. Other segments in this system will be
(Pp, Pin/ch, G1, G2,GM-1 ) to get maximum of OSNR at the end of
calculated and optimized similarly.
link.
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In each step of every loop, PASEtot, PFWMtot, PDRStot are
Total capacity of 160Gb/s including 16 channels
calculated following algorithm charts in fig.6, fig.7. Then,
(16x10Gbit/s) is expected one in this system in near future.
values of OSNRs correspond to different K channels are
However, capacity of 40Gb/s consisting of 4 channels is being
operated in these days. Optimizing, thus, will be done with 4
determined and they are compared one another to choose
channels for this link in first our step in order to compare
OSNRmin among them because if it satisfies technique
optimized results with realistic ones. At the same reason, we
choose 4 wavelengths in this caculation are similar to that in
requirements, OSNRs of remaining channels also satisfy them.
realistic link (see fig. 11):
Step 4: Max=OSNRmax is choosen in values of OSNRmin that
is found out in step 3
Step 5: Output Gains of EDFAs: G1..GM-1., Power per channel
and power pump: Pin/ch, Pp; Optical Signal-to-Noise:
OSNRmax (=Max); Drawing plots: Gains and OSNR Vs
Ordinal Number of channels
+ Applying in the Vietnam Nation-wide DWDM system for
optimization OSNR.

1 1547.740nm; 2 1548.533nm;
3 1549.328nm; 4 1554.974nm;

The similar work will be carried out with capacity of

16x10Gbit/s and 32x10Gbit/s.
Algorithm chart in concrete form in segment Vinh-RonDong hoi-Dongha-Hue-Danang is also made as fig.8.
Variables including input signal power per channel Pin/ch and
gain of 6 EDFAs: G1, G2 G6,; gain of Raman pump are

( 12dBm 0dBm) ,
range
from
(10dB 40dB ) and (22dB 27 dB ) , respectively
[10], [11], [13].
changed

in

Gain of optical amplifies 6 EDFAs are supposed equal at

all frequencies (i.e., Gj(m)= G(m), j=i,j,kK) because in
practice, Gain Flat Filters (GFF) are being used in centers of
this system. In addition, dispersion is compensated by using
dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) is mentioned as in
fig.4. nSP1= nSP2..= nSP7=1.4, mt=2. Alcatel ColorLock single
mode fiber chosen [7],[8], D=18ps/(nm.km),

dD
=0.09ps/
d

(nm2.km), Aeff=80.10-12m2 .DCF was not used in this VTN

system, so 1 2 =0.24dB/km (including attenuation of
OADM, GFF, Connectors, soldering losses)
The first comparing block in fig.8. is carried out basing
on the conditions related to optical signal per channel
launched to fiber (PinFiberi) at every span PinFiber1, PinFiber2,
PinFiberM <PinFiberMax. It is chosen less than 14dBm per channel.
Total optical signal power (of 4 channels), thus, is less than
20dBm where SBS, SRS, XPM, SPM do not influence
significantly on signal quality[1]-[4].
First, 4x10Gbit/s transmission link is examined.
Numerical calculating program (MathCAD) basing on
algorithm charts in fig. 6, 7 and 8 is carried out and results are
shown as follows:
Fig.10. presents signal and different noise powers versus
ordinal number of channels at the end of 4-channel VinhDanang Link in cases of optimized and non-optimized
parameters

TABLE I. Non-Optimized and Optimized Gain of EDFAs in

Vinh-Danang Link
Gain
NonOptimized
Optimized

G1
23

G2
36.5

G3
18.2

G4
23

G5
18

G6
27

22

29

18

19

19

16

TABLE I. describes Gain of EDFAs in cases of optimized

and non-optimized parameters in Vinh-Danang Transmission
Link.

Fig.11. Non-Optimized OSNR at the end of

Vinh-Danang link (measured realistic results)
Fig.11. shows Non-Optimized OSNR at the end of
Vinh-Danang Link (measured realistic results); whereas
Fig.12. describes Non-Optimized OSNR and Optimized OSNR
at the end of Vinh-Danang Link (from MathCAD program)

Fig.10. signal and different noise powers at the end of

4-channel Vinh-Danang Link in cases of optimized and
non-optimized parameters

Fig.12. Non-Optimized OSNR (measured realistic results)

and Optimized OSNR at the end of Vinh-Danang Link
(MathCAD program)

The optimized results are found as follows Pin/ch =-10dBm;

Pp=26dBm; G1=22, G2=29, G3=18, G4=19, G5=19, G6=16.
Thus, OSNR can be improved by (1dB 5dB) thanks to
optimizing parameters comparing with that in the cases where
parameters are chosen conventionally (following experience
way).
We then investigate similarly cases of 16-channel and 32channel transmission links (with capacity of 16x10Gbit/s and
32x10Gbit/s)
in
which
wavelength
range
are
(1548.52 nm 1560.61nm)
and
(1538.98nm 1560.61nm ) respectively.
Channel
spacing is equal 0.8nm.
Results are presented in fig.13,14.,15., and 16.

Fig.15. signal and different noise powers at the end of

32-channel Vinh-Danang Link in cases of optimized and
non-optimized parameters

Fig.13. signal and different noise powers at the end of 16channel Vinh-Danang Link in cases of optimized and nonoptimized parameters

Fig.14. Optimized OSNR versus ordinal number of

channels at the end of 16-channel Vinh-Danang Link

Fig.16. Optimized OSNR versus ordinal number of channels

at the end of 32-channel Vinh-Danang Link

We found out that in two cases of 16x10Gbit/s and

32x10Gbit/s, OSNRs increase slightly versus ordinal number
of channels. That could be explained as follow: ASE noise
power PASEi ( f m ) is inverse to wavelength (expession (6)),
whereas other parameters are almost unchanged versus it, so,
when ordinal number of channels (wavelength) increases
PASEi ( f m ) decreases. This makes OSNR higher a little bit.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed three calculating models
of Terrestrial cascaded EDFAs Fiber Optic Communication
Links using HFA. We built then algorithm charts for
calculating FWM noise power, accumulated ASE noise power
and for optimizing OSNR at the end of link in general case.
Numerical calculating was applied in typical system (WDM
Nation-wide Links in Vietnam) to get higher OSNR by (15)dB comparing with that in cases of parameters chosen by
experience way.
It means quality of the transferred signal through
whole this system can be improved thanks to optimizing its
parameters.
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