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Total (diffuse and direct) downwelling shortwave radiation striking a horizontal surface, Kin = 25.4 MJ m-2 day-1
Downwelling longwave (infrared) input, Lin = 34.4 MJ m-2 day-1
Upwelling longwave output, Lout = 39.7 MJ m-2 day-1
How much evaporation does the Penman combination equation estimate?
The Penman Combination Equation:
E = (K + L) + vw KE va {e*a ea}
vw { + }
Where:
E = evaporation rate in units of depth per time
= slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs. temperature relationship at Ta
K = short wave radiation net input
L = longwave radiation net input
o -1
17.3 Ta
(Ta + 237.3)
Where Ta is Temperature of the atmosphere in oC so convert Ta from oF to oC: (83.7 oF 32 oF) = 28.7 oC
1.8 oF oC-1
e*a = 0.611 exp
(28.7 +237.3)
In order for the units to be compatible with other terms, the wind velocity must be converted to units of m day-1:
7 mi 1610 m 24 hr = 270,480 m
hr
mi
day
day
0.622 a
P w 6.25 [ln{(za-zd)/zo}]2
0.1144
100,000 kPa [ln(8696)]2
E = 3.80 kPa oC-1 MJ m-2 day-1 + 0.84 kPa oC-1 MJ m-2 day-1 = 0.0064 m day-1 = 6.4 mm day-1
723 MJ m-3 kPa oC-1
Actual pan evaporation measured at the State Water Survey complex for this date was 6.6 mm
Evapotranspiration
For the above conditions, how much evapotranspiration would the Penman Montieth equation estimate for soybeans, assuming the
average leaf conductance, Cleaf, was equal to the maximum leaf conductance C*leaf = 11 mm sec-1, leaf area index is 3, shelter factor is
0.5, albedo is 0.22 and vegetation height is 1 m?
The Penman-Monteith Equation is:
ET = (K + L) + ca a Cat {e*a ea}
vw { + (1+Cat/Ccan )}
Where:
= slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs. temperature relationship at Ta
K = short wave radiation net input
ca = heat capacity of the atmosphere = 0.001 MJ kg-1 oC-1
L = longwave radiation net input
a = density of air
= psychrometric constant
v = latent heat of vaporization
w = density of water
Cat = atmospheric conductance
e*a= saturation vapor pressure of atm.
Ccan= canopy conductance
ea= water vapor pressure in atm.
Wa = relative humidity (fraction)
Shortwave radiation input:
K = (1-a) Kin= (1-0.22) 25.4 MJ m-2 day-1= 19.8 MJ m-2 day-1
Assume emissivity of the crop is approximately equal to water, hence, L = -7.02 MJ m2 day-1 as calculated above
Cat =
va
6.25{ ln [(za - zd)/zo]}2
= (270,480 m day-1)
=
2
6.25[ln{(3 m-0.7(1 m))/(0.11m)}]
4401 m day-1
za= height of temperature and velocity measurement, usually 2 m above vegetation or water surface
zd = zero plane displacement (approximate elevation where va =0) zd 0.7(veg height)
zo= surface roughness height zd 0.10(veg height)
This is greater than pan evaporation, which can occur for short periods of time, but normally the actual leaf conductance is less than
C*leaf because stomates close in response to lack of water, high temperatures, low humidity and low sunlight.
What is the estimated potential evapotranspiration from the Hamon Equation?
The Hamon (1963) Equation:
PETH = 29.8 D ea*(Ta)
Ta + 273.2
Where:
PETH = Potential ET (mm/day)
5
1:1 line
The estimated pan evaporation from the Penman equation is more strongly correlated with the pan evaporation measurements, as we
should expect, since it was derived to approximate evaporation from a pan. Pan evaporation tends to be greater than
evapotranspiration, so PETH may still be a reasonable approximation of average monthly or seasonal potential evapotranspiration.
Homework Assignment: Due October 16
Use the Penman equation to estimate pan evaporation for the following conditions measured August 8, 2006: Ta = 73.6 oF, relative
humidity = 75.1%, wind speed = 2.8 mi hr, global down welling solar input=16 MJ m-2 day-1, down welling longwave radiation=33.4
MJ m-2 day-1, and upwelling longwave radiation =35.9 MJ m-2 day-1. For the same conditions, use the Penman-Montieth equation to
estimate evapotranspiration from a corn crop, 3 meters tall, with a leaf area index of 4, and the average leaf conductance equal to a
maximum leaf conductance of 10 mm sec-1.