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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

1. FUNCTIONS
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a rule of correspondence that pairs to
each element x of X exactly one element y of Y. This correspondence can be
denoted by

Definition:

f :xy

or

f (x ) = y .

HISTORY
The idea of a function goes back to Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts, a Persian mathematician in the 12th century.
However, it was Gottfried Leibniz who coined term function in a 1673 letter to describe a quantity related
to a curve. The function described by Leibniz is now known as the differentiable function. This function
includes the concepts of limits and derivatives, which are the basis of calculus. During the mid-18th
century, the word function was used by Leonhard Euler to describe an expression or formula involving
various arguments.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION


The domain of the function f, denoted by dom f or D f , is the whole set of permissible values of x. While
its range, denoted by ran f or R f , is the set of corresponding elements of y.

COMMON TYPES OF FUNCTIONS


The following is a list of common functions, describing their forms, graph, domain, and range.
1. Constant Function
Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

where c
f (x ) = c ,
Horizontal line with y-intercept c
Set of real numbers, denoted as {x x }

{y y = c}

2. Linear Function
Form:
Graph:
Domain:

Range:

where m, b , m 0
f (x ) = mx + b ,
Line with slope m and y-intercept b
{x x }

{y y }

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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


3. Quadratic Function
Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a , b, c , a 0
Vertical parabola with the following properties
concave upward if a > 0 , or concave downward if a < 0
b 4ac b2
vertex at the point V ,

4a
2a
x-intercepts are the real zeroes or roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , and y-intercept is c
{x x }
{y y y - component of the vertex} if the parabola is concave upward

{y y y - component of the vertex} if the parabola is concave downward

4. Polynomial Function of Degree n

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = an x n + an1 x n1 + L + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 , where a0 , a1 ,K , an , an 0
Vary from polynomial function to polynomial function
{x x }
Vary from polynomial function to polynomial function

5. Rational Function

Form:

Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) =

g (x )
,
h(x )

where f ( x ) and h(x ) are not constant functions, g (x ) and

h( x ) are polynomial functions, and h(x ) 0


Vary from rational function to rational function
asymptotic or has holes at the real zeroes of the denominator
The set of real numbers except the zeroes of h( x )
Vary from rational function to rational function

6. Radical Function

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

where n Z + , n 2
f (x ) = n g (x ) ,
Vary from radical function to radical function
{x x } if g(x ) is a polynomial function and n is odd
{x g(x ) 0} if g(x ) is a polynomial function and n is even
Vary from radical function to radical function

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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


7. Piecewise Function

Form:

Graph:
Domain:

Range:

g1 (x ) , x I1
g (x ) , x I
2
2
,
where I1 , I2 ,K , In are disjoint intervals of x
f (x ) =
M
M
gn ( x ) , x In
Vary from piecewise function to piecewise function
The union of the I1 , I2 ,K , In intervals, except the numbers at which any of the
functions g1 (x ), g2 (x ),K,gn ( x ) is undefined with respect to Ii , where i = 1,2,K, n
Vary from piecewise function to piecewise function

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
1. Absolute Value Function
g (x ) , g( x ) 0
f (x ) = g( x ) =
m g ( x ) , g ( x ) < 0
Graph:
V-shaped, if linear, and opens upward if f (x ) = g(x ) , or opens downward if
f (x ) = g (x )
Domain:
{x x }
Range:
{y y y - value of the "corner"} if it is linear and opens upward
{y y y - value of the " corner"} if it is linear and opens downward
2. Greatest Integer Function

Form:

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = x = {the greatest integer x}


Step-like
{x x }
{y y Z}

3. Trigonometric Functions
Function
y = sin x

y = cos x
y = tan x
y = cot x
y = sec x
y = csc x

Domain

Range

{x x }
{x x }

{y 1 y 1}
{y 1 y 1}

x x k + , k Z
2

{y y }

{x x k , k Z}

{y y }

x x k + , k Z
2

{x x k , k Z}

{y y 1 or y 1}
{y y 1 or y 1}
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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


4. Natural Exponential Function and Other Exponential Functions
Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = e x = exp( x )

f (x ) = a x
Has the following characteristics
has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0
y-intercept is 1
increasing if a > 1 or decreasing if 0 < a < 1
{x x }

{y y > 0}

5. Natural Logarithmic Funciton and Other Logarithmic Functions

Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = ln(x )
f (x ) = log a x
Has the following characteristics
has a vertical asymptote at x = 0
x-intercept is 1
increasing if a > 1 or decreasing if 0 < a < 1
{x x > 0}

{y y }

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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


EXERCISES
Determine the domain and range of the following functions. Sketch their graphs.
1. f (x ) = 2 x 4

6. p(x ) =

x 2 2x 3
x 3

2. y = 8 2 x x 2

7. r (x ) =

x3 4x
x 2

3. y = ( x + 2)3

8. h(x ) =

x2
x2 1

4. y =

1
x

5. g( x ) =

9. y = 4 x 2

x 1
x +2

10. q (x ) = x 2 9

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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


11. f ( x ) = 3 x + 1

16. f (x ) = 9 x 2

12. g( x ) = x 2 + 4

17. y = x + 3 1

13. h(x ) =

x
x 1

18. y = x + 2

1 , x < 0

14. sgn( x ) = 0 , x = 0
1 , x >0

19. y =

1 x
15. y =
x 2

x2 4

20. f (x ) = x + 2
4x

, x <2
, x 2

x
x

x < 2

, 2 < x 2
,

x >2

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