11.943J/ESD.

935
Urban Transportation, Land Use, and
the Environment in Latin America:
A Case Study Approach
Class 10:
The Santiago Metropolitan Area

The Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA)

Latitude: 3256
3417 South
Longitude: 6947
7143 West

The National Context

Indicator

Chile

LAC

GNI per capita (US$ 2000) 4,600

3,680

Upper MiddleIncome Countries

4,620

Urban Population

86

75

76

Life Expectancy at Birth

76

70

69

Infant Mortality (per 1000

births)
Access to Improved Water

10

30

28

94%

85%

87%

12

10

1.4

1.6

1.3

Illiteracy (15+)
Population AAGR (94-00)

Source: World Bank, 2001. Chile at a Glance.

3

The National-Regional Context

l

National Government
Executive Branch
l

Elected President Majority of popular vote (run-off), one 6year term

Appointed Ministers

Legislative Branch (Bi-camaral)

l

Elected Representatives (diputados) 160 from 60 electoral

districtos directly elected 4-year terms
Elected (38), Appointed (9) and lifetime (2) Senators directly
elected serve 8-year terms

13 Regions, divided into Provinces

Executive: Presidentially-appointed governors &

Regional Arms of National Ministries

Regional Councils, elected by Municipal Government
Councils in form of Electoral College
Provinces, Governor, with little power
4

The Local Context Decentralization

l The Municipality

- government presiding over

the comuna
l Formally established by law in 1991
Local municipal elections first held in June, 1992
341 municipal governments across the country

l Directly

elected Mayor and Council

l Some degree of financial and local
planning/investment autonomy

National-Regional-Local: T, LU & E
Area of Intervention

Government Entity
National

Infrastructure
Construction &
Transportation Maintenance

Regional

MINVU (SERVIU)
MOPTT

Municipal
Municipalities

SEREMOPTT
SERPLAC

Municipalities

Planning

MINVU, MOPTT
SECTRA, MIDEPLAN

Operations

MOPTT, METRO, EFE

SEREMOPTT
UOCT

Municipalities

Planning

MINVU
MIDEPLAN

SEREMINVU
GoRe
SERPLAC

Municipalities

Development

SERVIU

Planning

CONAMA

COREMA
GoRe

Enforcement

CONAMA MOPTT,
MINSALUD

COREMA

Land Use

Environment

Municipalities
(Cordesan)

The Regional Context:

La Region Metropolitana (RM)

The RM
l Six

Provinces, 52 Municipalities
l Smallest of the nations 13 regions in size,
but home to 40% of population
l Province of Santiago (32 comunas), Greater
Santiago (34 comunas), the SMA
(?? comunas)
l 90% of RM population in the 34 comunas
of Greater Santiago

The RM Topography and Meteorology

l

2,800 km2 Basin 500 m above sea level

80 kms N-S by 30 kms E-W
surrounded on E by the Andes (pre-cordillera peaks of

3,200 m), on W by Coastal Range (cordillera de la

Costa with peaks of 2,000 m), with smaller ranges to
the North and South
Mapocho River runs directly through Santiago, the
Maipo runs just south of the SMA.
l

Mediterranean Climate
Warm, dry, breezy in summer; cold winter, with

infrequent storms.
l

Thermal Inversion
Persists throughout the year
Exacerbated in fall and winter
9

Topography of SMA

10

Thermal Inversion

11

Economy of the RM
l

Fundamental, continuously growing role in Chiles

economy
Despite intentions over the years at decentralizing growth

1986-1996

l
l

RM economy AAGR: 7.9%; Nation: 6.8%

RM share of GDP: 42% 47%
RM share of industrial activity: 44% 52%
RM share of construction activity: 37% 41%
RM share of commercial activity: 65% 68%

All banks and 46 of 47 of major economic groups

HQed in RM
National center of education (universities)
12

Composition of RMs Economy

30%

Source: Banco Central, 1999

1985
1996

% Contribution to GDP

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Ho
Pe
us
rs
in
on
g
al
Se
Pu
rv
bl
ice
ic
s
Ad
m
in
ist
ra
tio
n

Co
m
m
Tr
er
cia
an
sp
l
or
t/T
ele
co
Fi
m
na
nc
ial
Se
rv
ice
s

Co
ns
tru
cti
on

Ut
ilit
ies

In
du
st
ry

M
ini
ng

Fis
hin
g

Ag
ric
ul
tu
re

0%

Employment: Government/Social Services, 28% jobs;

Industry, 23%; Commercial 20%
13

As goes the Nation, so goes the RM.

16%

RM
National

14%

% Change in GDP

12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

1984

-2%

1983

0%

Since 1997 Asian crisis, etc. has cooled the national economy:
97-98: 3.4%; 1998-1999: -1.4%; 2000: ~5%
RM unemployment: 1995-98: 6.7%-7.5%; 1999-2000: 10%
Greater Santiago unemployment: ~14% (2000)
14

Economy and Globalization

l

Certainly important,
but.
Exports account for just

13% of RMs GDP (vs.

30% for nation)
RM's Exports - 1999
APEC
29%

Pacto Andino
17%

EU
13%
NAFTA
20%

MERCOSUR
21%

15

RM Population Evolution
25,000,000

Nation
Region
Metropolitana

20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000

17%
of nation

2000

1990

1980

1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

40%
of nation
16

Population Growth &

Demographics
l Early

1900s: Santiago as nations

administrative center
l Mid 1940s: Import substitution policies led to
industrial, financial commercial concentration
in Santiago trends that have continued
l Recent Population Growth Trends (AAGR)
RM
1970-1982
1982-1992

2.62%
1.97%

Nation
2.03%
1.64%
17

Population: Regional
Distribution
l 1970: 42% of

RMs population
concentrated in the comuna of Santiago and
10 directly adjacent comunas
l 1992: These same comunas account for
26% of RMs population
3% population decline

l Major

growth in West, South, Southeast

18

Population Dynamics
3,000,000

Population

2,500,000

1970

1982

1992

1998

2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
CBD

1st
Ring

2nd
Ring

3rd
Ring

4th
Ring

5th
Ring

Note: Each ring is comprised of comunas within the following approximate radial distance
from CBD (in km from rough geographic center of comuna) - 1st Ring, <5; 2nd Ring, 5<10;
3rd Ring, 10-15; 4th Ring, 25-45 ; 5th Ring, 50-100.

Influencing
Factors

Low peripheral land prices (Public housing projects)

Middle and Upper Income suburbanization

Increasing commercial and service land uses in

central areas

19

Population Dynamics: Densities

Population per Sq. Km.

14,000
12,000

1970

1982

1992

1998

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
CBD

1st Ring

2nd Ring 3rd Ring

4th Ring

5th Ring

Note: Each ring is comprised of comunas within the following approximate radial distance
from CBD (in km from rough geographic center of comuna) - 1st Ring, <5; 2nd Ring, 5<10;
3rd Ring, 10-15; 4th Ring, 25-45 ; 5th Ring, 50-100.

20

Population Dynamics the Future?

l

RM growth expected to
continue to outpace nation
l By 2020
- AAGR 1.75%: 8.8 million

1992-98

5th Ring

1982-92
1970-82

4th Ring

- AAGR 1%: 7.3 million

3rd Ring

lWhere

will that population

2nd Ring

reside?
- Will recent past growth
trends hold true?

1st Ring
CBD
-4.0%

-2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

Annual Growth Rate

21

Demographics: Ages & Households

80 +
Women
Men

70 to 74

60 to 64

HH Size
1982: 4.82 persons
3.5 to 5.7

50 to 54

40 to 44

1992: 4.25 persons

3 to 4.8

30 to 34

By 2010: 3.7

20 to 24
10 to 14
0 to 4

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

22

Socioeconomic Characteristics
40%

Poor
Indigent

35%
30%
25%

Indigent: Annual HH Income

< $500 (US$1996)
Poor: Annual HH Income
< $1000 (US$1996)

20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
RM

Nation

1987

RM

Nation

1998
23

The Segregated City-Region

24

The Segregated City: Cone of Wealth

LO BARNECHEA

QUILICURA

Eastward Migration
l 75% of Greater
Santiagos wealthiest
residents reside in just 6
comunas

H UECHURABA
VITACURA
CONCHAL

R ENCA

R ECOLETA
L AS C ONDES
INDEPENDENCIA

CERRO N AVIA
QUINTA
N ORMAL
PUDAHUEL

PROVIDENCIA

L O P RADO

L A REINA
SANTIAGO
UOA

EST. C ENTRAL

C ERRILLOS
MAIP

P.A.
CERDA

LO
ESPEJO

MACUL

-Las

Condes, Vitacura,
Providencia account for 54%
-Low income invasions
eliminated by govt. in 70s-80s
-Tiebout sorting, plus
comuna multiplying in 1981

P EALOLN

SAN
S AN
MIGUEL

JOAQUN

LA
GRANJA

LA
C ISTERNA

EL
B OSQUE

LA FLORIDA

S AN
R AMON
L A PINTANA

SAN
BERNARDO

PUENTE
ALTO

Annual Income
(US$1995)
< 3,225
3,225 7,670
7,670 11,655
11,655 18,000
18,000<

Middle classes more

dispersed, but tend to
follow rich
25

The Segregated City

l Migration

historically led to invasions

and precarious housing
Poblaciones > ciudades callampas >

campamentos > asentamientos precarious

Major efforts in recent years to supply public
housing
l Segregation

exhibited through inequalities

in: housing quality, education, municipal
infrastructure provision, greenspace, etc.

26

The Segregated City

27

The Segregated City

28

Urban Expansion the SMA

1940: 100 km2

1995: 600 km2

29

Urban Expansion Patterns, Influences

200

Land Area
Density

175

400

150

Note: Land Area for 1995 is projection; Population for 1985 and 95 are
based on interpolations (with AAGR from 1982-92 and 1982-98)

First Metropolitan Land Use

Regulatory Plan
- includes urban growth boundary
- first major transport investments
- city begins losing compact traits

1992

1988

1984

1980

1976

1972

50
1968

0
1964

75

1960

100

1956

100

1952

200

1948

125

1944

300

Density (Pop./Has.)

500

1940

Land Area (Sq. Kms.)

600

Overall Densities constant

through 1950s
- though important shift in
densities toward periphery

Densities decline during 1960s

By early 1970s, urbanization
approaches growth boundary
- densities start rising

Urban Growth Boundary Lifted

- after 1981-82 economic crisis city begins
expanding 70% faster than population
- densities decline at most rapid rate in
history

30

Growth Patterns Influencing Factors

Lifting the Growth Boundary in 1979

In More Recent Years

-Reinvigorated road construction
-Low density suburban
subdivisions
-Distant public housing projects
and invasiones
-Industries on southeastern &
northern fringes and in West
near Airport on Ring Road
-Demographics middle class
boom: From 1992-97, 60%
of urbanization in 4
middle class comunas
31

LO BARNECHEA

Q UILICURA

H UECHURABA
VITACURA
CONCHAL

RENCA

R ECOLETA
LAS CONDES
I NDEPENDENCIA

CERRO NAVIA
Q UINTA
NORMAL
PUDAHUEL

PROVIDENCIA

LO PRADO

LA REINA
SANTIAGO
UOA

EST. CENTRAL

CERRILLOS
MAIP

P.A.
CERDA

LO
ESPEJO

MACUL
SAN J OAQUN
MIGUEL

LA
CISTERNA

EL
BOSQUE

SAN
BERNARDO

PEALOLN

SAN

LA
G RANJA

LA FLORIDA

SAN
RAMON
LA PINTANA
PUENTE
ALTO

Annual Income
(US$1995)
< 3,225
3,225 7,670
7,670 11,655
11,655 18,000
18,000<

32

Urban Growth Forms

The Colonial city
l Neighborhoods dating primarily to colonial
Chile
Associated with old, historical city center and

surrounding areas
l Spanish

colonial quadrangular street grid,

Plaza de Armas
Continuous faade buildings
Predominated through the 19th Century
33

The Colonial City

Plaza de Armas
34

The Colonial City

35

The Colonial
City

36

Urban Growth Forms

The front yard city
l First appears in late 19th Century
Desire to privatize space
Predominant form of city in first rapid wealthy eastward

expansions
l

l
l
l

Agricultural subdivisions of todays Providencia, Las Condes,

uoa

Highly profitable real estate model

Continues today in megaprojects and individual
subdivisions
As much a status symbol as a residence

37

The Front Yard City

38

The Front Yard City

39

The Front Yard City

40

The Front Yard City

41

Urban Growth Forms

The Park City
l Multi-story apartment buildings
l Densely placed, surrounded by continuous
greenspaces
l Latter half of 20th Century
l Densification of previous front yard
neighborhoods
Lot consolidation and densification

42

The Park City

43

Urban Growth Forms

The Marginal City
l Public housing, low income housing
l Dense, multi-story buildings
l Minimal amenities & related infrastructure
l Vast expanses on urban periphery

44

The Marginal City

45

An Emerging Urban Growth Form

The Renovated City
l Product of government efforts to revitalize
existing urban areas
Residential subsidies for apartment purchases

in specified areas
Since 1990
(more details in next weeks lecture)

46

The Renovated City

47

Urban Growth Forms

l

The Colonial City

No longer being developed, has left no legacy influencing

todays urban developments

l

i.e., no neo-colonial development narrow street networks,

diverse building facades, mixed uses, public spaces

The Park City and Front Yard City

Design preferences, socio-economic choices

The Marginal City

Response to immediate needs and conditions of poor

The Renovated City

Direct public policy influence on consumer preferences

Influencing factors in each: public investments, norms

& plans in time, real estate market and its evolution
(more next week).
48

Land Uses
l Despite

expansion, non-residential land uses

remain highly concentrated
Comuna of Santiago (CBD) accounts for 27%

of Greater Santiagos commercial land uses

30% of educational land uses, 43% of office
space, 21% of health facilities, 15% of
industrial land

49

Land Uses
(% share of Greater Santiagos Land Use)
Independencia

Health

Vitacura

Offices

Cerrillos

Industrial

Qta. Normal

Residential
Education
Commercial

Macul
San Joaquin
Quilicura
Maipu
Puente Alto
San Miguel
La Florida
Nunoa
Recoleta
Providencia
Las Condes
Santiago

10

20

30

40

50

50

Santiagos CBD

51

The CBD Moves East - Providencia

52

The CBD Moves East Las Condes

53

Future Non-CBDs

54

Transport System: Brief History

l
l

Horse trams and steam trains (to San Bernardo and

Puente Alto) by turn of Century
By 1930s, city has one of most extensive electric
tram networks in South America
220 kms, 210 passengers/year
Dismantling begun in 1945

By 1960s (first land regulatory plan)

Plans also laid for Metro system
Construction begun on ring road (Vespucio), Avenida

Kennedy (East to Las Condes) and the PanAmerican

Highway
55

Major Infrastructure

56

Next Time
l Transportation

- Continued

l Environment
l Instruments,

Interventions to date
l The Real Estate Market

57