METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

BATUAN
METAMORF
Oleh :
Agus Hendratno, MT.

Dr.Ir. I Wayan Warmada

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

I. PENDAHULUAN
Batuan metamorf merupakan batuan hasil malihan dari
batuan yang telah ada sebelumnya, ditunjukkan dengan
adanya perubahan komposisi mineral, tekstur, dan
struktur batuan yang terjadi pada fase padat (solid
state) akibat adanya perubahan temperatur, tekanan,
dan kondisi kimia di kerak bumi (Ehlers & Blatt, 1982).
Macam metamorfosa (Jackson, 1970) :
1. Metamorfosa isokimia (sistem tertutup); tidak
melibatkan atau hanya sedikit melibatkan perubahan
komposisi kimia batuan.
2. Metamorfosa allokimia (sistem terbuka); melibatkan
perubahan komposisi kimia batuan secara nyata, tipe
metamorfosa ini sering disebut metasomatisme.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Faktor penyebab terjadinya metamorfosa : perubahan
temperatur, tekanan dan adanya aktifitas kimia fluida atau
gas (Huang, 1962).
Perubahan temperatur dapat terjadi karena pemanasan
akibat intrusi magmatik dan perubahan gradien
geothermal.
Tekanan yang menyebabkan terjadinya suatu
metamorfosa bervariasi besarnya.
Fluida aktif yang banyak berperan adalah air,
karbondioksida, asam hidroklorik, dan hidrofluorik;
umumnya bertindak sebagai katalis atau solven serta
bersifat membantu reaksi kimia dan penyetimbangan
mekanis (Huang, 1962).

The term metamorphism means to change. Most of us think of

the metamorphosis that occurs when a caterpillar becomes a butterfly.
While not as dramatic, similar changes can occur in rocks. Rocks will
alter their form and appearance to suit new conditions Unfortunately,
metamorphism is a slow process that occurs deep within the Earth. We
cannot directly observe the process, but we can see the end result,
metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks result from mineralogical and structural
adjustments of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions differing
from those under which the rocks originally formed. Changes produced
by surface conditions such as compaction are usually excluded. The
most important agents of metamorphism are temperature, and
pressure.
Equally as significant are changes in chemical environment that result
in chemical recrystallization where a mineral assemblage becomes out
of equilibrium due to temperature and pressure changes and a new
mineral assemblage forms.
David Jessey is a Professor of Geology at Cal Poly-Pomona. He specializes in mineralogy and ore deposit geochemistry. He
has written many articles on ore deposits in the Mojave and lead numerous field trips to the Mojave and eastern Sierra
Nevada.
Don Tarman is a Professor of Geology at Cal Poly-Pomona. He specializes in stratigraphy and structural geology. He has
authored many guidebooks to Mojave geology.

How Metamorphic Rock Is Formed ?

TABLE 1: FOLIATED (banded) ROCK CLASSIFICATION

Metamorphic
Environment

50-300C

300-450C

Above 450C

Metamorphic
Grade

Low

Intermediate

High

SLATE

SCHIST

GNEISS

Minerals not visible

with the naked eye or
with a hand lens,
rock shows slaty
cleavage, is usually
dark-colored. A
product of low-grade
metamorphism of
shale or mudstone.

Rock is medium to
coarse grained
with visible grains
of mica or other
metamorphic
minerals. Often
shiny due to
reflection of mica
on foliation
planes. Product of
intermediate grade
metamorphism of
shale, slate,
phyllite, basalt or
granite.

Rock is coarse
grained and
usually banded
with alternating
layers of light and
dark minerals.
Foliation bands
may be folded.
Product of high
grade
metamorphism of
shale, schist,
granite or many
other rock types.

Rock Name

Rock
Description

TABLE 2.

NONFOLIATED (not banded) ROCK CLASSIFICATION

Mineral(s)
Description

MARBLE

QUARTZITE

ANTHRACITE
COAL

calcite
Coarse-grained
recrystallized
limestone or
dolomite.
Typically harder
than the
protolith. May
have dark bands
due to organic
impurities.

quartz
Rock has
intergrown
quartz grains,
thus is massive
and hard.
Protolith is
sandstone.
Intermediate to
high grade
metamorphism.

crystalline
carbon
Hard, black shiny
coal; product of
low-grade
metamorphism of
bituminous coal.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS TEXTURE

SLATY
Finely crystalline rock in which minerals, such as mica, are aligned paralle to one
another, which means that the rock splints readlily along the mica cleavage
planes (e.g. slate).
SCHISTOSE
Minerals such as mica, chlorite and hornblende are aligned in easily visible
parallel bands and, because of their platy alignment, the rock splits easily (e.g.
schist).
GNEISSOSE
Characterised by a coarse foliation with individual bands several centimetres
across -- indeed, the foliation may wrap aound larger crystals, as in Augen gneiss
-- and all the minerals are coarsely granular and readily identifiable (e.g. gneiss).

GRANOBLASTIC
Mainly large mineral grains that have crystallised at the same time, and
therefore, penetrate each other, the grains reaming large enough to be
identifiesd easily. (e.g. grauwacke or greywacke).
HORNFELS
Compact, finely grained rock that shatters into sharply fragments (e.g. hornfels).
BANDED
Components occur in well-defined bands (e.g. gneiss).

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

II. TIPE METAMORFOSA

Macam metamorfosa berdasarkan tatanan
geologinya (Bucher & Frey, 1994) :
II.1. Metamorfosa Regional/Metamorfosa Dinamothermal

Terjadi pada daerah yang sangat luas, dibedakan

menjadi :
a. Metamorfosa orogenik
b. Metamorfosa burial
c. Metamorfosa dasar samudera (ocean-floor)

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

II.2. Metamorfosa Lokal

Terjadi pada daerah yang sempit berkisar antara
beberapa meter sampai kilometer saja, dibedakan
menjadi :
a. Metamorfosa kontak
b. Pirometamorfosa/metamorfosa optalic/kaustik/thermal
c. Metamorfosa kataklastik/dislokasi/kinematik/dinamik
d. Metamorfosa hidrothermal/metasomatisme
e. Metamorfosa impact
f. Metamorfosa retrograde/diaropteris

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
Alters rocks over a large geographic region.
Appalachians of New England
North Cascades of Washington-British Columbia

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
BURIAL METAMORPHISM
Occurs deep in sedimentary basins.
Requires depths > 10 km
At these depths and greater, lithostatic pressure and
geothermal heat drive metamorphic reactions and
recrystallization.
Does not require a tectonic process.
Does not create mountain belts.
Generally no foliation because no directed pressure.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
BURIAL METAMORPHISM

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
DYNAMOTHERMAL METAMORPHISM
Affected by pressure (squeezing) and heat (magma).
Occurs when converging plates squeeze rock caught
between the plates.
Crust generally thickens.
Surface rocks get taken deep into the Earth.
Rocks are subjected to high temperatures, lithostatic
pressure and directed pressure.
Rocks become foliated.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
DYNAMOTHERMAL METAMORPHISM
Produced metamorphic rocks found in the Alps,
Himalaya, and Appalachian Mountains.
Also produced the greatly eroded metamorphic rocks
in the Great Lakes region.
These rocks are exposed by uplift (faulting) and rapid
erosion.
The process doesnt reverse itself.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

OTHER TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

HYDROTHERMAL METAMORPISM
Chemical alteration of pre-existing rocks by hot water.
Occurs primarily beneath ocean floor near divergent
plate boundaries.
Creates water-rich minerals.
Includes serpentine, talc, and chlorite
In addition, when steam hits ocean water and cools
rapidly, valuable metals such as Cu, Ni, Fe and
Pb are precipitated.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

OTHER TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

FAULT ZONE METAMORPISM
Produced by rocks grinding past each other at a fault.
Produced by directed pressure and frictional heat.

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

III. MINERALOGI
Mineral-mineral yang terdapat pada batuan metamorf :
1.
Mineral yang umumnya terdapat pada batuan beku dan
metamorf, ex. kuarsa, feldspar, muskovit,dll.
2.
Mineral yang umumnya terdapat pada batuan sedimen dan
metamorf, ex. mineral-mineral lempung, kalsit, dolomit,dll.
3.
Mineral indeks batuan metamorf, ex. garnet, andalusit, kianit,
silimanit,dll.

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F

Coal

Limeston
e

Sandston
e

Basalt

Shale

Index
Minerals

Slate

Chlorite

Phyllite

Biotite

Schist

Garnet

Lignite
Bituminous

300

500

Anthracite

600

Graphite

Marble

700

800
500

1100
1200

700

Quartzite

900

1000
600

Greenstone

Amphibolite

Staurolite
Gneiss

Kyanite
Sillimanit
e
Melting
Begins

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F

Coal

Limeston
e

Sandston
e

Basalt

Shale

Index
Minerals

Slate

Chlorite

Phyllite

Biotite

Schist

Garnet

Lignite
Bituminous

300

500

Anthracite

600

Graphite

Marble

700

800
500

1100
1200

700

Quartzite

900

1000
600

Greenstone

Amphibolite

Staurolite
Gneiss

Kyanite
Sillimanit
e
Melting
Begins

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F

Coal

Limeston
e

Sandston
e

Basalt

Shale

Index
Minerals

Slate

Chlorite

Phyllite

Biotite

Schist

Garnet

Lignite
Bituminous

300

500

Anthracite

600

Graphite

Marble

700

800
500

1100
1200

700

Quartzite

900

1000
600

Greenstone

Amphibolite

Staurolite
Gneiss

Kyanite
Sillimanit
e
Melting
Begins

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F

Coal

Limeston
e

Sandston
e

Basalt

Shale

Index
Minerals

Slate

Chlorite

Phyllite

Biotite

Schist

Garnet

Lignite
Bituminous

300

500

Anthracite

600

Graphite

Marble

700

800
500

1100
1200

700

Quartzite

900

1000
600

Greenstone

Amphibolite

Staurolite
Gneiss

Kyanite
Sillimanit
e
Melting
Begins

Major Metamorphic Rock Types

Temp C

Temp F

Coal

Limeston
e

Sandston
e

Basalt

Shale

Index
Minerals

Slate

Chlorite

Phyllite

Biotite

Schist

Garnet

Lignite
Bituminous

300

500

Anthracite

600

Graphite

Marble

700

800
500

1100
1200

700

Quartzite

900

1000
600

Greenstone

Amphibolite

Staurolite
Gneiss

Kyanite
Sillimanit
e

Melting
Begins

What About Other Rocks?

Polymorphism
Al2SiO5
Andalusite
Kyanite
Sillimanite
Ice - 6 high
pressure forms
Diamond Graphite

Calcite - Aragonite
Quartz - Tridymite Cristobalite
(increasing
temperature)
- Coesite - Stishovite
(increasing pressure)

Metamorphic Facies
Depth\Temp

300C

400C

5 km

Zeolite

Contact Metamorphism - Andalusite forms

10 km - 3 kb

Greenschis
Blueschi t
Chlorite,
st
Biotite form
Slate
Greenstone
Quartzite
Marble

Amphibolite
Garnet,
Staurolite,
Kyanite form
Schist
Amphibolite
Quartzite
Marble
Gneiss

Not Found

Eclogite (Mantle)

15 km
20 km - 6 kb
25 km
30 km - 9 kb

500 C

600 C

700 C

Granulite
Sillimanite
forms
Muscovite
breaks down to
K-feldspar
Partial Melting
Gneiss

35 km
40 km - 12
kb

800 C

Mantle Rocks

IV. FASIES METAMORFIK

Diperkenalkan oleh Eskola, 1915 (Bucher &
Frey, 1994).
Sebuah fasies metamorfik merupakan kelompok
batuan yang termetamorfosa pada kondisi yang
sama yang dicirikan oleh kumpulan mineral yang
tetap.
Tiap fasies metamorfik dibatasi oleh tekanan dan
temperatur tertentu serta dicirikan oleh
hubungan teratur antar komposisi kimia dan
mineralogi dalam batuan.

V. STRUKTUR BATUAN METAMORF

V.1. Struktur Foliasi
Terjadi karena adanya penjajaran mineral menjadi
lapisan-lapisan (gneissosity), orientasi butiran
(schistosity), permukaan belahan planar (cleavage) atau
kombinasi dari ketiga hal tersebut (Jackson, 1970).
a. Slaty cleavage, batuannya disebut slate (batusabak)
b. Phylitic, batuannya disebut phylite (filit)
c. Schistosic, batuannya disebut schist (sekis)
d. Gneissic/Gneissose, batuannya disebut gneis

V.2. Struktur Non Foliasi

Terbentuk oleh mineral-mineral equidimensional
dan umumnya terdiri dari butiran-butiran
(granular).
a.
b.

c.
d.

Hornfelsic/Granulose, batuannya disebut hornfels

(batutanduk).
Cataclastic, batuannya disebut cataclasite
(kataklasit)
Mylonitic, batuannya disebut mylonite (milonit)
Phyllonitic, batuannya phyllonite (filonit)

VI. TEKSTUR BATUAN METAMORF

Tekstur merupakan kenampakan batuan yang berdasarkan pada ukuran, bentuk dan
orientasi butir
mineral individual penyusun batuan metamorf (Jackson, 1970).

Dull - passes "tink test"

Slate

Foliated, shiny due to increased

size of micaceous minerals
(almost see them)

Phyllite

Foliated - medium to
coarse grain

Individual mineral grains

visible. Major mineral(s)
included as name modifiers

Schist

Color banded

Alternating layers of light

(felsic)
and dark (mafic) minerals

Gneiss

Distinct layering often highly folded and

contorted

Alternating layers of felsic

igneous rock (light) and mafic
gneiss (dark)

Migmatite

Soft - passes fizz test

Marble

Hard - fails fizz test

Quartzite

Interlocking hornblende
crystals

Amphibolite

Foliated, very fine

grained-no visible
minerals

METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Interlocking nonhomogenous
crystalline texture commonly with a
preferred
orientation to the
mineral grains

Non-foliated with nonoriented grains

(ex. Mica Schist)

Metamorphic textures
are either granular or
foliated. Here we examine
only the foliated types.
Foliation - any planar set
of minerals, or banding of
mineral concentrations,
especially the planar
structure that results from
flattening of the mineral
grains, like micas.

Slaty cleavage- a pervasive, parallel foliation (layering) of fine-grained platy

minerals (chlorite) in a direction perpendicular to the direction of maximum
stress. Produces the rocks slate and phyllite.
Scistosity - the layering in a coarse grained, crystalline rock due to the parallel
arrangement of platy mineral grains such as muscovite and biotite. Other
minerals present are typically quartz and feldspar, plus a variety of other
minerals such as garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite.
Mineral Banding (Gneiss) - The layering in a rock in which bands or lenses of
granular minerals (quartz and feldspar) alternate with bands or lenses in which
platy (mica) or elongate (amphibole) minerals predominate.

Slaty Cleavage
A pervasive, parallel foliation (layering) of fine-grained platy minerals (chlorite)
in a direction perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress. Found in the
rocks slate and phyllite.

During the earliest stages of low grade metamorphism, most pressure is from the weight of
overlying rock. Therefore the new sheet structure minerals, such as clay, tend to parallel the
bedding planes of the sedimentary rock being metamorphosed. With folding the sedimentary clay
layering folds with the rock so that the layering still runs parallel with the bedding planes. At this
point the rock is still sedimentary.
With deeper burial or under the influence of compression, metamorphism begins. The
sedimentary clay minerals are converted into the mineral chlorite, that has flat basal cleavage like
a mica. But the chlorite is growing in a stress field that is not always running parallel to the
bedding. In the drawing to the right we can clearly see the bedding, but the parallel lines running
vertically is the slaty cleavage. In the link to slaty cleavage we can see how the cleavage does not
run parallel to the bedding.
Low grade metamorphic rocks are so fine-grained that the new mineral grains are not visible
with the unaided eye. Under a polarizing light microscope, the foliation can be seen. However, the
slaty cleavage produces a very distinct layering in the rock that often runs at an angle to the
bedding. Practically we see this in the rock slate, often used as roof shingles or as paving stones.
The slate easily splits into thin sheets with smooth, flat surfaces.

Schistosity
The layering in a coarse grained,
crystalline rock due to the parallel
arrangement of platy mineral grains such
as muscovite and biotite. Other minerals
present are typically quartz and feldspar,
plus a variety of other minerals such as
garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite.
At intermediate and high grades of
metamorphism the chlorite breaks down
and recrystallizes to form quartz,
feldspar, and mica. The grain size also
increases and individual mineral grains
can be seen with the unaided eye.
Foliation in coarse grained metamorphic
rocks is called SCHISTOSITY. In a hand
sample the foliation can be easily seen,
and ususally runs planar through the
rock; that is, it all runs the same
direction. In larger specimens, however,
the foliation may be folded. Schistosity is
derived from the Latin schistos meaning
cleaves easily. Schistosity differs from
slaty cleavage in both grain size and
mineral content.

Gneissic Mineral Banding

The layering in a rock in which bands
or lenses of granular minerals
(quartz and feldspar) alternate with
bands or lenses in which platy (mica)
or elongate (amphibole) minerals
predominate.

The most intense form of foliation

is mineral banding. At the highest
grades of metamorphism, minerals
begin to segregate into separate
bands. The micaceous minerals
separate from the quartz and
feldspars.

Migmatite
A rock in which metamorphic textures (schistosity or mineral banding) are intermixed with
igneous textures (coarse grained igneous rocks).

At this stage we are leaving the realm of metamorphism and entering the realm of igneous
rocks. Only the rock has not yet completely melted - it has fractionally melted. Click image
for more explanation.

VII. PENAMAAN DAN KLASIFIKASI

BATUAN METAMORF

Didasarkan pada kenampakan struktur dan teksturnya.

Dipergunakan kata tambahan yang menunjukkan ciri
khusus batuan:
keberadaan mineral pencirinya, ex. sekis klorit.
nama batuan beku yang mempunyai komposisi yang
sama, ex. granite gneiss.
mineral penyusun utamanya, ex. kuarsit.
fasies metamorfiknya, ex. granulit

METAMORPHIC MINERALS
Metamorphic Rocks
Amphibolite
Blueschist
Eclogite
Gneiss
Granulite
Greenschist
Greenstone
Hornfels
Marble - limestone
Marble - dolomite
Migmatite
Phyllite
Quartzite
Schist
Serpentinite
Slate
Soapstone

Special Metamorphic
Minerals
Actinolite
Chlorite
Corundum
Epidote
Garnet
Graphite
Kyanite
Serpentinite
Sillimanite
Staurolite
Talc

Common Metamorphic
Minerals
Quartz
Orthoclase
Plagioclase
Amphibole
Pyroxene
Biotite
Muscovite
Chlorite

Metamorphic Agents and Changes

Temperature: typically the

most important factor in
metamorphism

Figure 1-9. Estimated ranges of

oceanic and continental steadystate geotherms to a depth of
100 km using upper and lower
limits based on heat flows
measured near the surface. After
Sclater et al. (1980), Earth. Rev.
Geophys. Space Sci., 18, 269311.

Metamorphic Agents and Changes

Deviatoric stresses come in three principal

types:
Tension
Compression
Shear

Tension: 3 is negative, and the resulting strain

is extension, or pulling apart
strain
original shape

ellipsoid

Figure 21-2. The three main types of deviatoric stress with an example of possible resulting structures. a. Tension, in which one
stress in negative. Tension fractures may open normal to the extension direction and become filled with mineral precipitates.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Compression: s1 is dominant,
homogenous flattening

folding or more
3

Figure 21-2. The three main types of deviatoric stress with an example of possible resulting structures. b. Compression, causing
flattening or folding. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Foliation is a common result, which allows us to

estimate the orientation of 1
1

s 1 > s 2 = s3
s 1 = s 2 > s3
s 1 > s 2 > s3

foliation and no lineation

lineation and no foliation
both foliation and lineation

Figure 21-3. Flattening of a ductile homogeneous sphere (a) containing randomly oriented flat disks or flakes. In (b), the matrix
flows with progressive flattening, and the flakes are rotated toward parallelism normal to the predominant stress. Winter
(2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Metamorphic Agents and Changes

Shear motion occurs along planes at an angle to

Figure 21-2. The three main types of deviatoric stress with an example of possible resulting structures. b. Shear, causing slip
along parallel planes and rotation. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Batuan metamorf lain yang banyak dikenal antara lain :

Amphibolit; butir sedang-kasar,mineral utama penyusunnya

amfibol dan plagioklas, menunjukkan schistosity bila mineral
prismatiknya terorientasi.
Serpentinit; komposisi mineral hampir semuanya mineral
kelompok serpentin.
Marmer; komposisi mineral karbonat (kalsit atau dolomit),
bertekstur granoblastik.
Kuarsit; mengandung kuarsa lebih dari 80%.
Soapstone; komposisi mineral utama talk.
Eclogit; butir sedang-kasar, mineral utama penyusunnya
piroksin ompasit (diopsid kaya sodium dan aluminium) dan garnet
kaya pyrope.
Rodingit; komposisi calc-silikat yang terjad akibat alterasi
metasomatik batuan beku basa di dekat batuan beku ultrabasa
yang mengalami serpentinisasi.

VIII. ASPEK EKONOMIS BATUAN METAMORF

Untuk keperluan ekonomis, seperti marmer yang

dipergunakan untuk tegel, pelapis dinding, dll.
Berbagai keperluan lain, seperti mika (muskovit) untuk
pembuatan bahan elektronik, garnet untuk hiasan
karena merupakan semi precious stone, dll.
Proses metasomatisme dapat menghasilkan endapan
mineral logam yang dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan
industri, seperti hematit, magnetit, spinel, pirit, kalkopirit,
galena, dll.