OTC 21844

Developments in Managing Flexible Risers and Pipelines, A Suppliers

Perspective
C. S. Dahl, B. Andersen and M. Groenne, NKT Flexibles I/S
Copyright 2011, Offshore Technology Conference
This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 25 May 2011.
This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright.

Abstract
With the increasing use of flexible pipe technology - driven by the move to deeper, more marginal and more challenging
conditions - the need for systematic management of the flexible pipes is becoming more apparent. In particular, the full
implementation of Riser Integrity Management (RIM) plays a vital role to ensure an efficient and safe operation.
This paper will discuss issues regarding Riser Integrity Management raised by operators and addressed to NKT Flexibles
(NKTF) as the supplier. The discussion will include measurements and tests of flexible pipes, assessment and repair of
possible damages, as well as assessment of change of regime e.g. change of location/ bore contents/ pressure/ temperature/
souring.
Riser condition monitoring and inspection form an important part of integrity management together with processing and
analyses of the monitored data. The present paper identifies and discusses available and emerging options for condition
monitoring and for engineering assessments and remedial actions, and discusses the recently developed technology of
embedded optical fiber monitoring for quantifying the integrity of the flexible risers during their service life.
Introduction
Early Flexible Pipe Development
The development and use of flexible riser and pipeline technology for offshore oil and gas production is relatively young,
however, flexible pipelines were applied for other purposes, before the introduction to the offshore industry.
The concept of a flexible armored marine pipeline was first introduced and applied at a significant scale in the World War II
project codenamed PLUTO (PipeLine Under The Ocean) for transporting fuel under the British Channel from the United
Kingdom to Normandy, France. The design was based on high voltage marine power cable technology.
The first commercial marine pipeline was installed between two Danish islands in 1964, also based on marine power cable
technology.
The step on to high pressure pipelines, reinforced against collapse, for the offshore industry was taken in 1972, applying
technologies developed by IFP, France.
Early Experiences
Initially, flexible pipelines have been considered maintenance free and not in need for regular inspection.
Since their first introduction, a vast number of improvements have been introduced to the design and manufacturing of the
pipes, end-terminations and accessories.
The use so far has been essential to the development of the offshore industry, and of the floating production systems in
particular. At the same time the manufacturers and operators have faced a number of challenges mainly relating to materials,

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malfunctioning of annulus ventilation systems, unfavourable handling during installation or operation, externally inflicted
damages, and to operational conditions outside the original design envelope of the products.
These challenges have, in a number of cases, led to damages causing the flexible pipe to deteriorate rapidly resulting in a
need for early replacement.
Riser Integrity Management
As a logical result of the experiences from the early flexible risers and pipelines, the industry is taking steps to implement
regular inspection and maintenance programs for their portfolio of flexibles. In 2008 Det Norske Veritas issued guidelines for
recommended practice of Riser Integrity Management [DNV 2008]. Here DNV defines Riser Integrity Management (RIM)
as a continuous process of knowledge and experience management applied throughout the lifecycle of riser systems.
RIM programs are to include various aspects such as:
Early stage planning
Definition of safe operational limits
Riser monitoring
Condition monitoring
Processing and analysis of monitored data
Risk based inspection
Coherent inspection/maintenance/repair planning
Emergency response planning
Periodic demonstration of technical and operational integrity
Adding to this, special attention is needed in cases where radical changes are made to the riser system such as:
Change of operational conditions
Change of service
Decommissioning
Flexible Pipe Design
Pipe Structure
Flexible pipes, as discussed here, are unbonded structures consisting of helically wound metallic armour wires or strips
combined with concentric layers of polymers, textiles, fabric tapes, lubricants and optional insulation.

Figure 1: Typical cross section of flexible pipe

End-Fitting
Each layer of the flexible pipe is mechanically terminated inside the end-fitting in such a way that fluid seals are maintained
under the specified design and operational conditions. The end-fitting design secures an anchoring of the armour layers and
sealing capacity of the polymer liner materials as well as the main steel members of the flexible pipe.

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Fgure 2: Typical cross section of end-fitting

Optimized Design
Characteristic for the flexible pipes is the cost-and-performance optimized design using the most cost effective materials
and the minimum acceptable dimensions for fulfilling the requirements. The minimum materials dimensions also serve to
minimize the topsides loading and the added buoyancy requirements from the configuration.
This in turn means that regularly there is only little play in terms of acceptability of deviations from the original design &
operational conditions.
Queries from Operators,
Issues Raised
As a pipe supplier NKTF delivers services to operators along with the pipe systems in order to handle issues during
operation. The queries from operators cover a large variety of issues and concerns, which can be addressed by the design
engineering staff along with the original design information.
The relative frequency of the various issues being in the operators focus may be illustrated by the types of tasks
requested/undertaken, as illustrated in Figure 3, below.

Figure 3: Types of queries received from operators, Frequency (%)

This distribution shows a broad range of issues which all contribute to the operators Asset Management of Risers and
Flowlines of which the RIM form a significant part.

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Engineering analysis
The engineering analyses requested by the operators are mostly reanalysis based on recorded or expected change of operating
conditions for the flexible.
Focus is on short-term and long-term effects of operation outside the original design envelope - typically focusing on:
bore contents (souring)
temperature (higher or lower)
fatigue (larger external forces/excursion/..)
erosion of carcass (higher sand contents)
impact resistance (dropped objects,..)
In the reanalysis, a combination of materials qualification test results and updated analysis methods are applied together with
available operating history and predicted conditions to achieve a best understanding of the consequences of the change of
conditions.
Offshore Tests
The offshore tests are mainly made up by annulus vacuum and volume tests conducted routinely to confirm the integrity of
the outer sheath of the pipe.
Requalification of Spares
Several operators have spare risers or jumpers stored as a back-up for crucial components in their production set-up. The
requalification often includes visual inspection of the pipe, combined with annulus vacuum and volume testing, pressure
testing, check of vent valves and also inspection of any ancillary components stored on the site.
FEED Studies
With some operators, the use of Front End Engineering Design Studies by key suppliers during the inception phase for
projects is becoming standard. Such FEEDs may provide at the earliest project state the best realistic solutions and time and
cost estimates for use at the operators decision gates and the onwards ITT process.
Damage Assessment and Repair
Whenever a damage is discovered/suspected a careful assessment is required to determine the necessary actions on a short
term and for medium and long term. Dependent of the conditions, manufacturer specialists are deployed to perform
temporary repairs or to perform complete permanent repairs e.g. by cutting, re-termination and perhaps inserting a repair
jumper.
Spare parts, Storage
During operation needs for spares such as anodes, gaskets etc. may arise. Also at times there are pipes and parts which need
to be stored in a suitable place, and here the supplier is a natural partner for the operator, as handling and storage of these
large and heavy items require that special equipment and site conditions are in place.
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests may be testing of polymer coupons which have been deployed on process piping right next to the flexible
pipe, thus showing the polymer degradation over time. Other tests are related to e.g. impact testing or midscale testing for
verification of low temperature sealing characteristics.
Replacement
Replacement of pipes may in some cases be needed due to excessive damage or wear of the pipeline. During the installation
of a replacement pipe, the involvement of the manufacturer would be related to assisting the operator during the installation
by onboard monitoring of the operation combined with standby duty for repair of possible damages to the outer sheath or
other components during the installation. Also commissioning tests such as annulus testing may be involved.
Data for change of service
Change of service conditions accounts for about half of the requests received at NKTF for assistance during the in-service
phase, as may be seen in Figure 3, above.
Changes of service compared with specifications/assumptions during design includes e.g.:
Change of operating temperature
Change of pressure

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Change of chemical composition (e.g. souring)

Adding of additional production strings to flow, thus changing bore content
Relocation of pipe for other use.

Sometimes the requests for assistance are issued up front, while at other times, the operators are experiencing unexpected
production conditions which have sometimes developed over some time.
Whenever a reassessment of the pipe is requested, NKTF will ask for the operational history of the riser/flowline. During the
reassessments it is of paramount importance to be able to replace assumed conservative design assumptions with actual
records, thus facilitating an optimized reanalysis compared to the time of design. At these times, carefully maintained records
and data prove to be very valuable to the operator.
Frequently the experience is that an incomplete set of records makes this reassessment of fitness for purpose difficult
thereby limiting/shortening operational use of the flexible.
Preparedness for remedial actions
Damages should not happen, but should be prepared for anyway.
The single most frequent damage & problem area on flexible pipelines is perforation of the outer sheath. The consequence is
sea water intrusion into the annulus, which may lead to accelerated corrosion of the armour wiring which in turn may
ultimately lead to failure by wire breakage followed by the burst of the inner liner and leakage of the bore contents to the
sea/air.
In case a rupture to the outer sheath is detected and the hole is sealed off, the corrosion process may be halted by the lack of
free oxygen. Naturally a significant part of the RIM is therefore focusing on monitoring, inspection and repair (where
needed) of the outer sheath.
The damages may be handled differently, depending on their severity, e.g.:
Minor - repair at next opportunity
Deeper scratch or more serious problem - manufacturer to be consulted, repair initiated, records kept,
condition/remaining lifetime reassessed.
Major - immediate need for assessment/action
Preparedness could include: outer sheath repair clamp on store, outer sheath repair kit parts such as outer sheath sample
piece, canusa, etc. spare risers/jumpers.
Inspection techniques
The objective of in-service non-destructive testing of flexible riser systems is establish the present condition and to predict
the possible degradation of the risers thus preventing loss of containment. However, the composite structure of flexible pipes,
involving multiple layers of metallic and polymeric materials, imposes heavy demands on the capability of the inspection
techniques. Furthermore, the ability to inspect critical locations such as beneath bending stiffeners, in sag-bend areas and end
fittings is a major challenge. Presently, a number of technologies exist or are under development, ref. e.g. [MCS Kenny
2010].
Conventional inspection techniques include:
Visual inspection by diver/ROV
Monitoring of temperature, pressure and by bore fluid testing
Monitoring using in-line mounted test coupons
Gas sampling of riser annulus
Vacuum & volume testing of riser annulus
Internal gauging
Hydrostatic testing
Radiography
Eddy current
Newer inspection techniques include:
Fibre optic monitoring of stresses in tensile armour

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On-line di-electrical sensing of test coupons

X-ray/gamma-ray tomography
Ultrasonic wire inspection and annulus flooding detection
Magnetic flux leakage wire inspection
Laser leak detection
Accoustic motions monitoring
Conventional techniques

Visual inspection is the most widely used technique to assess the integrity of a riser system, including ancillary
equipment (e.g. mid-water arches, tethers, manifolds, buoyancy modules, bend stiffeners). Typically, this is carried out
as an external visual inspection, but can also be performed internally in the pipe bore using pig-mounted cameras.
However, this requires operational intervention and possibly flushing and cleaning of the riser prior to the inspection.
The visual inspections are useful when verifying the overall integrity of a riser system, but they can not accurately
determine the remaining service life in the system.

The pressure and temperature are normally measured on the topside facilities based on an excursion limit. Thus, no
regular recording/logging is normally performed with the intent to use the data as part of an integrity assessment. The
bore fluid composition is typically monitored via sampling at the separators and consequently, these data may not be
fully representative for the fluid composition in the riser bore.

The use of test coupons to assess the ageing of polymeric inner liner materials is not a widely used technique for the
flexible risers. When undertaken, it is normally via the topside facility which may not represent the most critical bore
environment.

Annulus gas sampling and annulus vacuum testing are seeing increased use but are not yet commonly used techniques
within the industry. When using vacuum testing for assessing the annulus volume it is important that baseline
measurements have been established, e.g. as part of the factory acceptance testing and/or after installation of the riser.

Radiographic examination may be performed in special cases where detailed inspection of e.g. an end fitting or localised
pipe anomaly is required. To avoid operational intervention the double wall shot technique is normally adopted for the
pipe.

Eddy current techniques have been employed to inspect the armour layers in the flexible pipes. However, the technique
is not widely used and the reliability of detecting wire breakage beyond the first metallic layers (i.e. carcass and outer
tensile armour) is low.

The conventional inspection techniques cannot fully inspect all the layers of a flexible pipe. Also, the equipment is
limited in its ability to inspect along the full length of a riser including critical locations like the bend stiffener/restrictor
areas and end fittings. However, development work is progressing and several new techniques exist which will be
described briefly in the following.

Newer techniques
Techniques currently under development & implementation for flexible risers include:

Fibre Optic Monitoring - Use of fibre optic fibres embedded in tensile armours to monitor temperature and strains in the
armour wires.

Di-electric sensing - Remote sampling technique to provide in-line sampling of polymer ageing/degradation of polymeric
test coupons placed in the pipe bore rather than test coupon removal.

X-ray / gamma-ray Tomography - Recent technique to directly inspect each layer (polymer and steel) for defects, e.g. to
inspect a full end fitting/cross section of the pipe.

Ultrasonic inspection - An ROV-based inspection of outer tensile wires and annulus flooding detection.

Magnetic Flux - An alternative to eddy current technique which should have greater depth of penetration of the pipe
metallic layers.

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Laser leak detection - Visual detection of leaks in outer sheath by illuminating emerging annulus inhibitor.

Motions and load monitoring - Various techniques for monitoring the condition of appurtenance, based on measured
loads and offsets.

The existing and developing inspection techniques and their application are outlined in Table 1, below.

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Annulus Vacuum and Volume Testing

(pneumatic evacuation & pressurization)

Venting Volume Monitoring

(pressure build-up, on-line analysis)

Vent Gas Monitoring

(sampling chromatography, online analysis)

Polymer Coupon Testing

(coupon sampling and laboratory testing)

Annulus Temperature Monitoring

(fibre optic)

Strain Monitoring
(fibre optic, strain gauge)

Monitoring of Bending Stiffener Tip

Position/Curvature (accoustic)

Survey of armour wires and water in annulus

(ultrasonic)

Survey of armour wires in annulus

(magnetic flux)

Laser leak detection survey

(optical)

I-tube camera survey

(video)

Tether load monitoring (load cell)

Vibration monitoring

Accessories motions monitoring

(Bend stiffener, buoyancy elements, MWA)

System Integrity

Flow assurance Waxing

Tethering/Anchoring Integrity

Tensile Wire Breakage

Tensile Wire Fatigue

Polymer Degradation

Polymer Overheating

End Fitting Sealing

Venting Valve Function

Bending Stiffener Function

Visual/video inspection by (by diver/ROV)

Annulus Corrosive Gasses

Annulus Flooding

Detection/Test Method

Breach of Outer Sheath

Table 1: Summary of inspection techniques and their possible application (non-complete)

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

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Embedded Monitoring
As outlined above, the condition of flexible pipes should be regularly monitored in order to ensure safe operation of the asset
at its optimum level for the maximum period of time. New advances in optical technology and riser manufacturing
techniques enable a new suite of embedded real-time monitoring systems providing a continuous picture of a risers condition
during operation. Equipped with data management and visualization software, the underlying technologies and measurements
will be directly accessible to the end user. This improves decision making by allowing structural and temperature issues to be
detected at the earliest possible stage and remediated in the most efficient manner.
Reliable embedded monitoring systems will allow operators to continuously monitor the condition of risers, enabling
condition dependent maintenance. The combined use of point sensors and fully distributed sensors throughout the risers
allow various events to be continuously monitored. This includes breach of outer sheath, condensate build up in the annulus,
polymer layer temperature, operational temperature along the entire length of the pipe, tensile wire fatigue and tensile wire
break detection.
Within the last couple of years a number of techniques have been developed for monitoring flexible pipelines [Carneval et al.
2006; Marinho et al. 2008; Pipa et al. 2010; Weppenaar et al. 2008]. Most of these techniques were developed for monitoring
the integrity of the outer sheath or the integrity of the tensile armor wires. One of the most promising technologies for realtime monitoring is embedding optical fibers in flexible risers. Optical fibers have shown to have very good properties
especially for sensing temperature and strain in the longitudinal direction along the length of the fiber. This technology has
been utilized for many years in other industries, and is supported by an extensive range of established equipment and
procedures from the optical telecommunications industry. Embedding the optical fiber has the advantages that there are no
protrusions on the outside of the pipe and it is not affected by changes in pipe diameter, for example at bend limiters, so that
optical fibers can be used to monitor anywhere along the pipe. A technique has been developed to epoxy the optical fibers in
grooves in the tensile armor wires, which are then incorporated into the flexible pipe [Andersen 2001] as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Optical fibers are embedded in grooves in the tensile armor wires (foreground)

Embedding the optical fibers inside the tensile armor wires has the advantage that the fibers are well protected throughout the
pipe manufacturing processes, installation, and during operation of the pipe. The use of epoxy ensures changes of strain in the
tensile armor wire are transferred to the optical fiber for an accurate measurement. The embedded optical fibers can also be
used to measure other parameters in the pipe, in particular temperature.
Temperature Monitoring
Temperature monitoring of the annulus region of a flexible pipe (the section between the inner and outer sheath) can yield
important information about the operational condition of the pipe system. The temperature monitoring system is based on
optical fiber sensors embedded in the annulus of the flexible riser. The temperature is monitored continuously along the
entire length of the instrumented pipe, and log coherent data of temperature, time and position.
In operation, temperature monitoring can assist with process control in case of a temporary shut-in of the flow in the bore.
For certain production materials hydrate plugs can be formed if the temperature drops below a certain point. These plugs are
very difficult to dissolve once formed in the pipe. With a temperature monitoring system in place in the flexible pipe
information can be obtained for deciding when to either turn the flow back on or to back flush with a dissolvent fluid.
Another operational application is to monitor the flexible pipeline for hot spots in sections with added insulation on the pipe.
This could be in the region of the pipe immediately under the floating vessel where a bending stiffener is mounted over top of
the riser for over bend protection. This bending stiffener is a large polymer construction, which will add significant extra

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insulation locally. If a well is running at a high temperature these hot spots may reach temperatures which can increase the
susceptibility to aging for some of the polymer materials.
Temperature monitoring can also be used for detection of breach of the outer sheath of flexible pipes. An outer sheath breach
will affect the pipe integrity and can shorten pipe lifetime due to ingress of seawater. Outer sheath breaches can be caused in
various ways during the pipe lifetime:

During pipe installation due to mishandling

Due to interference with e.g. anchors and mooring lines
Due to dropped objects from platform or support vessel
Due to wear in operation, for example in guide tubes (e.g. bellmouth)
Due to abrasion at the riser touchdown area on the seabed

Seawater flooding of the riser annulus will aggravate corrosion leading to weakened fatigue life of the tensile armor wires.
Therefore, it is important to detect and repair any breaches of the outer sheath as soon as possible. Repairing a breach will
stop the replenishment with fresh (aerated) seawater to the annulus and thereby limit the corrosion. Since corrosion is
severely aggravated by the supply of fresh seawater, it is important to be able to detect a second breach or a faulty repair
clamp on an already flooded riser. With an embedded fiber optic temperature monitoring system, an outer sheath breach can
be detected from wet annulus conditions just as well as dry. This differs from a vent gas monitoring system [Weppenaar et
al. 2008], which will only be able to detect a breach on a riser with a dry annulus. Once the annulus is flooded the gas
detection system looses its ability to detect further breaches.
Detection of an outer sheath breach with a temperature monitoring system is based on the temperature difference which is
typically present between the bore and the ambient sea water. The thermal design of a flexible pipe line is such that the main
temperature drop will be across the two polymer layers (inner liner and outer sheath). Temperature profiles of the outer wall
of a typical flexible pipeline are shown for four different temperature differences between bore and ambient in Figure 5. If a
breach appears in the outer sheath the temperature will be dragged down towards the ambient temperature locally at the
position of the breach.

55

T=31C
T=22C

50

T=12C
45

T=2C

40
35

25
20
0

Outer
Sheath

PositionofSensor Fiber
2

Sea

30

Bore

Temperatureontheinsideofthelayer[C]

60

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Layerno.
Figure 5: Temperature profile across the section of a typical flexible pipe structure for four different temperature differences.

Strain Monitoring
The integrity of the flexible pipe in the longitudinal direction is maintained by the two layers of tensile armor wires wound
helically around the pipe in opposite directions. The tensile armor wires are highly strained as they carry all the weight of the
pipe. The strain in the tensile wires is continuously cycled by the motions of the surface vessel due to wind, waves and sea
current, which can lead to metal fatigue and eventually wire break. It is therefore of great interest to monitor the strain in the
tensile armor wires of the flexible riser.
Embedding strain sensing optical fibers directly into the tensile armor wires enables an accurate measurement of the strain in
the wires. However, for practical reasons the number of strain sensing points has to be limited to a reasonable number, which

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11

means that the sensing points have to be positioned to cover the most significant areas of interest. From the detailed system
design (that includes the installation on the seabed, the floating vessel and the flexible riser) it is known that in most cases the
length of riser that will experience the largest strain is in the area of the top end fitting and in the area immediately below the
floating vessel as shown in Figure 6. The areas of interest to be covered by the strain monitoring system are marked with
horizontal black lines on the pipe.
What is also shown in Figure 6 is that the access to the riser at the top section is very limited. The riser will typically be
hanging through an I-tube from the hang-off point down through the vessel, and there will typically be a bending stiffener
structure mounted over top of the riser immediately below the vessel to limit the bending of the pipe at that position. It will
therefore be very difficult to mount external measurement equipment on to the riser in this area, but an embedded system can
be used to make measurements in this location.
The strain data collected from the optical fibers can be used for continuously monitoring the remaining fatigue life capacity
of the tensile amour wires. For fatigue monitoring the strain is continuously monitored in a number of wires on the
circumference. This will yield information on the number of load cycles the wires are going through and the amplitude of the
strain levels. By applying a method called Rainflow counting the fatigue damage to the wires can be derived. The flexible
riser is designed in order to withstand a certain level of fatigue damage over the lifetime based on a design envelope of data
on wind, waves, sea current etc. With the actual strain measurement and Rainflow counting the remaining fatigue damage
capacity can be continuously monitored. In some years the installation will experience more storms and severe weather
conditions than others, which can then be accounted for in the data. At the end of the designed riser lifetime, it will then be
possible to evaluate if the riser has fatigue damage capacity for extended operation.

Figure 6: The highest strain levels will in most cases be in the area close to the top end fitting or immediately below the floating vessel.

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Summary & Conclusions

When planning for success with flexible risers and flowlines in the future one should learn from the experience and
information gathered over the last decades. Based hereon it is recommended that a life cycle approach to the flexible should
be adopted by the operators all the way from the project conceptual phase and throughout the service life of the flexible.
It is quite likely that the flexible during its intended service life will encounter unexpected conditions such as being exposed
to other bore conditions, forces and service conditions than designed for and being exposed to external damage, etc. As a
basis for acting in at the right time and in the optimum way to these challenges, the information and preparedness must be in
place beforehand. Therefore close monitoring of the operational conditions and of the integrity of the flexible is of paramount
importance.
The inspection and monitoring systems available or under development offer a range of possibilities.
Of these methods the continuous monitoring e.g. from instrumentation embedded into the flexible pipes themselves
combined with monitoring of bore parameters and annulus parameters, such as contents and flow through the venting system
bear obvious advantages from a simplicity and durability and cost point of view leading to early warnings and condition
based inspections inspection.
In addition, a general preparedness for challenges should be in place, including engineering preparedness in-house and with
the manufacturer and preparedness for remedial actions including repair parts and equipment, and for critical items even
pre-produced spare sections.
When this set-up is in place the operator will have the best chances of discovering challenges/problems at an early stage
where consequences may be minimized in terms of physical, environmental and financial risk.

References
[Andersen et al. 2001]

Andersen, M., Berg, A., and Saevik, S., Development of an Optical Monitoring System for
Flexible Risers, Offshore Technology Conference, OTC Paper No. 13201, Houston, May 2001.

[Carneval et al. 2006]

Carneval, R.O., Marinho, M.G., and Santos, J.M. 2006. Flexible Line Inspection, Proc., 9th
European Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Berlin, Germany 106.

[DNV 2008]

DNV 2008: Recommended Practice DNV RP-F206: 2008 Riser Integrity Management, Det
Norske Veritas.

[Marinho et al. 2006]

Marinho, M.G., Camerini, C., and Morikawa, S. 2008. New Techniques for Integrity Management
of Flexible Riser End Fitting Connection, Proc., ASME 27th International Conference on
Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2008), Estoril, Portugal, OMAE2008-57941.

[MCS Kenny 2010]

MCS Kenny 2010; Reference No. 2-4-5-013/SR01 Rev.01, State of the Art Report on Flexible
Pipe Integrity May 2010.

[Pipa et al. 2010]

Pipa, D., Morikawa, S., Pires, G., Camerini, C., and Santos, J.M. 2010. Flexible Riser monitoring
Using Hybrid Magnetic/Optical Strain Gage Techniques through RLS Adaptive Filtering.
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2010: Article ID 176203.

[Weppenar et al. 2008]

Weppenaar, N. and Kristiansen, M. 2008. Present and Future Possibilities Within Optical
Condition Monitoring of Flexible Risers. Proc., Offshore Technology Conference 2008 (OTC 08),
Houston, Texas, USA, 19427.