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ACTIVE FILTERS
EMT 283/3 Analog Electronic II
Outlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Advantages of Active Filters over Passive Filters
Types of filter
Filter Response Characteristic
Active Low-Pass Filter
Active High-Pass Filter
Active Band-Pass Filter
Active Band-Stop Filter
Summary
Introduction
Active Filter
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
Ideal response
Actual response
1
Vo
o
CR
H s s
1
Vi
s o
s
CR
1
o
CR
o
H s
s o
o
1
H j
j o 1 j
o
1
2
1
o
1
H j dB 20 log
When 0
H j
1
0
1
o
And
H j dB 20 log 1 0 dB
0.707
2
11
c
1
o
And H j
20
log
0
.
707
3
dB
dB
1 is known as 3-dB or cutoff
c
frequency (rad/s)
CR
When
SLOPE
= -20 dB/decade
-10 dB
PASSBAND
-20 dB
-30 dB
-40 dB
0.01f c
0.1f c
fc
10f c
100f c
nd
2
Vi V1
V1 Vo
sCV1
R
R
Vi sCR 2
Vo
V1
R R
R
V1 Vo
sCVo
R
(1)
+
Vi
-
V1
R
I2
I1
C
I3
C
I4 +
Vo
-
sCR 1Vo
(1) & (2)
R R
R
Vo
1
H s
Vi sCR 2 3sCR 1
1
2
CR
H s
3
1
s2 s
CR CR 2
nd
2
o2
H s 2
s s3o o2
where
o CR
0 dB
SLOPE
= -40 dB/decade
-3 dB
-20 dB
-40 dB
PASSBAND
-60 dB
-80 dB
0.01f c
0.1f c
fc
10f c
100f c
High-Pass Filter
Gain,
1
fL
Stop
band
Pass
band
Ideal response
Actual response
1
s o
s
CR
s
H s
s o
Where;
1
o
CR
j o 1 j o
H j
1
o
1
H j dB 20 log
2
1 o
When
0
When
When
c o
1
o
1
H j
H j 1 0 dB
H j 0.707 3 dB
-10 dB
SLOPE
= 20 dB/decade
PASSBAND
-20 dB
-30 dB
-40 dB
0.01f c
0.1f c
fc
10f c
100f c
nd
2
V1
s2
H s 2
2
s s3o o
+
Vo
-
where
o CR
nd
2
0 dB
-3 dB
-20 dB
SLOPE
=4
20 dB/decade
-40 dB
-60 dB
-80 dB
0.001f c
0.01f c
0.1f c
fc
10f c
100f c
c
H s
s c
H j
High-Pass Filter
H j
1 j
o
2
o
H s 2
s s3o o2
s
H s
s c
o
1 j
H s 2
2
s s3o o
Band-Pass Filter
Allows frequencies
between a lower
cutoff frequency (fL)
and an upper cutoff
frequency (fH).
Gain,
1
fL
fH
Pass
band
Ideal response
Actual response
Band-Pass Filter
BW f f c1
Bandwidth (BW)
c2
Center frequency
f0
f c1 f c 2
f0
Q
BW
Band-Stop Filter
Gain,
1
fL
fH
Stop
band
Ideal response
Actual response
R1
DF 2
R2
Roll-off
dB/deca
de
1st stage
2nd stage
Poles
DF
R1 /R2
Poles
DF
R1 /R2
-20
Optional
-40
1.414
0.586
-60
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-80
1.848
0.152
0.765
1.235
Notice that the gain is 1 more than this resistor ratio. For example,
the gain implied by this ratio is 1.586 (4.0 dB).
Example
fc 1
2 RC
4.7 nF
RA
RB
+
Vin
22 kW
22 kW
CB
4.7 nF
Vout
R1
R2
Example
Step 2: Using the table for the Butterworth filter,
note the resistor ratios required.
1st stage
2nd stage
Order
Roll-off
dB/deca
de
Poles
DF
-20
Optional
-40
1.414
0.586
-60
1.00
-80
1.848
R1 /R2
Poles
DF
R1 /R2
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.152
0.765
1.235
Example
Two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth Design
CA
4.7 nF
RA
RB
Vin
22 kW
22 kW
CB
4.7
nF
Vout
R1
33 kW
R2
56 kW
fc
2 RC
Roll-off depends on
number of poles
At critical frequency,
Resistance = capacitive
reactance
R Xc
1
R
c C
1
R
2f cC
critical frequency:
1
fc
2RC
Roll-off
depends on
number of
poles.
A Single-Pole Filter
1
fc
2RC
R1
Acl 1
R2
The Sallen-Key
second-order
(two-pole) filter
roll-off -40dB per decade
1
fc
2 RA RBC ACB
RA = RB = R
and CA = CB = C;
Lets
1
fc
2RC
V2 V f
I2
R2
Vo
V f
V
I
R
R
2
1
Vo Vo R1 R2
R1
Ao
1
V2 V f
R2
R2
C
V1
Vo
V2
Ao
At node V1: I1 I 2 I 3
V1 Vo
sCVi V1
sCV1 V2
R
V2
+
I3
I4
Vo
R1
Vf
R2
V1 Vo
Vo
sCVi V1
sCV1 (1)
R
Ao
At node V2: I 3 I 4
V2
sCV1 V2
R
Vo Vo
sCV1
Ao Ao R
Vo
Vo
V1
(2)
Ao Ao sCR
1 sC
1
1
1
Vo
Vo
(2) in (1): sCVi s 2C
R
Ao Ao sCR
R Ao
A
sCR
o
2
Ao s 2
Vo
Ao sCR
H s
2
Vi sCR 3 Ao sCR 1 s 2 3 Ao s 1
2
CR
CR
Ao s 2
1
2
2
where o
s 3 Ao o s o
CR
3 Ao = Damping Factor
Ao s 2
H s 2
2
s o s o
3 Ao
R1
3 1
R2
R1
2
R2
I2
C
Vi
I1
V1
V2
+
I3
I4
Vo
R1
Vf
R2
At critical frequency,
Resistance =
capacitive reactance
R Xc
1
R
c C
1
R
2f cC
critical frequency:
1
fc
2RC
A Single-Pole Filter
1
fc
2RC
R1
Acl 1
R2
The Sallen-Key
second-order
(two-pole) filter
roll-off -40dB per decade
1
fc
2 RA RBC ACB
For RA = RB = R
and CA = CB = C
1
fc
2RC
R
+
Vi
2
H s Ao 2
2
s o s o
R1
R2
1
o
CR
R1
& 2
R2
Vo
RC
Type of response
Bessel
Butterworth
Chebyshev (1 dB)
Chebyshev (2 dB)
Chebyshev (3 dB)
1.732
1.414
1.054
0.886
0.766
0.785
1
1.238
1.333
1.390
Example
Design a Bessel 2nd order low-pass filter with a 3dB frequency of 5 kHz. Use C = 22 nF.
C
R
+
Vi
C
Vo
R1
R2
Solution
k LP
c k LPo
RC
k LP 0.785
1.732
k LP
R
c C
Solution
C
22 nF
R
Vi
1.136 kW
R
+
1.136 kW
C
22 nF
Vo
R1
2.88 kW
R2
10.74 kW
Solution
10
-25
fc
-50
100Hz
VDB(C5:2)
1.0KHz
10KHz
100KHz
Frequency
Example
1.
2.
Example
Determine the capacitance values required to
produce a critical frequency of 2680 Hz if all
resistors in RC low pass circuit is 1.8 kW
Solution
1
fc
2RC
1
C
0.033 F
2f c R
SELLEN-KEY LPF
The
ORDER
1
2
3
4
SLOPE (dB/decade)
20
40
60
80
Input
signal
2nd order
LPF
1st order
LPF
Output
signal
1
f c1
2 RA1RB1C A1CB1
fc2
1
2 RA2 RB 2C A2CB 2
f0
f c1 f c 2
Multiple-Feedback
BPF
The
low-pass circuit
consists of R1 and C1.
The high-pass circuit
consists of R2 and C2.
The feedback paths
are through C1 and R2.
Center frequency: 1
f0
R1 // R3 R2C1C2
Multiple-Feedback BPF
For C1 = C2 = C, the resistor values can be
obtained using the following formulas:
Q
Q
R1
2f oCAo R2 f C
o
The
Q
R3
2
2f oC (2Q Ao )
State-Variable BPF
It
1 R5
Q 1
3 R6
Biquad Filter
Summary
Summary
Summary
Exercises
1. A band-pass filter can be created by cascading a high-pass
filter and a low-pass filter. (Answer: TRUE )
2. The bandwidth of a band-pass filter is the sum of the two
cutoff frequencies. (Answer: FALSE )
3. A Sallen-Key filter is a second-order filter. (Answer: TRUE )
4. Filters with Bessel characteristics are used for filtering pulse
waveforms. (Answer: TRUE )
5. The bandwidth of a practical high-pass filter is infinite.
(Answer: FALSE )
Exercises
6. In filters, a single RC network is called a pole. (Answer: TRUE )
7. A band-pass filter passes all frequencies within a band
between a lower and an upper cutoff frequency. (Answer: TRUE )
8. An active filter uses capacitors and inductors in the feedback
network. (Answer: FALSE )
9. A second-order filter has a roll-off of 20 dB/decade.
(Answer: FALSE)
Exercises
Answer: A
Exercises
A ________ filter rejects all frequencies within a specified
band and passes all those outside this band.
A. low-pass
C. band-pass
B.
D.
high-pass
band-stop
Answer: D
A. Butterworth
C. Bessel
B.
Chebyshev