DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Experiment No.
1
Semester
T.E. Semester VII Computers Engineering
Subject
Robotics and AI
Subject Professor In- Prof. Avinash Shrinivas.
charge
Assisting Teachers
Prof. Jaya Gupta.
Laboratory
M314B
Student Name
Roll Number
Grade and Subject
Teachers Signature

KIRTI PATIL.
11-240

Experiment
Number
Experiment
Title
Resources /
Apparatus
Required

Objectives

To study robots and their classification

Theory

1.
Robotics: The branch of technology that deals with
the design, construction, operation, and application of
robots.
2.
Characteristics:
i.
Sensing: The very basic characteristic of robots is
that it must have the ability to sense its environment or
the surroundings. It must sense it in almost similar ways as
a human does. There are different types of sensors which
can be present in a robot such as light sensors which
function as eyes in human, chemical sensors to perform
the functions which are done by nose, touch and pressure
sensors to act like hands, hearing and sonar sensors to act
like ears and taste sensors to act like tongue in human
beings. All these sensors provide awareness to a robot
about its surroundings.
ii.
Movement: Another of the primary robots

To study Robotics and classification of robots

Hardware:
Computer system

Software:
-

characteristics required in machine is that it must be able

to move around its surroundings. This can be done in
different ways like there can be rolling on wheels propelling
by thrusters a robot needs to be able to move, to count as
a robot. If the entire robot moves, it is like the Sojourner or
if only some just parts of the robot moves, it is like the
Canada Arm.
iii.
Energy: Energy is one of the most important robots
characteristics. It is necessary to have an adequate source
of energy so that robot is able to power itself on its own.
There may be different sources like electrically powered,
battery powered or solar powered robots. The means of
energy are selected in accordance with the functions which
the robot needs to perform.
iv.
Intelligence: The most important among all the
characteristics of robots is that it must be a kind of smarts.
This is the area where programming enters into the scene.
Smartness is awarded to a robot by the programmer. A
programmer is a person whose job is to provide robot its
smartness. The robot receives the program so that it
knows what to do and how to do.
3.

Classification of robots:
a)
Classification based on drive technologies:
-Drive technologies decide the source of power used
to actuate the joints of robots. Three types of drive
technologies which are used:

Electric drive: -For electric drive, DC stepper motors or DC

servo motors are used to actuate the robot joints.

Hydraulic drive: - They use oil fuels to actuate the

robot joints.
Pneumatic drive: - They use air pressure to drive the
robots joints.
b)
Classification based on Motion control: -When the
controlled motion of end effector is considered, the robots
are classified into 3 types:
i.
Pick and place (PNP): - A pick and place robot just
picks an object from one place and moves it to another
location, as shown in the diagram.
ii.
Point-to-point (PTP): - These types of robots allow the
users to specify the set of points between which the robot
is to move. The path for movement of the robot between

the two specified points or via a number of discrete points

is to be specified.
iii.
Continuous path (CP): - These types of robots allow
the users to specify the path along which the robot should
move. The tool moves through a continuous set of points
called path. The speed of motion along the path may vary.
c)
Classification based on Workspace Envelope: - The
gross envelope of robot is defined as the locus of points in
3-Dimensional space, which can be reached by the end
effector. Accordingly we get 5 configurations of the robots
as shown below:
i.
Cartesian Robot: - These robots move along an x, y, z
axis in straight lines
ii.
Cylindrical Robot: - This robot manipulator can rotate
about its base and can move linearly in horizontal and
vertical planes.
iii.
SCARA Robot: - Selective Compliance Articulated
Robot Arm- This work cell is similar to a cylindrical robot,
but it has a rotational reach axis than a linear one.
iv.
Spherical Robot:- The manipulator can rotate about
its head as well as its base. It can also move in and out.
v.
Articulated Robot:- These robots arms resemble the
design of the human arm and have the largest work cell
per amount of required floor space.
4.
Advantages :
i.
Giving us information that humans can't get
ii.
Working at places 24/7.
iii.
They can perform tasks faster than humans and
much more consistently and accurately
iv.
They can capture moments just too fast for the
human eye to get, for example the Atlas detector in the
LHC project can capture ~ 600000 frames per second while
we can see at about 6.
v.
Most of them are automatic so they can go around
by themselves without any human interference
5.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

Disadvantages :
May lead to unemployment.
It needs a supply of power.
It needs maintenance to keep it running
It costs money to make or buy a robot

6.

Conclusion:

Applications :

1.
Outer Space Robotic arms that are under the
control of a human being are employed to unload the
docking cove of outer-space shuttles to launch satellites or
to build a space station.
2.
The Intelligent Home Robotic systems can
nowadays scrutinize home safety, ecological circumstances
and energy consumption. Door & windows can be unlocked
mechanically and electrical device such as lights and A/C
can be pre-programmed to turn on. This helps residents to
enjoy appliances irrespective of their mobility.
3.
Exploration Robots can enter the environments that
are injurious to human beings. An illustration is observing
the atmosphere within a volcano or investigating our deep
marine life. NASA has utilized robotic probe for
environmental study, ever since the early 60s.
4.
Military Robots Flying robot drones are brought into
play for close watch in present times modern armed force.
In the future robotic airplane and automobiles could be
employed to transmit petroleum, bullets, bombs, etc or
clear minefields.
5.
Farms Programmed robots are used by harvesters
to cut and collect crops. Robotic milk farms are existing
permitting workers to nourish and milk their cattle
distantly.
6.
The Car Industry Robotic arms are used, these arms
are able to execute numerous tasks in the car
manufacturing & assembling procedure. They carry out
jobs such as sorting, cutting, welding, lifting, painting and
bending. Similar functions but on a minor scale are now
being intended for the food industry to execute tasks likethe trimming, cutting and processing of different types of
meats like- chicken, beef, fish, lamb, etc.
7.
Hospitals The development of a robotic suit is
under construction that will allow nurses to raise patients
without injuring their backbones. Scientists in Japan have
crafted a power facilitated suit which will provide nurses
the additional power that they need to lift patients.
8.
Disaster Areas Observation robots built-in with

superior sensing and imaging gears. This robot can work in

dangerous environments like urban site spoiled by
earthquakes by inspecting floors, walls, and roofs for
structural reality.
9.
Entertainment Interactive robots that shows
behaviors and education capability. One such robot is
owned by SONY which moves around freely, responds to all
your commands, carries your luggage and even responds
to your oral instructions.
1.
ROBOTICS: Design, construction, and use of
machines (robots) to perform tasks done traditionally by
human beings.
2.
The arm geometry is available in five basic
configurations: rectangular, cylindrical, spherical, jointedarm, and scara
3.
The three power sources used in the current robots
are electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic.
4.
There are three types of path controls of robots:
limited-sequence (pnp), point-to-point, and controlled-path.
5.
Robot systems are usually classified as hightechnology and low-technology group.