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home : ancient Greece : index : article by Jona Lendering ©
Apollonius of Tyana
The charismatic teacher and miracle worker Apollonius lived in the first Philostratus ' Life of
Apollonius
century AD. He was born in Tyana and may have belonged to a branch of Local traditions
Apollonius' Letters
ancient philosophy called neoPythagoreanism. He received divine honors in Apollonius' books
the third century. Although the Athenian sophist (professional orator) Maximus of Aegae
Moeragenes
Philostratus wrote a lengthy Life of Apollonius, hardly anything about the Damis of Nineveh
sage is certain. However, there are several bits and pieces of information Evaluation of the sources
Contemporaries
that may help us reconstruct something of the life of this man, who was and 'Divine men'
Magic in what sense?
is frequently compared to the Jewish sage and miracle worker Jesus of Literature
Nazareth.
Statue of a sophist from the
reign of Septimius Severus
(Izmir)
Philostratus' Life of Apollonius
The longest and most important source on the life of Apollonius is a vie
romancée by the Athenian author Philostratus (c.170c.245 CE). It
describes the sage of Tyana as a superhuman, neoPythagorean philosopher
who tried to reform cultic practices in modern Greece, Turkey and Syria.
We learn that he had several disciples, traveled extensively, met important
Roman officials (a.o. the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian), and
discussed with several other philosophers. The author of the Life of
Apollonius (LoA) takes a special stand against the accusation that the man
from Tyana had been a magician and stresses that the miracles that
Apollonius performed were the result of his superior knowledge, not of
wizardry (summary).
The LoA is not a biography in our sense. It is written by a professional
orator who wanted to show that the divine Apollonius was above all a
champion of the Greek culture and a wise philosopher. Unfortunately,
Philostratus had little affinity with philosophy; when the sage of Tyana
speaks his words of wisdom, they are very hackneyed (e.g., an emperor
must act as emperor as far as his imperial duties require, but as a private
citizen as far as his own person is concerned) or even silly (e.g., although
the soul wants to ascend to heaven, mountaineering does not bring it closer
The
to God). Philostratus' lack of interest in philosophy and his own
plain of Tyana preoccupation with rhetoric, make the LoA a very unreliable source, as was
already recognized by the Byzantine scholar Photius (more...).
However, it is possible but difficult to study the sources of Philostratus'
book and try to see a little bit more of the true Apollonius. Philostratus
mentions several sources:
l local traditions from towns like Ephesus, Tyana, Aegae, and Antioch;
l Apollonius' own letters and books;
l a book about Apollonius' infancy by Maximus of Aegae;
l the memoirs of his disciple Damis of Nineveh.
Finally, he refers to the Memorabilia of Apollonius of Tyana, magician
and philosopher, written by one Moeragenes. According to Philostratus,
this book is utterly unreliable because its author does not know enough
about the man from Tyana.
In this article, we will try to analyze the prePhilostratean traditions and try
to find out which parts of the LoA antedate Philostratus. When these older
accounts are independent from each other and in agreement, we may
assume that they contain some element of historical truth. The result will be
a portrait of Apollonius rather different from the one offered by Philostratus.
Part two
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