Summary of The Media and The State

RANGKA DAN PANDUAN MEMBUAT RUMUSAN DENGAN BERKESAN
Tajuk Bacaan: The Media and the State (Colin Sparks)

Langkah 1 - Mengenalpasti tema, idea dan hujah utama (key points) dalam artikel
I. Introduction
II. The patron
III.The censor
IV.The actor
V. The masseur
VI.
The ideologue
VII. The conspirator
Langkah 2 Susunkan dalam setiap bahagian mengikut tajuk/tema/idea/hujah utama dengan kata
kunci sahaja
I. Introduction
Government
State
II.
The patron
direct economic benefactor of the media
provide press with negative economic patronage
provide press with positive patronage
III. The censor

determine what appear in the media
positive censorship
negative censorship
Disediakan oleh Pn Wang Lay Kim, Dr. Adrian Lee, Dr. Mahyuddin Ahmad dan Dr. Ngo Sheau Shi untuk. Hak cipta tidak
terpelihara untuk pelajar. Gunakan bersama dengan bacaan.
1
IV.
The actor
Provide major source to media
Dramatic
Force to establish a working relationship with his/her sources
V. The masseur
Follow directly from its role as provider of material for the media
VI. The ideologue
Conspiracy theory
VII.
The conspirator
Organised as hierarchies
Top gives order to the lower
Langkah 3 Jelaskan kata kunci dan idea dalam konteks

mengaplikasikan teks bacaan
I
Introduction
a. Government
b. State
Memikir semula dan
The government is fairly small, although very

influential. It is the body of people.
The state is very large.

Although in theory the government is supposed to
direct and control the state, the fact that they are two
such different organisations, one small and transitory,
the other large and permanent, means that any such
2
directions will, in practice, be difficult.
I I The patron
a) direct economic benefactor of the media
there are ways in which the state acts as the direct

economic benefactor of the media
b) provide press with negative and positive economic

patronage
The state provides the press with negative economic

patronage by exempting it from VAT, but it also
provides some positive patronage through the placing
of government asvertisement.
State can directly determine what does and does not

appear in media.
The state is bound to provide a major source for the

media.
The more dramatic the development, the more likely it
is to be reported.
The journalist is forced to establish a working
relationship with his/her sources and therefore builds
up over time a relationship which is hardly likely to be
adversarial.
III The censor
a) determine what appear in the media
IV The actor
a) Provide major source to media
b) Dramatic
c) Force to establish a working relationship with

his/her sources
V The masseur
a) Follow directly from its role as provider of material
for the media
Follows directly from its role as provider of material for

the media. Material can be raw or cooked.
3
VI The ideologue
a) Conspiracy theory
It is commonly believed among academic students of

the media that to give any weight to the notion that
people, whether politicians, state officials or journalists,
give conscious thought to what to present as news and
how to present it in a light most favourable to their
interests, is to hold to a crude and exploded set of
ideas called conspiracy theory.
VII The conspirator

a) Organised as hierarchies
Both the state and the media are organised as

hierarchies in which those at the top got there by
proving their sustainability to the people already at the
top.
Those at the top gives order which lower down obey
and enforce at their roots deeply undemocratic
organisations that are structured to ensure that the
minority at the top controls the activities of the
majority of those below them.
b) Top gives order to the lower
Langkah 4:
Mengenalpasti latar belakang penulis dan perspektif/ rangka teori yang memandu penulis dalam konteks artikel ini.
Langkah 5: Kesimpulan
The people who call the shots in the state and the media are indistinguishable. Their relatives and friends people the
boardrooms of industry and finance, both the public and private. These people take all the important decisions about what is
going to happen, how it is going to be reported and what will be done with anyone who objects. They are the ruling class. The
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state and media are two of the weapons that the people who rule us use to ensure their continuation in power. The state is an
instrument of coercion, the media are instruments of persuasion.
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Summary of The Media and The State

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RANGKA DAN PANDUAN MEMBUAT RUMUSAN DENGAN BERKESAN

Tajuk Bacaan: The Media and the State (Colin Sparks)

III. The censor

Langkah 3 Jelaskan kata kunci dan idea dalam konteks

Memikir semula dan

The government is fairly small, although very

The state is very large.

directions will, in practice, be difficult.

a) direct economic benefactor of the media

there are ways in which the state acts as the direct

b) provide press with negative and positive economic

The state provides the press with negative economic

State can directly determine what does and does not

The state is bound to provide a major source for the

III The censor

a) determine what appear in the media

c) Force to establish a working relationship with

Follows directly from its role as provider of material for

It is commonly believed among academic students of

VII The conspirator

Both the state and the media are organised as

b) Top gives order to the lower

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