F

E
m
V

Density

D=

Converting C to K

K = C + 273.15

Converting F to C

C = ( F 32)

Converting C to F

F = C

Number of moles

n=

Percent composition

5
9

9
+ 32
5

m
M

n molar mass of element

100%
molar mass of compound
where n = the number of moles of the
element in one mole of the compound

Percent yield

actual yield
100%
theoretical yield

Molarity

M=

Dilution of Solution

Mi Vi = Mf Vf

Ideal gas equation

P V = nRT

Charles Law

V2
V1
=
T1
T2

Boyles Law

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Combined gas law

P2 V2
P1 V1
=
T1
T2

Avogadros Law

nV

Density of ideal gas

d=

moles of solute
liters of solution

PM
RT
continued on next page
1

E
moles A
total moles

Mole fraction of A

XA =

Partial pressure of a gas

PA = Ptotal XA

Total gas pressure

Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . .

Kinetic energy

1
KE = mv 2
2

Kinetic energy of ideal gas

Root mean square velocity

Grahams Law of Eusion

Van der Waals equation

KE
3
= RT n
mole
2

3kT
3RT
urms =
=
m
M

r1
M2
=
r2
M1
(
)
an2
P + 2 (V bn) = nRT
V

Energy of photon

E = h

Electromagnetic radiation

c =

de Broglie Wavelength

Linear momentum

p = mv

h
mv

1
1
2
2
ni
nf

Bohr equation

E = B

Formal charge on an atom in

a Lewis structure

F C = #valence e #lone e #bonds

Molality

m=

Freezing point depression

Tf = iKf m

moles of solute
kilograms of solvent

continued on next page

Boiling point elevation

Tb = iKb m

Osmotic pressure

= iM RT

Henrys law

c = kP

Raoults Law

P1 = X1 P1

Equilibrium constant

[C]ceq [D]deq

K=

[A]aeq [B]beq

where

aA + bB cC + dD
Reaction quotient

Q=

[C]c [D]d
where
[A]a [B]b

aA + bB cC + dD
Kp from Kc

Kp = Kc (RT )n
(

K2
K1

H
=
R

vant Ho equation

ln

pH de nition

pH = log[H + ]

pOH de nition

pOH = log[OH + ]

pH and pOH relationship

pH + pOH = 14

Ion product constant for water

Kw = [OH ][H + ]

Acid Ionization constant

Ka =

[H + ][A ]
[HA]

Base Ionization constant

Kb =

[OH ][HB]
[B ]

pKa de nition

pKa = log Ka

1
1

T2 T1

= Ka Kb = 1.0 1014 at 25 C

continued on next page

pKb de nition

pKb = log Kb

Henderson-Hasselback equation

pH = pKa + log

Arrhenius equation

k = AeEa /RT

First-order rate law

ln

Second-order rate law

1
1
=
+ kt
[A]
[A]0

Heat Equation

q = mcT

Heat capacity

Cp =

First law of thermodynamics

U = Q + W

Work done in gas expansion

or compression

W = P V

Enthalpy (or energy) change

for a constant pressure process

H = U + P V

e second law of thermodynamics (spontaneous process)

Suniverse = Ssystem + Ssurroundings > 0

e second law of thermodynamics (reversible process)

Suniverse = Ssystem + Ssurroundings = 0

Enthalpy Change

H = Hf products Hf reactants

Enthalpy change of a reaction

from bond energies

H = BE reactants BE products

Entropy Change

Sreactants
S = Sproducts

Entropy change of heat ow

at constant temperature

S =

[conjugate base]
[acid]

[A]0
= kt
[A]

H
T

q
T
continued on next page

Gibbs Free Energy Change

G = Gf products Gf reactants

Gibbs Free Energy Change

G = H T S

Gibbs Free Energy Change

G = RT ln K

Gibbs Free Energy Change

G = nF E

Non-standard free energy

G = G + RT ln Q

Hvap , vapor pressure, or

boiling point of a liquid

Hvap
P1
ln
=
P2
R

1
1

T1 T2

Charge
q
=
Time
t

Electric Current

I=

Standard emf

Ecell
= Eox
Ered
= Ecathode
Eanode

Cell Voltage

Ecell = Ecell

Dhrubajyoti Das and Justin Weinberg. All rights reserved

RT
ln Q
nF

Avogadros Number, NA

6.022 1023 mol1

Atomic mass, 1 amu

1.661 1027 kg

Mass of proton/neutron

1.67 1027 kg

Mass of electron

9.11 1031 kg

Ideal gas constants, R

0.0821 (L atm) / (mol K) = 8.314 J/ (mol K)

Standard pressure

1.00 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr

Standard temperature

0 C = 273 K

Volume of 1 mole of any ideal gas at STP

22.4 L

Boltzmanns constant, kB

1.381 1023 m2 kg s2 K1

Plancks constant, h

6.626 1034 J s

Speed of light in vacuum, c

2.998 108 m/s

Bohrs constant

2.117 1018 J

Faradays constant, F

9.649 104 C/mol

Electron charge, e

1.602 1019 C

Electronvolt, 1 eV

1.602 1019 J

Speci c heat capacity of H2 O (liquid)

4.18 J/g K = 1 cal/g K