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Consider a thick walled cylinder having an inner radius = a; outer radius = b. Let the cylinder is
subjected to internal pressure pi and outer pressure po. For the purpose of analysis, thick walled
cylinder can be considered to consist of a series of thin rings (Figure 1a.).
Consider a typical ring located at a radius r having a thickness dr
*
As the result of internal and external pressure loading, a radial stress r would develop at the
interface between rings located at a radial distance r.
*
A slightly different radial stress (r + dr) would develop at a radial position (r + dr)
*
These stresses would be uniformly distributed over the inner and outer surface of the ring.
*
Shear stress would not develop on the surfaces, since the pressure loading do not tend to force
the rings to rotate with respect to one another.
*
A tangential or hoop stress develops when a pressure difference exists between the inner and
outer surface.
*
The planes on which these tangential stresses act can be exposed by considering only a small
part of a ring
*
The tangential stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed through the thickness of the ring,
since the thickness of the ring is very very small.
*
A relationship between r and t can be derived by considering the equilibrium of a small
element (Fig. 1b)
*
Axial stress a, that may be present is omitted, since it does not contribute to equilibrium of the
element in radial and tangential directions.
Fig 1b
Fig 1a
Considering the equilibrium in radial direction i.e.. the sum of all the force in radial direction is zero
=0
0
( r + d r )( r + dr ) d dl r rd dl 2 t drdl sin ( d / 2 ) =
(1)
d r
+r t =
0
dr
(2)
The equation (2) can be integrated since r and t are functions of radial position r.
For the case of thick cylinders, the axial strain a at any point in the wall can be expressed as
a =
a ( r + t )
(3)
This means plane transverse section before remain plane after loading.
So far as the axial stress a is concerned, two cases are of interest in a wide variety of design
applications.
i)
Axial load induced by pressure not carried by the walls of the cylinders (a = 0)
eg. Gun barrels hydraulic cylinders.
ii)
Walls of the cylinder carry the loads for example, pressure vessels with closed ends.
Regions of the cylinders away from the ends, axial stress are uniformly distributed. Hence a, a,
E are constant, therefore
t )
( r +=
a E a
= 2C1
(4)
Where C1 is a constant
Substituting t into differential equation, we obtain
d r
+ 2 r =
2C1
dr
(5)
d 2
( r r ) = 2C1r
dr
(6)
(7)
=
C1 +
r
C2
r2
(8)
C
=t C1 22 r 2
r
Values of the constants C1 and C2 can be obtained from the known values of internal and external
pressures.
r = pi
r = po
at r = a
at r = b
a 2 pi b 2 po
b2 a 2
a b ( pi po )
b2 a 2
Then the radial and tangential stresses can be obtained as
(9)
2 2
C2 =
a 2 pi b 2 po a 2b 2 ( pi po ) 1
=
r
2
2
2
b2 a 2
b a
r
a 2 pi b 2 po a 2b 2 ( pi po ) 1
=
t
2
+
2
2
b2 a 2
b a
r
(10)
(11)
Radial and circumferential deformations play important roles in press-fit and shrink-fit problems.
Change in circumference c of the thin ring when internal and external pressures are applied can be
expressed in terms of radial displacement of a point in the ring as
=
c
{2 ( r + dr ) 2 r=}
2 r ;
c = t 2 r
r = t r
(12)
For most applications a = 0. Tangential strain t can be expressed in terms of radial and tangential
stresses by Hookes law as:
t =
( t r )
(13)
Thus the radial displacement (or change in radius) at any radius r is given by
r =
( t r ) r
(14)
1
=
r
E
2
2
a pi b po 1 +
r +
2
2
b a
E
2 2
a b ( pi po ) 1
b2 a 2
(15)
The maximum numerical value of r is found at r = a to be pi, provided that pi exceeds po.
If po > pi, the maximum r occurs at r = b and equals po.
On the other hand, the maximum t occurs at either inner or outer radius according to the pressure
ratio.
The maximum shearing stress at any point equals one-half the algebraic difference between the
maximum and minimum principal stresses. At any point in the cylinder, we may therefore state that
=
max
t r )
(=
2
a 2b 2 ( pi po ) 1
2
b2 a 2
(16)
The largest value of max is found at r = a, the inner surface. The effect of reducing po is clearly to
increase max. Consequently, the greatest max corresponds to r= a and po =0 is given by
max =
pi b 2
( b2 a 2 )
(17)
Since r and t are principal stresses, max occurs on planes making an angle of 45o with the plane on
which r and t act.
Special cases
Internal Pressure only: If only internal pressure acts equations for stresses and change in radius
reduce to
a2 pi b2
r = b2 - a2 1 - r2
(18)
a2 pi
b2
t = b2 - a2 1 + r2
(19)
a2 pi r
b2
r = E (b2 - a2) (1 - ) + (1 + ) r2
Fig. 2
b2
Since r2 1, r is negative (compressive) for all r except r = b,
in which case r = 0. The maximum stress occurs at r = a.
t, it is positive (tensile) for all radii, and also has maximum at r
= a. This is illustrated in the figure 3.
(20)
External Pressure only: In this case, pi = 0, and the equations are given as
b2 po a2
r = - b2 - a2 1 - r2
(21)
b2 po
a2
t = - b2 - a2 1 + r2
b2 po r
a2
r = E (b2 - a2) (1 - ) + (1 + ) r2
(22)
(23)
Fig. 3
Figure 4
pi a 2 po b 2 = ( b 2 a 2 ) l
Fig. 4
6
The resulting expression for longitudinal stress, applicable only away from the ends, is
l =
pi a2 - po b2
b2 - a2
(23)
Now consider a thick cylinder subjected to inner pressure only. Then radial and tangential stresses are
given by
a2 pi b2
r = b2 - a2 1 - r2
a2 pi
b2
t = b2 - a2 1 + 2
r
max
a 2 + b2
= pi 2
2
b a
max
min
K 2 +1
= pi 2
k 1
2
= pi 2 or tmin = tmax pi
k 1
The ratio of tmax to average tangential stress or tangential stress obtained by membrane equation is
shown in the table below
K = b/a = 1 + h/a
t /t
max
min
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.05
1.1
1.23
1.37
1.51
1.67
We can observe that for small ratios of thickness to inner radius, there is a little difference in tangential
stress. For instance wall thickness 20% of inner radius, maximum stress is only 10% larger.
From membrane equation for cylindrical shell t is given by
a
pi a
pi
t = pi h = b - a = K - 1
A modification for this equation for cylindrical shell appears in Sections I and VIII of the ASME
Code, for thickness range, h 0.5 Ri (inner radius).
The jacket has inside diameter slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the tube.
The difference in diameter at the common surface is normally termed the shrinkage or
interference allowance or simply interference.
Normally, the outer cylinder or the jacket is heated until it will freely slide over the tube thus
exerting a shrinkage pressure (ps ) on cooling
Fig. 5
Compound cylinder
The method of solution for compound cylinders constructed from similar materials is to break the
problem down into three separate effects:
a) Shrinkage pressure only on the inside cylinder;
b) Shrinkage pressure only on the outer cylinder;
c) Internal pressure only on the compound cylinder
For each of the resulting load conditions there are two known values of radial stress from which the
stresses can be determined in each case.
Condition (a): Consider inner cylinder subjected to shrinkage pressure only
r = 0
r = - ps
at r= a
at r = c
The tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained from the equations 21 and 22
ria
c2 ps a2
= - c 2 - a 2 1 - r2
(24)
tia
c2 p s
a2
= - c2 - a2 1 + r2
(25)
Note: These are the stresses in the inside cylinder due to shrinkage pressure only
10
Condition (b): Consider outer cylinder (jacket) due to shrinkage pressure only
r = 0
r = - ps
at r= b
at r = c
The tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained from the equations 18 and 19
c2 ps b2
= b2 - c2 1 - r2
(26)
c2 ps
b2
tob = b2 - c2 1 + r2
(27)
rob
Note: These are the stresses in the outer cylinder due to shrinkage pressure only.
Condition (c): internal pressure acting on compound cylinder
r = 0 at r= b
r = - pi at r = a
the tangential and radial stresses for this condition can be obtained from the equations 18 and 19
a2 pi b2
= b2 - a2 1 - r2
(28)
a2 pi
b2
tc = b2 - a2 1 + r2
(29)
rc
11
Combining all these three cases the stresses in inner or outer cylinder can be obtained.
Stresses in inner cylinder (Total) due to internal pressure
a2 pi b2
c2 ps a2
ri = - c2 - a2 1 - r2 + b2 - a2 1 - r2
c2 ps
a2
a2 pi
b2
ti = - c2 - a2 1 + r2 + b2 - a2 1 + r2
(30)
(31)
ro
c2 ps b2
a2 pi b2
= b2 - c2 1 - r2 + b2 - a2 1 - r2
(32)
to
c2 ps
b2
a2 pi
b2
= b2 - c2 1 + r2 + b2 - a2 1 + r2
(33)
(34)
since ro = - ps
12
(35)
ti 2
ti = E - E (-ps) since ri = - ps
2
2
(36)
where E1, and 1, E2 and 2 are the elastic modulus and poissons ratio of the outer and inner
cylinders respectively.
Therefore total interference or shrinkage allowance (based on radius)
1
I=
r
( to + 1 ps ) ( ti + 2 ps ) c
E2
E1
(37)
E1 = E2 = E and 1 = 2 =
The values of to and ti may be determined from the equations in terms of shrinkage or
interference allowance.
13
14
15
Press Fits
In a press fit, the shaft is compressed and the hub is expanded. Press fits, or interference fits, are
similar to pressurized cylinders in that the placement of an oversized shaft in an undersized hub
results in a radial pressure at the interface.
2
2
2
2
b
c
c
a
)(
)
E r (
ps =
2
2
2
c 2c ( b a )
16
E r
ps
=
2c
c2
1 b 2
ps =
r
c a2 + c2
c b2 + c2
+
+
o
i
c2 a2
Eo b 2 c 2
E
b2 + c2
to = ps 2 2
b c
Tangential stress at the outer diameter of the shaft is given by
a2 + c2
io = ps 2 2
c a
io = ps if shaft is soilid
17