Differential Amplifier Slide (B)

Differential and Multistage
Amplifiers
ELZ 303 - Elektronik II
Microelectronic Circuits Fourth Edition
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, 1998 Oxford University Press
Dr. Mehmet Sira

Sira zerdem
Elektrik Elektronik Mh. B
Blm
Dicle niversitesi
The basic BJT differential-pair configuration.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair
Mode 1
The differential pair with a common-mode input signal vCM

Mode 2
The differential pair with a large differential input signal.

Mode 3
The differential pair

with a large differential
input signal of polarity
opposite to that in
mode2.

Mode 4
The differential pair

with a small differential
input signal vi. Note that
we have assumed the
bias current source I to
be ideal (i.e., it has an
infinite output
resistance) and thus I
remains constant with
the change in vCM.
Large-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Pair



Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier



An alternative viewpoint

13
An alternative viewpoint with emitter resistances

Input Differential Resistance

15
Differential Voltage Gain

16
Differential Voltage Gain

If the output is taken differentially,
If the output is taken single-endedly,
For the differential amplifier with emitter resistances,

if the output is taken differentially,

17
Equivalence of the Differential Amp. to a Common Emitter Amp.

Input resistance =
The differential half-circuit

The differential amplifier fed in a single-ended fashion.

10
Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is perfectly symmetric)
(a) The differential amplifier fed by a common-mode voltage signal vicm.

Microelectronic Circuits -for
Fifth Edition
Sedra/Smith
(b) Equivalent half-circuits
common-mode
calculations.
Copyright
2004 by Oxford University
Press, Inc.

11

If the output is taken single endedly, the common mode gain
Since in this case the differential gain is
The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) in dB

Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is NOT symmetric)
For a mismatch
Rc in the collector resistances

12
Common- Mode Gain

The circuit is symmetric
The circuit is NOT symmetric
>
CMRR
<
CMRR

Input Common-Mode Resistance (Ricm)
(a) Definition of the input common-mode resistance Ricm.

(b) The equivalent
common-mode
half-circuit.
13
Input Common-Mode Resistance (Ricm)

Example

28
14
Other nonlinear characteristics of the differential amplifier

The BJT differential pair with both
inputs grounded.
If the two sides of the differential
pair were perfectly matched, then
the current I would split equally
between Q1 and Q2, and Vo would
be zero.

29

Practical circuits exhibit mismatches
that result in a dc output voltage Vo
even with both inputs grounded.
Vo : The output dc offset voltage
VOS = VO / Ad
Vos : The input offset voltage
Ad : The differential gain
If we apply a voltage Vos between the input terminals, then the
2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
output voltage will
be reducedCopyright
to zero.
15

Let the transistors have a mismatch in the load resistance Rc1 and Rc2.


Let the transistors have a mismatch in the load resistance Rc1 and Rc2.
Example
Consider the situation where the collector resistors are
accurate to within 1%. Then the worst case mismatch will be

16

Let the transistors have a mismatch in their emitter-base junction areas.


Let the transistors have a mismatch in their emitter-base junction areas.
Example
An area mismatch of 4% gives rise to ( Is/Is)=0.04 and input
offset voltage of 1mV.

17

Let the transistors have a mismatch in
In a perfectly symmetric differential pair
A mismatch in make the two input dc current unequal. The

resulting difference is the input offset current, IOS .


Let the transistors have a mismatch in

18
Biasing in BJT integrated Circuits
The diode-connected transistors


The Current Mirror
IREF=IO
19

The Current Mirror
IREF=IO
Microelectronic
Circuits - Fifth
Edition Sedra/Smith
Analysis of the current
mirror
taking
Copyright into
2004 by account
Oxford Universitythe
Press,finite
Inc.
of the BJTs.

A simple current source
IREF=IO
20

Current
steering
circuits


Improved current source circuits
1
A current mirror
with base-current
compensation.
IREF=IO

21

2
The Wilson bipolar

current mirror
IREF=IO

3
The Widlar
current source
IREF
IO

22

Example
Io=10A (Const.)
R1=?
Assume that
VBE=0.7V at a
current of 1mA.


Example
Io=10A (Const.)
R1=?
R3=?
Assume that
VBE=0.7V at a
current of 1mA.

23
Example
A four-stage
bipolar op amp

Example

24
MOS Differential Amplifiers


25
Eqn. (1)
At the bias point, vid=0

vGS1 - vGS2 = vid = 0
vGS1 = vGS2 = VGS
Reform of Eqn. (1)
Eqn. (2)

26
For small-signal approximation

Reform of
Eqn. (2)


27

Offset Voltage
(a) The MOS differential pair with both inputs grounded. Owing to
device and resistor mismatches, a finite dc output voltage VO results.
(b) Application of a voltage equal to the input offset voltage VOS to
the terminals with opposite polarity reduces VO to zero.

Let the transistors have a mismatch in load resistance

28

Let the transistors have a mismatch in the W/L ratios


Let the transistors have a mismatch in the W/L ratios

29

Let the transistors have a mismatch in the Vt


Let the transistors have a mismatch in the Vt

30

Current Mirrors


Current Mirrors
ID2
ID1

31

Current Mirrors


Current Mirrors
The Wilson MOS mirror

32

Current Mirrors
Modified circuit.
Multistage Amplifiers
Example
a) input resistance ?
b) voltage gain
c) output resistance ?
= 100

33
Example (cont.)
a)
Equivalent circuit for calculating the gain of the input stage

of the amplifier
Example (cont.)
b)
Equivalent circuit for

calculating the gain of the
input stage of the amplifier
Equivalent circuit for calculating the gain of

the second stage of the amplifier

34
Example (cont.)
b)
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition

Copyright
Equivalent circuit for evaluating

the gain of the third stage in the
amplifier
Sedra/Smith
Example (cont.)
b)
Equivalent circuit of the

output stage
of theCircuits
amplifier
Microelectronic
- Fifth Edition
Copyright
Sedra/Smith
35
Example (cont.)
c)

Analysis Using Current Gains
The circuit of the multistage amplifier prepared for smallsignal analysis. Indicated are the signal currents throughout
the amplifier and the input resistances of the four stages.
36

Differential Amplifier Slide (B)

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Differential Amplifier Slide (B)

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Differential and Multistage

Dr. Mehmet Sira

The basic BJT differential-pair configuration.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair

The differential pair with a common-mode input signal vCM

Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair

The differential pair with a large differential input signal.

Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair

The differential pair

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair

The differential pair

Large-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Pair

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Large-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Pair

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Large-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Pair

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Small-Signal Operation of the BJT Differential Amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

An alternative viewpoint with emitter resistances

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Input Differential Resistance

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Differential Voltage Gain

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Differential Voltage Gain

If the output is taken single-endedly,

For the differential amplifier with emitter resistances,

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Equivalence of the Differential Amp. to a Common Emitter Amp.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Equivalence of the Differential Amp. to a Common Emitter Amp.

The differential half-circuit

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Equivalence of the Differential Amp. to a Common Emitter Amp.

The differential amplifier fed in a single-ended fashion.

Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is perfectly symmetric)

(a) The differential amplifier fed by a common-mode voltage signal vicm.

Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is perfectly symmetric)

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is perfectly symmetric)

Since in this case the differential gain is

The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)

The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) in dB

Common- Mode Gain (Assume that the circuit is NOT symmetric)

Rc in the collector resistances

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Common- Mode Gain

The circuit is NOT symmetric

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Input Common-Mode Resistance (Ricm)

(a) Definition of the input common-mode resistance Ricm.

Input Common-Mode Resistance (Ricm)

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Other nonlinear characteristics of the differential amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith