Catalyst

Catalyst provides an alternative path which lowers

activation energy
Frequency of collisions between particles unchanged
More colliding particle are able to achieve the lower
activation energy
This increases the frequency of effective collisions
Therefore rate of reaction increases
Size Of Reactant
The smaller the size of reactant, the larger the total
surface area of reactant that exposed to the reaction
The frequency of collisions between particles increase
The frequency of effective collisions increase
Therefore, the rate of reaction increases.

Temperature
The higher the temperature of reactant, the particles move
faster and have a higher kinetic energy
The frequency of collisions between particles increases
This increases the frequency of effective collisions
Therefore, rate of reaction increases
Concentration
The higher the concentration of reactants, the higher the
number of particles in a unit volume
The frequency of collisions between particles increase
This increases the frequency of effective collisions
Therefore, the rate of reaction increases

Ionic Compound
Electron arrangement of magnesium is 2.8.2
Magnesium atom release two electron to form magnesium
ion, and achieve octet electron arrangement
Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
Chlorine atom received one electron to form chlorine ion,
and achieve octet electron arrangement
Magnesium ion, and 2 Chloride ion, are attracted together
by strong electrostatic force called ionic bond
Therefore, MgCl2 is formed
Covalent Compound
Electron arrangement of nitrogen is 2.5 and hydrogen is 1
Nitrogen atom contributes 3 electron to achieve octet
electron arrangement
Hydrogen atom contributes 1 electron to achieve duplet
electron arrangement
1 Nitrogen atom shares 3 pairs of electron with 3 Hydrogen
atom to form single covalent bond
Covalent compound NH3 is formed

Reaction Group 1 Element

Alkali metal + Water Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
Alkali metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide
Metal Oxide + Water Metal Hydroxide
Alkali Metal + Halogen Metal Halide
Reaction Group 17
Halogen + Water Acid + Acid
Halogen + Iron Iron(III) Halide
Halogen + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Halide + Sodium
Halate + Water
Reaction Acid
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
Acid + Base Salt + Water
Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen
Metal Oxide + Acid Salt + Water
Metal Carbonate + Acid Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Reaction Alkali
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
Ammonium Salt + Alkali Ammonia + Salt + Water
Reaction Salt
Action Of Heat:
Carbonate Salt Metal Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
Contact Process
Prepare Sulphur Dioxide:
Burning sulphur in dry air to form sulphur dioxide
S + O2 SO2

Conversion of Sulphur Dioxide to Sulphur Trioxide

2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Sulphur Dioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid
to produce oleum:
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated
sulphuric acid:
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4
Haber Process
N2 + 3 H2 2NH3

Solubility Of Salts
All K, Na, NH4 soluble
All NO3 soluble
All Cl soluble except, Pb Ag Hg
All SO4 soluble except, Pb Ca Ba
All CO3 insoluble except NO
All Pb insoluble except Pb(NO3)2
Colour Salts
Soluble
Cu2+ Blue
Fe2+ Green
Fe3+ Brown
Else Colourless
Insoluble
CuCo3 Green
PbI2 Yellow
PbCrO4 Yellow
Else White

Heating effect of Salts

Carbonate Salts
K2CO3, Na2CO3
Ca(Zn)(Pb)(Cu)CO3

Nitrate Salts
KNO3, NaNO3
Ca(Zn)(Pb)(Cu)NO3
AgNO3

Chloride Salts
NH4 NH3 + HCl

Cannot be decomposed
CaO(White), ZnO(White),
PbO(Yellow), CuO(Black)

2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO +
4NO2(brown gas) + O2
2AgNO3(white) 2Ag(grey)
+ 2NO2(Brown) + O2

Preparation of Soluble salts

Acid + alkali Salt + Water (K, Na, NH4)
Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen Gas (Zn, Mg)
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate Metal Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Measure 50cm3 Hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3 into a
beaker and heat
Add in Copper oxide powder little by little into the acid until
excess
Stir using glass rod
Filter Mixture
Transfer filtrate into evaporating dish into a beaker and
heat filtrate
Cool down the filtrate and filter
Salt is dried by pressing onto filter paper.
Preparation of insoluble salt
Pb(II)(NO3)2
NaSO4
Measure 50cm3 Plumbum Nitrate solution 1.0 mol dm-3
into a beaker
Add 50cm3 Sodium Sulphate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 Into a
beaker
Stir using glass rods
Filter the mixture
Rinse the filtrate with distilled water
Dry the filtrate by pressing it on the filter paper

Cation Test
Pour 2 cm2 cation solution into test tube
Add 2 cm3 Reagen
Obeserve
Add Reagent until in excess
Observe
Reagen: NaOH
Ca, Mg White insoluble precipitate in excess
Al, Zn, Pb White soluble precipitate in excess
Fe(II) Green insoluble precipitate
Fe(III) Brown insoluble precipitate
Reagen:Ammonia
Ca No change
Mg, Al, Pb Insoluble white precipitate in excess
Zn Soluble white precipitate in excess
Fe Insoluble green precipitate
Fe (III) Insoluble brown precipitate
Cu Blue Precipitate in excess

Confirmation of Cation
Cation
Reagen
Pb
KI/NaI
NH4
Nessler
Fe(II)
NaOH, NH3

Fe(III)

NaOH, NH3

Kalium tiosianat

Observation
Yellow precipitate
Brown precipitate
Insoluble green
precipitate in
excess
Insoluble brown
precipitate in
excess
Red solution

Confirmation of Anion
Carbonate
Pour 2 cm3 Carbonate Ion solution into test tube
Add 2cm3 Hydrochloric acid
Flow gas into lime water
Lime water turns cloudy
Chloride
Pour 2 cm3 chloride ion solution into test tube
Add 2 cm3 Nitric acid and silver nitrate solution
White precipitate formed
Sulphate
Pour 2cm3 Sulphate Ion solution into test tube
Add 2cm3 Nitric acidand barium nitrate solution
White precipitate is formed

Nitrate Ion
Pour 2 cm3 nitrate ion solution into test tube
Add 2cm3 sulphuric acid and ferum(II)sulphate solution
Shake the test tube
Angle the test tube
Drop concentrated sulphuric acid at the wall of the test
tube
Brown ring formed

Oxidation
Gain of oxygen, Loss of hydrogen
Increase Oxidation Number
Loss Of Electrons
Reduction
Loss of Oxygen, Gain of Hydrogen
Decrease in oxidation number
Gain of electrons
Redox reaction is a reaction in which both axidation and
reduction takes place simultaneously
Oxidising agent is a substance that causes oxidation in
another substance, but gets itself reduced
Reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction in
another substance and gets itself oxidized
Electropositive metals reducing agent
More electropositive oxidation
Less electropositive reduction
More electronegative halogen reduction
Less electronegative halogen oxidation
Electrons are transferred from reducing agents to oxidizing
agents
Reducing agent Negative terminal
Oxidising agent Positive terminal