CHAPTER # 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1

Project background

The focus of a GPS based position is to make use of the information of vehicles location. Now a
days the world has changed into a global village because of the advancement in communications,
but unfortunately in Pakistan we are not taking full benefits of these efficient communication
systems and fleet management systems an example of such inefficient system is of our Railways
that is still working on the centuries old man handled signaling and operating systems which is
very error prone and can easily lead to big mishaps in recent years we have been some disastrous
train accidents which took many precious lives. The goal of our project is to make an automated
position reporting system that can be installed in the trains or vehicles so that the exact point to
point location of the trains or vehicles can be found and send to main control room through GSM
technology rapidly. This management system will be helpful in two ways:
1) The management system will be helpful in locating the exact position of the trains or
vehicles for keeping a double check on vehicles or trains.
2) This system will also be helpful in updating the passengers about the exact location of
trains, buses and arrival time and also easy information will be available about
cancellation and rescheduling.
Firstly we decided to use the GPS for locating the remote vehicle position and searches for a
module that can be used for this purpose finally we got SIM548c which have both GPS as well
as GSM module. We used 8041family microcontroller (89S52) for interfacing and sending the
GPS data through SMS to user.

1.2 Project Summary

We propose it to plan a system enclosed that is used for the advance and the positioning
of any transports using the system of world-wide localization (GPS) and the total system
for mobile communication (GSM). A GSM modem is used in order to send at a distance
Page | 1

,the position (latitude and longitude) of the vehicle. The modem of GPS will give without
interruption to data the latitude and the longitude that the position of the vehicle
indicates. The modem of GPS gives many parameters like yield, but only the data of
NMEA that exit are read and shown above the visualization to liquid crystals. The same
data are sent to the mobile apparatus to the other extremity from which the position of the
vehicle it is tax. Data is stored in RAM of microcontroller. The hardware interfaces to
microcontroller is GSM modem and GPS Receiver. This design uses RS-232 protocol for
serial communication between the modems and microcontroller.

Fig.1.1

1.2.1 Design hardware tools

Page | 2

Sim548c GPS/GSM module

Sim448c EVB board

GPS antenna

GSM antenna

GSM cell phone

Microcontroller (89S42)

Serial cables

1.2.2 Design Software tool

Google Earth

Uvision

Proteus

CHAPTER # 2
Page | 3

GPS
2.1 Introduction
GPS, which means Global Positioning System, is the only method capable to show your exact
position on the earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere. The Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) is currently the only fully operational system but Russia has GLONASS, China has
COMPASS each at changeable stages of development or testing. The GPS system is made up of
collection of 24 satellites in 12-hour orbits, orbiting at 10,900 nautical miles, or 20,183 km. Four
satellites in each of six orbital planes in a pattern designed to provide worldwide coverage 24
hours a day. A satellite has 12 hour orbital period and an inclination of 44 to the equatorial plane.
The collection is designed to give visibility of 6 to 11 satellites at 4 degrees or more above the
horizon anywhere in the world at any time. These satellites allow for accurate three-dimensional
position and velocity information for users anywhere in the world. The satellites broadcast signal
that can be detect by anyone with a GPS receiver. Using the receiver, you can find out your
location with great accuracy.

Fig .2.1 the NAVSTAR GPS Collection

2.2 History of GPS

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The GPS system, also sometimes historically known as NAVSTAR was initially developed for
the US military back in the 70s although paid and operated by the military the GPS system can
offer navigation benefits for civilian use the first of these satellites built by Rockwell
international was launched into the orbit in 1978 in that year four satellites were launched to
provide an initial system demonstration of the GPS concept.

2.3 How GPS Works

The Satellites, receivers and some of the math involved are highly technical, but the principles
behind how GPS works are quite simple. Essentially the system is based on ranging and
Trilateration, or a three dimensional form of triangulation.
Ranging: It is determined from the distance to the satellite from the time it takes to receive a
signal. The time taken is determined from the code of the signal and accurate clocks used on the
satellites. If you know the distance to one satellite than you can determine that your position is
anywhere on the surface of a sphere at that distance from the satellite. If you know the distance
to two satellites then you can determine your position to be anywhere on the intersection of
surface of two spheres, which is a circle, thus reducing the possible area. Knowing the distance
to three satellites allow you to determine your position to be anywhere the previous circle
intersects with a third sphere and this will be one of two points. It is possible through some
mathematics to determine that one of these two points is not on the earth so can be ignored. Thus
with distance information from 3 satellites it is possible to determine your position.
There are two signals used by the satellites, one on 1227.6MHz, the L2 channel, and the other on
1474.42MHz, the L1 channel. The use of two frequencies is mostly to allow for correction of
errors caused by ionosphere delay, propagation time and Dopplers effect.

2.4 Sim548C GPS Part

Page | 5

The Modules GPS part is planned to use L1 Frequency (C/A Code) GPS receiver
and perform the entire GPS signal processing, from antenna input to serial
position data output. The processing steps involved are:

RF section
In the RF section the GPS signal detected by the antenna is amplified, filtered and
converted to an intermediate frequency (IF). An A/D converter converts the
analogue intermediate frequency into a digital IF signal.
GPS channels
The received digital IF signal bit stream is passed to the baseband section, where
it is fed into the correlates. The function of the correlators is to acquire and track
the satellite signals. There are 12 channels used in parallel, with each correlate
looking for a characteristic PRN code sequence in the bit stream. Once the
correlate has found a valid signal, pseudo range, carrier phase and orbit
information can be extracted from the GPS signal.
GPS core
The on-board processor is running an algorithm that calculates the position,
velocity and time [7]. This calculation is called navigation solution. Once the
navigation solution is calculated, it can be transformed into the desired coordinate
system, e.g. Latitude/Altitude.
2.4.1.1 Serial interface of the GPS part
The GPS part of the module offers two serial interfaces, Allows for different
protocols to operate on each port.

Serial port A
i.

2-wire serial interface

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ii.

Includes the GPS_RXA (receive) and TXA (transmit) lines

Supported baud rate: 1200 -114200bps but 4800 - 38400bps is a

iii.

common rate range

iv.

Protocol: Default NMEA ,4800bps

v.

Default output
message:
GGA,GSA,GSV,RMC,
VTG
Update rate: Default
1Hz

vi.

Datum WGS84 default (User configurable) [8].

Serial port B
i)

2-wire serial interface, Includes the GPS_RXB (receive) and GPS_TXB

(transmit) lines.

ii)

Supported baud rate 1200-114200 bps.

iii)

Protocol: Default none [8].

2.4 Data Form on Hyper terminal

Our data which is coming on hyper terminal is in NMEA 0183 format which is a specific format
for gps devices, and $GPGGA is the string in this data which we are extracting from this data
because in this string latitude longitude are included. We also used this command in order to
fetch coordinates.

Page | 7

2.4.1 $GPGGA
Recommended minimum specific GPS data
$GPGGA,164044.000,3342.8601,N,07304.4436,E,1.,08,1.1,437.9,M,-39.2,M,000*76
$GPGGA:

Global Positioning System fix data.

164044.000:

Time

3342.8601:

Current Latitude.

N:

North
Page | 8

07304.4436:

Current Longitude

E:

East

0 or 1 or 2

Fix Quality (1 for GPS fix)

08

No. of satellites

1.1

(Horizon Dilution of Precision) Relative accuracy of precision

437.9,M

Altitude

-39.2,M

Height of geoid

00

Time since last DGPS update

DGPS reference station ID

*74

Checksum for transmission errors

CHAPTER # 3
GSM
3.1 Introduction
GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION formally from Groupe
Spcial Mobile) is the mainly admired standard for mobile telephony systems now a days.GSM
is successful because of multiple reasons including offer superior sound quality but the main
advantage of GSM phone is ability to internationalize roaming facility.
Page | 9

3.2 GSM Overview

Cellular is one of best ever increasing telecommunications. During the growth various systems
have been developed but without the benefits of consistent specifications but GSM standard
resolve all the problems. Global system for mobile communication is most flexible
telecommunication system. It is also being superior technology like EGDE and GPRS. GSM
system is separated into 3 different parts.

3.2.1 GSM Structure OVERVIEW

Specification summary of GSM cellular system
Multiple Access Method

TDMA/FDMA

Duplex Technique

FDD

Uplink Frequency band

933-960 MHZ

Downlink Frequency band

890-914 MHZ

Channel Spacing(KHz)

200 KHZ

Channel Rate(Kbps)

270.833 Kbps

3.2.2 GSM BASICS

Good speech quality

Low cost

Support internationally roaming

Offer ISDN compatibility

3.3

GSM LINK

Uplink:
The radio uplink is the broadcast path from the Mobile Station to a Base Station. In the 900 MHz
bank the uplink frequency bank is 890-914 MHz
Page | 10

Downlink:
The radio downlink is the broadcast path from a Base Transceiver Station to the Mobile Station.
In the 900 MHz bank the downlink frequency band 934-960 MHz

Both sub-bands the UPLINK (24 MHz) and the DOWNLINK (24 MHz) are divided into 124
hauler or radio occurrence control each spaced 200 kHz apart. The access method used is
frequency division multiple access (FDMA). Each radio frequency channel is divided into 8
timeslots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own timeslot.
This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency
channel) while using only the part of its bandwidth they require. So the advantage of the GSM
over Analog mobile phone system (AMPS) is that, number of users is 8 times greater than AMPS
on a single radio frequency channels.

3.4 Advantages of GSM over Analog system

It has condensed RF broadcast control and protracted battery life. It provides global
roaming ability. Protection against scam is an added feature of GSM. It has encryption ability for
information protection and confidentiality.
Page | 11

3.6 SIM548C
3.6.1 Overview
SIM 548c is basically designed for global market; it is a Quad-band GSM/GPRS modem that
works on frequencies 840/900/1800/1900. It provides GPRS several-slit class 10 potential and
wires the GPRS system format. It control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 and 07.04 and
SIMCOM enhanced AT commands).

3.6.2 Serial Interface

SIM 548C basically provides two asymmetrical asynchronous serial ports. One of the serial port
and another is debug port. The GSM module is considered as a DCE (Data Communication
Equipment), following the conservative DCE-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) connection, the
module and the client (DTE) are connected through the following signal.

Serial port:

TXD: Send data to RXD signal line of the DTE

RXD: Receive data from the TXD signal line of the DTE

Debug port:

DBG_TXD: Send data to the /RXD signal line of the DTE

DBG_RXD: Receive data from the /TXD signal line of the DTE

Page | 12

Chapter # 4
AT Commands
4.1 Definition
It a series of machine instructions, which are used to activate features on an intelligent modem.
Developed by Hayes Microcomputer Products and officially known as the Hayes Standard AT
Command Set.
The Hayes command set is known to be a specific command-language which was originally
developed for the Hayes Smart modem (300 baud rate) in 1977. The command set consists of
different short text strings which combine together to produce complete commands for different
operations which include dialing, hanging up, and changing the parameters of a connection. Most
dialup modems follow this Hayes command set.

4.2 AT Command Format

AT is a mnemonic code for ATtention, which is the prefix that initiates each command to the
modem. A command line from the AT command set, is a string of characters sent from the
customer (DTE) to the modem (DCE) while the modem is in a command state. This command
line has three important parts a prefix, a body, and a terminator. The command line begins with
the character sequence AT and is terminated by a carriage return. The default terminator used is
the ENTER key <CR> character. Commands can be entered in upper case or lower case, both are
Page | 13

accepted. But both the A and T must be of the same case, i.e., AT or at. The command line
interpretation begins after receiving the ENTER key character.
The basic commands consist of single ASCII characters, or sometimes single characters
proceeded by a prefix character (e.g., & or +), followed by a decimal parameter. Missing
decimal parameters are evaluated as 0.

4.3 Types of AT commands

Type of AT command

Syntax

Description

Test command

AT+<x>=?

The modem returns the list of parameters

and their value ranges

Read command

AT+<x>?

The read command returns the currently

set value of the parameters.

Write command

AT+<x>=<>

The Write command sets the parameter

values, as required by the user

Execution command

AT+<x>

The execution command reads nonvariable parameters, which are affected

by internal processes in the GSM engine

4.4 AT Commands Used in Project

AT+CMGD
Read Command
AT+CMGD=?

DELETE SMS MESSAGE

Response
+CMGD<Range of SMS on SIM card that can

be

deleted>
OK
Page | 14

Write Command

Description

AT+CMGD=<index>

TA deletes the message on the location, given <index>.

Response
OK

AT+CMGF

SELECT SMS MESSAGE FORMAT CCCD

Read Command

Response

AT+CMGF?

+CMGF: <mode>
OK

Test Command

Response

AT+CMGF=?

+CMGF: list of supported <mode>s

OK

Write Command

Description

AT+CMGF=[<mode>]

which input and output format of messages to use

Response
OK
Parameters
<mode> 0 PDU mode
1 text mode

AT+CMGR

READ SMS MESSAGE

Test Command

Response

AT+CMGR=?

OK

Write Command

Parameters
Page | 15

AT+CMGR=<index>

<index>integer type, location number for the, <mode>] message to

<mode> 0 normal
1 not change status of the specified SMS record
Response
TA returns SMS message with location value <index> from
message storage <mem1> to the TE. It changes the status of the
message from 'received unread' to 'received read'

AT+CMGS

SEND SMS MESSAGE

Test Command

Response

AT+CMGS=?

OK

Write Command

Parameter

1) If text mode

<da>

+CMGS=<da>

<toda> GSM 04.11 TP-Destination-Address

GSM 03.40 TP-Destination-Address

[,<toda>]<CR>

<length>integer type value indicating in the text

text is entered

mode the length of the message body

<ctrl-Z/ESC>

<data>, or in PDU mode (+CMGF=0), the

2) If PDU mode

length of the actual TP data unit in

+CMGS=<length><CR>

octets

Page | 16

Chapter # 5
Interfacing with 89S52
Here we have mainly two different blocks, those are tracking and location viewing blocks in this
first we going to know about tracking system. In this project we will place this vehicle tracking
system in vehicle. The Block diagram consists of a GPS modem, a GSM modem, a Micro
controller, a LCD Display and power supply.

A GPS modem is used to get the signals and receive the signals from the satellites. In this
project, GPS modem get the signals from the satellites and those are given to the microcontroller.
The signals may be in the form of the coordinates; these are represented in form of the latitudes,
longitudes and altitudes.
Page | 17

A GSM modem is used to get the messages from the mobile and as well as reading the message
also. Thereafter sending the acknowledgement will be done. After that, GSM will ask GPS for
coordinates and then will send them to the concerned authority.

5.1 Hardware Components

5.1.1 Microcontroller 89S52
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O
interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller integrated on to a
single silicon chip.
AT89S52 is 8-bit micro controller, which has 4 KB on chip flash memory, which is just sufficient
for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in
system or by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in
flash technology in todays market place and hence using AT 89S52 is the optimal solution.

We interfaced GPS and GSM devices serially with controller. Controller has only one serial port,
so multiplexing is necessary.

5.1.2 DM74LS244
Page | 18

Octal 3-STATE Buffer/Line Driver/Line Receiver

We used 74244 buffer in order to multiplex the serial ports of GPS and GSM. These buffers/line
drivers are designed to improve both the performance and PC board density of 3-STATE buffers/
drivers

employed

as

memory-address

drivers,

clock

drivers,

and

bus-oriented

transmitters/receivers. Featuring 400 mV of hysteresis at each low current PNP data line input,
they provide improved noise rejection and high fanout outputs and can be used to drive
terminated lines down to 133 ohms.

5.1.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD is used to represent the data that has been taken from GPS.

LCD is interfaced to controller through a proper interfacing commands meant for LCD. This will
be explained in the code.

5.1.4 Max-233
Page | 19

MAX233 (MAX220MAX249 family) line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA-232E

and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where 12V is not available.
The MAX233 (MAX220MAX249 family) is especially useful in battery-powered systems,
since its low-power shutdown mode reduces power dissipation to less than 5W. The MAX225,
MAX233, MAX235, and MAX245/MAX246/MAX247 use no external components and are
recommended for applications where printed circuit board space is critical.
Here max-233 is used to line drive GPS data so that bit can be fed to microcontroller i.e. at TTL
logic, for further processing. Max-233 is used especially because with it there is no need of
connecting capacitors as there in max-232.

5.2 Software Interface

#include<reg51.h>
#define port2 P2
sbit rs = P1^2;
sbit rw = P1^1;
sbit e = P1^0;
sbit gps = P1^4;
sbit gsm = P1^3 ;
///////////////////////GPS VARS///////////////
char info[43];
char test[6]={"$GPGGA"};
char comma_position[5];
unsigned int check=0,i;
unsigned char a;
void receive();
void lcd_latitude();
void lcd_longitude();
char msg[35];
////////////////////////GSM VARS////////////////
void text (unsigned char [] ) ;
void setgsm();
void run();
char ms='l';
char read ;

Page | 20

//DELAY FUNCTION
void delay(unsigned int msec)
{
int i,j ;
for(i=0;i<msec;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

// LCD COMMAND SENDING FUNCTION

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char item)
{
port2 = item;
rs= 0;
rw=0;
e=1;
delay(1);
e=0;
return;
}

// LCD DATA SENDING FUNCTION

void lcd_data(unsigned char item)
{
port2 = item;
rs= 1;
rw=0;
e=1;
delay(1);
e=0;
return;
}

// LCD STRING SENDING FUNCTION

void lcd_string(unsigned char *str)
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
lcd_data(str[i]);
i++;
delay(10);
}
return;
}

Page | 21

// SERIAL PORT SETTING

void setgps()
{
gsm=1;
gps=0;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xfa;

//MODE=2

// 4800 BAUD

SCON=0x50 ; // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START BIT , RECEIVING ON
TR1=1;

//TIMER START

RI=0;
}

void find_comma()
{
unsigned int i,count=0;
for(i=0;i<43;i++)
{
if(info[i]==',')
{
comma_position[count++]=i;
}
}
}
void compare()
{
IE=0x00;

//Interrupt disable

find_comma(); //Function to detect position of comma in the string

lcd_latitude(); //Function to show Latitude
lcd_longitude(); //Function to show Longitude
check=0;
//IE=0x90; //Interrupt enable
}
void receive() interrupt 4
{

read=SBUF ;
if (gps==0)
{
info[check++]=SBUF; //Read SBUF
if(check<7)

//Condition to check the required data

{
if(info[check-1]!=test[check-1])
check=0;
}

RI=0;

Page | 22

void lcd_shape()

//Function to create shape of degree

{
lcd_cmd(64);
lcd_data(10);
lcd_data(17);
lcd_data(17);
lcd_data(10);
lcd_data(0);
lcd_data(0);
lcd_data(0);
lcd_data(0);
}

void lcd_latitude() //Function to display Latitude

{
unsigned int c2=comma_position[1]; //Position of second comma
lcd_shape();
lcd_cmd(0x01);

// Clear LCD display

lcd_cmd(0x84);

//Move cursor to position 6 of line 1

lcd_string("LATITUDE"); //Showing Latitude

lcd_cmd(0xC0); //Beginning of second line
msg[0]='L';
msg[1]='A';
msg[2]='T';
msg[3]=':';
msg[4]=info[c2+1];
msg[5]=info[c2+2];
msg[6]=info[c2+3];
msg[7]=info[c2+4];
msg[8]=info[c2+5];
msg[9]=info[c2+6];
msg[10]=info[c2+7];
msg[11]=info[c2+8];
msg[12]=info[c2+9];
msg[13]=info[c2+10];
msg[14]=info[c2+11];

Page | 23

msg[15]='\n';
lcd_data(info[c2+1]);
lcd_data(info[c2+2]);
lcd_data(0); //Degree symbol
lcd_data(info[c2+3]);
lcd_data(info[c2+4]);
lcd_data(info[c2+5]);
lcd_data(info[c2+6]);
lcd_data(info[c2+7]);
lcd_data(info[c2+8]);
lcd_data(info[c2+9]);
lcd_data(0x27);

//ASCII of minute sign(')

lcd_data(info[c2+10]);
lcd_data(info[c2+11]);
delay(250);
}

void lcd_longitude()
{
unsigned int c4=comma_position[3];
lcd_cmd(0x01);

//Clear LCD display

lcd_cmd(0x84);

//Move cursor to position 4 of line 1

lcd_string("LONGITUDE"); //Showing Longitude

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

//Begining of second line

msg[16]='L';
msg[17]='O';
msg[18]='N';
msg[19]=':';
msg[20]=info[c4+1];
msg[21]=info[c4+2];
msg[22]=info[c4+3];
msg[23]=info[c4+4];
msg[24]=info[c4+5];
msg[25]=info[c4+6];
msg[26]=info[c4+7];
msg[27]=info[c4+8];
msg[28]=info[c4+9];
msg[29]=info[c4+10];
msg[30]=info[c4+11];
msg[31]=info[c4+12];
msg[32]='\0';
lcd_data(info[c4+1]);
lcd_data(info[c4+2]);
lcd_data(info[c4+3]);

Page | 24

lcd_data(0);
lcd_data(info[c4+4]);
lcd_data(info[c4+5]);
lcd_data(info[c4+6]);
lcd_data(info[c4+7]);
lcd_data(info[c4+8]);
lcd_data(info[c4+9]);
lcd_data(info[c4+10]);
lcd_data(0x27);

//ASCII of minute sign(')

lcd_data(info[c4+11]);
lcd_data(info[c4+12]);
delay(250);
}

void getgsm()
{
char term = 26;
text("AT+CMGF=1\r\n");
delay(30);
text("AT+CMGS=\"03457273231\"\r\n");
delay(30);
text(msg);
delay(10);
text(&term);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_string("Sending");
delay(15);
lcd_string(".");
delay(15);
lcd_string(".");
delay(15);
lcd_string(".");
delay(15);
lcd_string(".");
delay(20);
lcd_cmd(0x01);

void setgsm()
{

Page | 25

gps=1;
gsm=0;
TR1=0;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
RI=0;
return;
}

void text (unsigned char s[])

{
unsigned int p=0;

while (s[p]!=0){

TI=0;
SBUF=s[p];
while(TI==0);
p=p+1;

}
SBUF=0;
return;
}

void getgps()
{

setgps();

IE=0x90;
while(1)
{
if(check==42)

Page | 26

{
compare();
delay(100);
setgsm();
delay(30);
SBUF=0;
getgsm();
return;
}
}
}

void main()

lcd_cmd(0x38);

//2 LINE, 5X7 MATRIX

lcd_cmd(0x0e);

//DISPLAY ON, CURSOR BLINKING

lcd_cmd(0x01);
//char ctrlz=26;
lcd_cmd(0x86);
lcd_string("WELCOME");
delay(100);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x85);
lcd_string("FETCHING");
lcd_cmd(0xc4);
lcd_string("LOCATION");

delay(100);
lcd_cmd(0x01);

while(1)
{

getgps();

delay(4500);
}

return;

Page | 27

Bibliography

[1] http://www.researchinchina.com/htmls/report/2009/4718.html
[2]

www.cs.huji.ac.il/~sans/students_lectures/GSM%20Security.ppt

[3] http://students.ee.sun.ac.za/~gshmaritz/gsmfordummies/intro_files/gsm900_arfcn1.jpg
[4] SIMCOM-Sim448c Hardware interface Description
[4] Avionics Navigation System, edited by Kayton and Fried, Wiley Interscience, 1997
Page | 28

[6] http://www.ku.edu.np/ee/files/seee/issue2_28Nov_08.pdf
[7] http://www.mt-system.ru/documents/sim408_hd_v2.06.pdf
[8] http://www.mobileks.ru/upl_instructions/SimTechnology_SIM408_HD_V1.01.pdf
[9] SUMIT AHUJA. "Field Programmable Gate Arrays Based Overcurrent Relays", Electric

Power Components and Systems, 3/1/2004

[10] http://www.datasheet4u.com/html/X/C/3/XC3S200_Xilinx.pdf.html

Page | 29