OVERVIEW OF TUNNELS CONSTRUCTION IN

INDONESIA
AND IRE RESEARCH
Fahmi Aldiamar
Hardiansyah Putra

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING

AGENCY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

INSTITUTE OF ROAD ENGINEERING

BACKGROUND :
1. National transportation system in Indonesia
2. Obstacle in land transportation
3. Geological condition in Indonesia

Background

National transportation system in Indonesia:

Land

transportation

Road

Railway

Air

transportation
Sea transportation
Road transportation
is dominant

Based on data by Directorate

General of land, air and sea, 2010

Background

ROUTE SELECTION
PHYSICAL OBSTACLES

RIVER or SEA

Immersed Tunnel

Note:
Thickness of overburden > 1,5 times
of tunnel diameter
Cross section for 2 lanes or multi
purpose tunnel

SOIL/ROCK MASS
CLASSIFICATION

MOUNTAINOUS or HILLY AREA

SPACE LIMITATION
at URBAN AREA

Shield Tunnel

Mountain Tunnel

Underpass

Note:
Thickness of overburden > 1,5 times
of tunnel diameter
Cross section for 2 lanes or multi
purpose tunnel

Note:
Thickness of overburden > 1,5 times
of tunnel diameter
Cross section for up to 3 lanes

Note:
Thickness of overburden > 1,5 times
of tunnel diameter
Cross section for up to 4 lanes

ROCK

MIX FACE

SOFT GROUND

Background

Obstacle in land transportation:

Space limitation and land acquitition problems, especially in urban area.

Topography difficulties especially in mountainous area

Environment issue, to avoide the disturbence of productive land

(agriculture, factory, etc) or sanctuary

Underground space utilization for mass transportation

integrated with industial and business center

Mountain tunnel can solve topography and

environmental issue

Tunnels and underground space utilization is one of the possible problem solver

Background

Geological condition in Indonesia

Varied geological rock
formation in Indonesia
shown
a
complex
characterization due to the
tectonic condition.
Tunneling in this complex
geological condition could
become
more
risky,
because of the possibility
of instability of tunnel
during excavation.
Instability can arise from:
lack of stand-up time, as in
non-cohesive sands and
gravels (especially below
the water table) and weak
cohesive soils with high
water content or in blocky
and seamy rock; adverse
orientation of joint and
fracture planes;

Background

Example of instability during excavation due to geological problem

INSTABILITY OF ROCK: JOINT

AND FRACTURE PLANES

MIX FACE INSTABILITY

INSTABILITY OF LOOSE SAND

TUNNEL HISTORIES IN INDONESIA

1. Hydropower plant tunnel
2. Railway tunnel
3. Road tunnel

Tunnel histories in
Indonesia

Jatigede Diversion Tunnel, West Java

Constructed in 2011

Tunnel excavation phase

Hydropower plant and

diversion tunnel
Drilling and blasting

Marking phase

Asahan Hydropower tunnel, North

Sumatera

Tunnel construction for hydropower plant

and dam purpose are more common and
recently constructed in Indonesia

Geological condition evaluation

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

Method of tunneling at Jatigede diversion tunnel:
Drill and Blast

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

Tunnel support used at Jatigede diversion tunnel:
Forepolling
Steel rib & lattice arc girder
Shotcrete
Rock bolt

Forepolling at tunnel portal, installed

before blasting at initial excavation

Shotcrete as slope
reinforcement of diversion
tunnel

(Source: Bemby Sunaryo, 2014)

Rock bolt for reinforcing slope

on the side part of diversion
tunnel

Steel rib
Lattice arc girder

(Source: Bemby Sunaryo, 2014)

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

Jatibarang Diversion Tunnel, constructed in 2013

Constructing tunnel invert & lining

Placing concrete at tunnel portal

Roadheader for tunnel excavation

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

Sodetan Kali Ciliwung, 2015

Shaft in Tunnel project

(sumber foto : Agus himawan)

Twin Tunnel with diameter of 4 m

(sumber foto : Agus himawan)

TBM , Earth Pressure Balance (EPB)

(sumber foto : Agus himawan)

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

Railway tunnel in mountain area

Many had built more than 100 years

ago, but no new improvement nowdays.

Railway tunnel in South Sumatera, L = 368m

Constructed in 1901
Railway tunnel in Kebumen, Central Java, L = 580m
Constructed in 1885

Maintenance
problems
in
old
railway tunnel caused
by:
1. Clogging at the
drainage
2. Crack on the lining
3. Etc.

Railway tunnel in Sukabumi, West Java,

L = 687m Constructed in 1886

Railway tunnel in Purwakarta, L = 949m

Constructed in 1902

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

cut and cover and jacking tunnel for road use

Cut and cover tunnel, Kaligawe, Semarang,

Central Java, Constructed in1995

Cut and cover tunnel, Jatingaleh, Semarang,

Central Java, Constructed in1995

Constructed commonly
in urban area to avoid
traffic problem at the
intersection

Scheme of jacking tunnel excavation

Jacking tunnel project at cibubur,

Jakarta

Tunnel histories in Indonesia

deep excavation for road use

Cross section
Deep excavation in Nagreg, West
Java, 2010

Tunnel technology in hilly or

mountain area become urgent to
avoid deep excavation

View from above

NEXT ROAD TUNNEL PROJECT IN INDONESIA

1.
2.
3.
4.

Cisumdawu road tunnel (West Java)

Balingka-Ngarai sianok (West Sumatera)
Terbangi- Lampung (Lampung)
Kebun Kopi (Central Sulawesi)

Next tunnel project in Indonesia

Cisumdawu road tunnel project

Based on data by Directorate

General of Highway

1. Project owner: Directorate

General of Highway
2. Detailed Engineering Design
in 2012
3. 2 tunnel with length 950m
and 1200m
4. Design as 2 tube tunnel
5. Tunnel estimated through
Weathered
Tuff
Breccia
Formation

Ilustration of 2 tube tunnel approach

Next tunnel project in Indonesia

Balingka-Ngarai Sianok road tunnel project

Tunnel longitudinal section plan

Next tunnel project in Indonesia

Balingka-Ngarai Sianok road tunnel project
Quaternary volcanic
rocks

1.
2.

There are 2 alignment tunnel option, T-1 and T-4

Both tunnel option is located in metamorphic rock area and near the great
Sumatera Fault (30km)

Metamhorphic rock outcrop

Metamorphic rock

1400

1300

Elevation (m)

1200

178.41 m

1100

Length = 1597m, grade = 3%

1000

T-1 tunnel is 1.6km in length and max overburden is 178m

900

800
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600

Distance (m)

Location of tunnel portal at T4

1400

1300

176.92 m

Elevation (m)

1200

1100

Length = 1076m, grade = 3%

1000

T-4 tunnel is 1.1km in length and the maximum overburden is 177m

900

800
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Distance (m)

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

Tunnel Research Program at IRE (PUSJATAN)

1. Manual of pre-feasibility and feasibility
studies of road tunnel
2. Technical publication, guideline & manual of
decission support system between tunnel and
deep excavation

TECHNICAL MANUAL OF ROAD

TUNNEL

3. Technical publication, guideline & manual of

risk management in road tunnel

OVERALL CONTENT OF GUIDELINE NEEDED:

PLANNING

4. Technical publication & manual of contract

type and risk sharing in road tunnel project

1. PLANNING
TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR ROAD TUNNEL
GEOMETRY

2. GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATION

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR ROAD TUNNEL

DESIGN IN MIX FACE CONDITION

3. DIFFICULT GROUND TUNNELING/MIX

FACE TUNNELING

4. CUT AND COVER TUNNEL

UNDERPASS DESIGN GUIDELINE

5. ROCK TUNNELING

IN COOPERATION WITH NORWEGIAN PUBLIC

ROAD ADMINISTRATION (NPRA) (under
discussion)

6. SOFT GROUND TUNNELING

DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION

WORKSHOP &
DISSEMINATION HAS
BEEN CARRIED OUT IN
2014 AT PADANG

FURTHER, TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR TUNNEL

CONSTRUCTION WILL BE PREPARED
(IN COOPERATION WITH PWRI)

PLAN TO BE PREPARED IN FISCAL YEAR 20142020 (MoU with NPRA)

7. TUNNEL LINING
8. IMMERSED TUNNEL
9. JACKED BOX TUNNELING
10. SEISMIC CONSIDERATION
11. GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL
INSTRUMENTATION

MAINTENANCE

JACKED BOX DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

GUIDELINE

PLAN TO BE PREPARED IN FISCAL YEAR 2015-2018

(MoU with HATTI)

SEISMIC DESIGN FOR ROAD TUNNEL

PLAN TO BE PREPARED IN FISCAL YEAR 2015-2018

(MoU with HATTI)

12. ROAD TUNNEL FACILITIES

PLAN TO BE PREPARED IN FISCAL YEAR

2015-2016 (MoU with PWRI)

13. TUNNEL INSPECTION AND

REHABILITATION

PLAN TO BE PREPARED IN FISCAL YEAR

2018-2020 (MoU with PWRI)

LEGEND:
FISCAL YEAR 2010-2014

FISCAL YEAR 2016-2020

FISCAL YEAR TO BE DISCUSSED

TO BE DISCUSSED WITH JAPAN/PWRI (SHIELD TUNNELING)

AND NEDERLANDS (IMMERSED TUNNEL)

ROAD TUNNEL REGULATION IN INDONESIA

1.

Decree of Minister of Public Works, Regulation

No.19/PRT/M/2011 about design criteria and
technical requirement for road (including bridge and
tunnel)

2.

Decree of Minister of Public Works, Regulation

No.13/PRT/M/2011 about road maintenance and
surveillance (including bridge and tunnel)

3.

Decree of Minister of Public Works, Regulation

No.02/PRT/M/2014
about
guideline
for
underground space utilization from Directorate
General of Spatial Planning

Depth of underground
space utilization
26

Depth of uderground
space utilization

Depth
Shallow underground (0-50m)

Shallow underground to accomodate:

1) Activity that should be located near or integrate with surface
activity
2) Activity that needs quick access to underground utilization
3) Activity whose resources are located in shallow underground
4) Activity that has to be placed in shallow underground and/or
can not be placed in deep underground based on specific
study and/or particular reason

Deep underground (>50m)

As a reference in determining
prioritized activity and
location (under public space
or private space)

Deep underground to accomodate :

1) Activity that is connecting between activity center, region,
main infrastructure system, such as railway system
2) Activity or stuff that is dangerous or needs strong protection
3) Activity whose resources are located in deep underground
4) Activity that has to be placed in deep underground and/or
can not be placed in shallow underground based on specific
study and/or particular rreason.

Illustration of underground space utilization

THANK YOU