Sodium silicate

E550 redirects here. For the Italian locomotive, see by atmospheric changes.[8][9] Von Wagner distinguished
FS Class E550.
soda, potash, double (soda and potash), and xing (i.e.,
stabilizing) as types of water glass. The xing type was
Sodium silicate is the common name for compounds a mixture of silica well saturated with potash water glass
and a sodium silicate used to stabilize inorganic water
with the formula Na2 (SiO2 ) O. A well known member of
this series is sodium metasilicate, Na2 SiO3 . Also known color pigments on cement work for outdoor signs and murals.
as waterglass or liquid glass, these materials are available in aqueous solution and in solid form. The pure compositions are colourless or white, but commercial samples
are often greenish or blue owing to the presence of iron- 2 Properties
containing impurities.
They are used in cements, passive re protection, tex- Sodium silicate is a white powder that is readily solutile and lumber processing, refractories, and automobiles. ble in water, producing an alkaline solution. It is one of
Sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide react when molten a number of related compounds which include sodium
orthosilicate, Na4 SiO4 , sodium pyrosilicate, Na6 Si2 O7 ,
to form sodium silicate and carbon dioxide:[1]
and others. All are glassy, colourless and soluble in water.
Na2 CO3 + SiO2 Na2 SiO3 + CO2
Sodium silicate is stable in neutral and alkaline solutions.
In acidic solutions, the silicate ion reacts with hydrogen
Anhydrous sodium silicate contains a chain polymeric
ions to form silicic acid, which when heated and roasted
anion composed of corner shared {SiO4 } tetraheforms silica gel, a hard, glassy substance.
dral, and not a discrete SiO3 2 ion.[1] In addition to
the anhydrous form, there are hydrates with the formula Na2 SiO3 nH2 O (where n = 5, 6, 8, 9) which
contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion 3 Production
SiO2 (OH)2 2 with water of hydration. For example,
the commercially available sodium silicate pentahydrate Sodium silicate is commonly manufactured using a reacNa2 SiO3 5H2 O is formulated as Na2 SiO2 (OH)2 4H2 O tion in liquid phase or in solid phase. Both processes use
and the nonahydrate Na2 SiO3 9H2 O is formulated as alkaline and quartz sand as raw materials.
Na2 SiO2 (OH)2 8H2 O.[2]
In industry, the various grades of sodium silicate are characterized by their SiO2 :Na2 O weight ratio (weight ratios
can be converted to molar ratios by multiplication with
1.032), which can vary between 2:1 and 3.75:1.[3] Grades
with this ratio below 2.85:1 are termed 'alkaline'. Those
with a higher SiO2 :Na2 O ratio are described as 'neutral'.

3.1 Liquid phase

3.2 Solid phase (thermal process)

A mixture of caustic soda, quartz sand, and water are prepared in a mixing tank, then fed into a reactor, where
steam is introduced. The reaction is
n SiO2 + 2 NaOH Na2 OnSiO2 + H2 O

History

Sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate melt at temperaWater Glass[4] was dened in Von Wagners Manual of
tures far below that of silica. (<900 C vs >1600 C)
Chemical Technology (1892 translation) as any of the solEither is melted, and silica dissolved into the molten mauble alkaline silicates, rst observed by Jean Baptist van
terial, where it reacts to form sodium silicate.
Helmont circa 1640 as a uid substance made by melting sand with excess alkali.[5][6] Glauber made what he
Na2 CO3 + x SiO2 (Na2 O)(SiO2 ) + CO2
termed liquor silicum in 1646 from potash and silica.[7]
Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs, in 1818, obtained what is
now known as water glass by treating silicic acid with an
2 Na2 SO4 + C + 2 SiO2 2 Na2 SiO3 + 2 SO2
alkali, the result being soluble in water, but not aected
+ CO2
1

USES

Uses

sodium silicate (doubly negatively charged anion accompanied by two sodium cations) and they subsequently ag[3]
In 1990, 4M tons of alkali metal silicates were produced. gregate. This process is called coagulation/occulation.
The main applications were in detergents, paper, water
treatment, and construction materials.[3]

4.6 Refractory use

4.1

Adhesive

The largest application of sodium silicate solutions is a

cement for producing cardboard.[3] When used as a paper cement, the tendency is for the sodium silicate joint
eventually to crack within a few years, at which point it
no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together.

4.2

Drilling uids

Water glass is a useful binder of solids, such as

vermiculite and perlite. When blended with the aforementioned lightweight aggregates, water glass can be used
to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards used
for refractories, passive re protection and high temperature insulations, such as moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with nely divided mineral powders,
such as vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from
the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence disappears in the presence of nely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive
and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in
many refractory applications.

Sodium silicate is frequently used in drilling uids to stabilize borehole wells and to avoid the collapse of bore
walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass
through argillaceous formations containing swelling clay
4.7
minerals such as smectite or montmorillonite.

4.3

Concrete and general masonry treatment

Dye auxiliary

Sodium silicate solution is used as a xative for hand dyeing with reactive dyes that require a high pH in order
to react with the textile ber. After the dye is applied
to a cellulose-based fabric, such as cotton or rayon, or
onto silk, it is allowed to dry, after which the sodium silicate is painted on to the dyed fabric, covered with plastic
to retain moisture, and left to react for an hour at room
temperature.[10]

Concrete treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to

signicantly reduce porosity in most masonry products
such as concrete, stucco, plasters. A chemical reaction
occurs with the excess Ca(OH)2 (portlandite) present in
the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the
surface making them far more durable and water repel- 4.8 Niche and hobby uses
lent. It is generally advised to apply this treatment only
after the initial cure has taken place (7 days or so depend- 4.8.1 Passive re protection (PFP)
ing on conditions). These coatings are known as silicate
mineral paint.
Sodium silicates are inherently intumescent. They come
in prill (solid beads) form, as well as the liquid, water
glass. The solid sheet form (Palusol) must be water4.4 Detergent auxiliaries
proofed to ensure long-term passive re protection.
It is used in detergent auxiliaries like complex sodium
disilicate and modied sodium disilicate. The detergent granules gain their ruggedness from a coating of
silicates.[3]

4.5

Water treatment

Standard, solid, bead form sodium silicates have been

used as aggregate within silicone rubber to manufacture plastic pipe restop devices. The silicone rubber
was insucient waterproong to preserve the intumescing function and the products had to be recalled, which
is problematic for restops that are concealed behind
drywall in buildings.
Pastes for caulking purposes are similarly unstable. This
too has resulted in recalls and even litigation. Only 3M's
Expantrol version, which has an external heat treatment
that helps to seal the outer surface, as part of its process
standard, has achieved sucient longevity to qualify for
DIBt approvals in the US for use in restopping

Water glass is used as coagulant/occulant agent in waste

water treatment plants. Waterglass binds to colloidal
molecules, creating larger aggregates that sink to the bottom of the water column. The microscopic negatively
charged particles suspended in water interact with sodium
silicate. Their electrical double layer collapses due to Not unlike other intumescents, sodium silicate, both in
the increase of ionic strength caused by the addition of bead form and in liquid form are inherently endothermic,

4.8

Niche and hobby uses

3
prill form. The absence in the US of mandatory aging
tests, whereby PFP systems are made to undergo system performance tests after the aging and humidity exposures, are at the root of the continued availability, in
North America, of PFP products that can become inoperable within weeks of installation. Indiscriminate use
of sodium silicates without proper waterproong measures are contributors to the problems and risk. When
sodium silicates are adequately protected, they function
extremely well and reliably for long periods. Evidence
of this can be seen in the many DIBt approvals for plastic pipe restop devices using Palusol, which use waterproofed sodium silicate sheets.
4.8.2 Food preservation

Expantrol proprietary sodium silicate suspended in an about 6.5

mm thick layer of red rubber, type 3M FS195, inserted into a
metal pipe, then heated, to demonstrate hard char intumescence,
strong enough to shut a melting plastic pipe.

World War I poster suggesting the use of waterglass to preserve

eggs (lower right).

Sodium silicate was also used as an egg preservation agent

through the early 20th century with large success. When
fresh eggs are immersed in it, bacteria which cause the
Palusol based intumescent plastic pipe device used for commer- eggs to spoil are kept out and water is kept in. Eggs can
cial restopping.
be kept fresh using this method for up to ve months.
When boiling eggs preserved this way, it is well advised
to pin-prick the egg to allow steam to escape because the
due to liquid water in the water glass and hydrates in the shell is no longer porous.[11]

4
4.8.3

4
Metal repair

Sodium silicate is used, along with magnesium silicate, in

muer repair and tting paste. When dissolved in water,
both sodium silicate and magnesium silicate form a thick
paste that is easy to apply. When the exhaust system of an
internal combustion engine heats up to its operating temperature, the heat drives out all of the excess water from
the paste. The silicate compounds that are left over have
glass-like properties, making a temporary, brittle repair.

USES

4.8.5 Homebrewing
Sodium silicate occulant properties are also used to
clarify wine and beer by precipitating colloidal particles. But as a clearing agent sodium silicate (water glass)
is sometimes confused with isinglass which is prepared
from collagen extracted from the dried swim bladders of
sturgeon and other shes. Eggs preserved in a bucket of
waterglass gel, and their shells, are sometimes also used
(baked and crushed) to clear wine.[14]
4.8.6 Aquaculture

4.8.4

Automotive repair

Sodium silicate is also used currently as an exhaust system joint and crack sealer for repairing muers, resonators, tailpipes and other exhaust components, with
and without berglass reinforcing tapes. In this application, the sodium silicate (60-70%) is typically mixed with
kaolin (40-30%), an aluminium silicate mineral, in order
to make the sodium silicate glued joint opaque. The
sodium silicate, however, is the high temperature adhesive; the kaolin serves simply as a compatible high temperature coloring agent. Some of these repair compounds
also contain glass bres to enhance their gap-lling abilities and reduce brittleness.
Sodium silicate can be used to ll gaps within the head
gasket. Commonly used on aluminum alloy cylinder
heads, which are sensitive to thermally induced surface
deection, and can be caused by many things including head-bolt stretching, decient coolant delivery, high
cylinder head pressure, over-heating, etc.

Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal

growth in aquaculture hatcheries.
4.8.7 Safe construction
A mixture of sodium silicate and sawdust has been used
in between the double skin of certain safes. This not only
makes them more re resistant, but also makes cutting
them open with an oxyacetylene torch extremely dicult
due to the smoke emitted.
4.8.8 Crystal gardens
When crystals of a number of metallic salts are dropped
into a solution of water glass, simple or branching
stalagmites of coloured metal silicates are formed. This
phenomenon has been used by manufacturers of toys and
chemistry sets to provide instructive enjoyment to many
generations of children from the early 20th century till
the present. An early mention of crystals of metallic
salts forming a "chemical garden" in sodium silicate is
found in the 1946 Modern Mechanix magazine.[15] Metal
salts used included the sulfates and/or chlorides of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel and manganese.

Liquid glass (sodium silicate) is added to the system

through the radiator, and allowed to circulate. Sodium
silicate is suspended in the coolant until it reaches the
cylinder head. At 100105 C sodium silicate loses water
molecules to form a glass seal with a re-melt temperature
4.8.9 Pottery
above 810 C.
A sodium silicate repair will last two years, sometimes
longer. The repair occurs rapidly, and symptoms disappear instantly. This repair only works when the sodium
silicate reaches its conversion temperature at 100105
C. Contamination of engine oil is a serious possibility in situations in which a coolant-to-oil leak is present.
Sodium silicate (glass particulate) contamination of lubricants is detrimental to their function.

Sodium Silicate is used to create a crackle eect in pottery, usually wheel-thrown. A vase or bottle is thrown
on the wheel, fairly narrow and with thick walls. Sodium
silicate is brushed on a section of the piece. After 5 minutes, the wall of the piece is stretched outward with a rib
or hand. The result is a wrinkled or cracked look.

It is also the main agent in magic water, which is used

when joining clay pieces, especially if the moisture level
Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, of the two diers.[16]
and permanently disable automobile engines. Running
an engine with about 2 liters of a sodium silicate solution instead of motor oil causes the solution to precipi- 4.9 Sealing of leaking water containing
tate, catastrophically damaging the engines bearings and
structures
pistons within a few minutes.[12] In the United States, this
procedure was used to comply with requirements of the Sodium silicate with additives was injected into the
Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS) program.[12][13] ground in order to harden it and thereby to prevent further

5
leakage of highly radioactive water from the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in April, 2011.[17]
The residual heat carried by the water used for cooling the
damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected
mixture.

[3] Gerard Lagaly,

Werner Tufar,
A. Minihan,
A. Lovell Silicates in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_661

On June 3, 1958, the USS Nautilus, the worlds rst nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle,
crewmen dressed in civilian clothing, were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identied as Stop Leak) to
repair a leaking condenser system. The Nautilus was en
route to the North Pole on a Top Secret mission to cross
the North Pole submerged.[18]

Leopold Wol, Das Wasserglas: Seine Darstellung, Eigenschaften und seine mannichfache Anwendung in den technischen Gewerben [Waterglass: its preparation, properties, and its manifold
uses in technical commerce] (Leipzig, (Germany):
Quedlinburg, 1846).
Emile Kopp (1857) Sur la prparation et les proprits du verre soluble ou des silicates de potasse et
de soude; analyse de tous les travaux publis jusqu'a
ce jour sur ce sujet (On the preparation and properties of water-glass or the silicates of potash and
soda; analysis of all works published until today on
this subject) Le Moniteur scientique, 1 : 337-349,
366-391.
Hermann Krtzer, Wasserglas und Infusorienerde,
deren Natur und Bedeutung fr Industrie, Technik
und die Gewerbe [Water-glass and soluble earths,
their nature and signicance for industry, technology, and commerce] (Vienna (Wien), Austria:
Hartleben, 1887).
Hermann Mayer, Das Wasserglas; Sein Eigenschaften, Fabrikation und Verwendung auf Grund
von Erfahrungen und Mitteilungen der Firma
Henkel & Cie. [Water-glass: Its properties, production, and application on the basis of experiences
and communications of the rm of Henkel & Co.]
(Braunschweig, Germany: Vieweg, 1925).
Morris Schrero, Water-glass: A Bibliography (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Library, 1922).

4.9.1

Cartridges

A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of paper cartridges for black powder revolvers produced by Colts Manufacturing Company during the period from 1851 until 1873, especially
during the American Civil War. Sodium silicate was used
to seal combustible nitrated paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to hold the black powder, as well as
to cement the lead ball or conical bullet into the open end
of the paper cartridge. Such sodium silicate cemented
paper cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the reloading of cap and ball
black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the
introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873.[19][20] Similarly, sodium silicate
was also used to cement the top wad into brass shotgun
shells, thereby eliminating any need for a crimp at the
top of the brass shotgun shell to hold a shotgun shell together. Reloading brass shotgun shells was widely practiced by self-reliant American farmers during the 1870s,
using the same waterglass material that was also used to
preserve eggs. The cementing of the top wad on a shotgun
shell consisted of applying from 3 to 5 drops of waterglass
on the top wad to secure it to the brass hull. Brass hulls
for shotgun shells were superseded by paper hulls starting around 1877. The newer paper-hulled shotgun shells
used a roll crimp in place of a waterglass cemented joint
to hold the top wad in the shell. However, whereas brass
shotshells with top wads cemented with waterglass could
be reloaded nearly indenitely (given powder, wad, and
shot, of course), the paper hulls that replaced the brass
hulls could be reloaded only a few times.

References

[1] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 0080379419.
[2] Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6

[4] See also:

[5] Johannes van Helmont, Opuscula medica inaudita,

(Cologne (Coloni Agrippin), (Germany): Jost Kalckhoven (Jodocum Kalcoven), 1644), part I: De Lithiasi. On
page 53, van Helmont mentions that alkalis dissolve silicates: Porro lapides, gemmae, arenae, marmora, silices,
&c. adjuncto alcali, vitricantur: sin autem plure alcali
coquantur, resolvuntur in humido quidem: ac resoluta,
facili negotio acidorum spirituum, separantur ab alcali,
pondere pristini pulveris lapidum. (Furthermore, stone,
gems, sand, marble, silica, etc., become glassy by the addition of alkali: but if roasted with more alkali, they are
dissolved in moisture: and the former weight of the stone
powder is separated from the alkali and released by simply
adding acid.)
[6] A number of other alchemists supposedly discovered
potassium silicate before van Helmont. See:
Giambattista della Porta in his book Magia naturalis
sive de miraculis rerum naturalium (1567), mentions that cream of tartar (tartari salis) causes powdered quartz (crystallum) to melt at a lower temperature. See: Baptista Porta, Magia naturalis sive de
miraculis rerum naturalium, libri iiii [Natural magic
or on the miracles of nature, in four books] (Lyon
(Lugdunum), France: Guillaume Rouill (Gulielmum Rovillium), 1569), pages 290-291, Crystallus, ut fusilis at (quartz, so made molten).

7
There is some evidence that the alchemist Basil
Valentine prepared potassium silicate in 1520. See:
Kohn, C. (1862) Die Erndung des Wasserglas im
Jahre 1520 (The invention of waterglass in the year
1520), Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen IngenieurVereins (Journal of the Austrian Engineer Association), 14 : 229-230.
However, subsequently an article pointed out that the substance prepared by Basil Valentine in 1520, by Agricola
in 1550, by van Helmont in ca. 1640, and by Glauber in
1648 was not the waterglass that Fuchs produced in 1818.
See:
Anon. (1863) Die Erndung des
Wasserglases im Jahre 1520, Kunstund Gewerbe-Blatt, 49 : 228-230.
Reprinted in: Anon. (1863) Die
Erndung des Wasserglases im Jahre
1520, Polytechnisches Journal, 168 :
394-395.
Reprinted in: Anon. (1863) Die angebliche Erndung des Wasserglases im
Jahre 1520 (On the alleged invention
of waterglass in the year 1520), Neues
Repertorium fr Pharmacie, 12 : 271273.

[7] Johann Rudolf Glauber, Furni Novi Philosophici [New

philosophical furnace] (Amsterdam: Johan Jansson,
1646). In the 1661 German-language edition, see Chapter LXXIX. Wie durch Hl eines reinen Sandes oder
Kilings / au Sale Tartari ein krtiger Spiritus kan erlanget werden. (How with the help of a pure sand or silica / a powerful solution can be gotten from cream of tartar). Glaubers recipe for liquor silicum (potassium silicate) appears on pages 164-166. The recipe is simple:
Potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream of tartar, Sale tartari,
Weinstein ) is heated in a furnace until its converted to
potassium carbonate. The potassium carbonate is mixed
with sand in a crucible and heated until the mixture melts.
The mixture is maintained in a liquid state until it ceases
to bubble (due to the release of carbon dioxide from the
potassium carbonate). The mixture is allowed to cool
and then pulverized to a ne powder. When the powder
is exposed to moist air, it gradually forms a viscous liquid, which Glauber called Oleum oder Liquor Silicum,
Aren, vel Crystallorum (i.e., oil or solution of silica,
sand or [quartz] crystal).

EXTERNAL LINKS

schnelle Verbreitung des Feuers in Theatern, als

Bindemittel, rniartigen Anstrichen u.s.w. (On
a new product from silica and potassium; and its
useful application as a protection against the rapid
spread of re in theaters, as a glue, varnish, etc.)
Polytechnisches Journal, 17 : 465-481.
[9] VonWagner, Rudolf (1892 translation of 13th edition by
Willian Crookes) Manual of Chemical Technology
[10] Burch, Paula (March 22, 2010). Sodium silicate as a xative for dyeing. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
[11] How To Store Fresh Eggs
[12] Helliker, Kevin. "The Killer App for Clunkers Breathes
Fresh Life Into 'Liquid Glass" The Wall Street Journal, 4
August 2009.
[13] Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS program,
cars.gov
[14] SM Tritton (1956) Amateur wine making.
[15] Magic garden. Mechanix Illustrated: 88. April 1946.
[16] http://lakesidepottery.com/HTML%20Text/Tips/
pottery-magic-mud-magic-water-paper-clay.htm
[17] Daily Mail Reporter. Liquid glass successfully plugs radioactive leak at crippled Fukushima nuclear plant, Mail
Online News, April 6, 2011, accessed April 7, 2010.
[18] Commander William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr.,
Nautilus 90 North (Cleveland and New York: The
World Publishing Co., 1959), pp. 133-137; Commander William R. Anderson with Clay Blair Jr., Nautilus 90
North (New York: The New American Library, 1959),
89-90
[19] Tom Kelley (August 1995). Making and using combustible paper pistol cartridges.
[20] Kirst, W.J. (1983). Self consuming paper cartridges for the
percussion revolver. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Northwest
Development Co.

6 Other reading
Ashfords Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, third
edition, 2011, page 8369.

[8] See:
Joh. Nep. Fuchs (1825) Ueber ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali (On a new product
from silica and potassium), Archiv fr die gesammte
Naturlehre, 5 (4) : 385-412. On page 386, Fuchs
states that he rst prepared potassium silicate in
1818: Ich erhielt es zuerst, vor ungefhr 7 Jahren,
" (I rst obtained it about 7 years ago, ); since
the Fuchs paper was published in 1825, 7 years earlier would be 1818.
Reprinted in: Joh. Nepomuk Fuchs (1825) Ueber
ein neues Produkt aus Kieselerde und Kali; und
dessen nzliche Anwendung als Schuzmittel gegen

7 External links
Centre Europen d'Etudes des Silicates
International Chemical Safety Card 1137
ChemSub Online : Silicic acid, sodium salt
ChemSub Online : Sodium metasilicate

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Sodium silicate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20silicate?oldid=654760305 Contributors: Docu, Stone, Dysprosia, Bkell,

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Suphia lee, God2528, Helen31406 and Anonymous: 175

8.2

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8.3

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