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H(f ) =
H0
1+ ( f / f b )
2n
(11.1)
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fb =
1
2 RC
(11.2)
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Solution:
Example 11.1 Fourth - Order Low - Pass
Butterworth Filter Design
Design a fourth - order low - pass
Butterworth filter with a cut - off frequency
of 100 Hz. Use the LF411 op amp.
1
1
=
= 15.8k
2 f bC 2 100 0.1 10 6
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H hp ( f ) =
H0
1+ ( f b / f )
2n
(11.3)
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1
2 C (R1 || R2 )R3
R3
2R1
(11.7)
1
R3C
(11.8)
H0 =
B=
(11.6)
1/ 2
f 0 1 R3
=
Q=
B 2 R1 || R2
R3 =
Q
f 0C
(11.10)
R3
2H 0
(11.11)
R3
4Q 2 2 H 0
(11.12)
R1 =
R2 =
(11.9)
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Solution:
R3 200 103
R2 =
=
= 2.5k
80
80
Q = f 0 B = 1103 200 = 5
R3 =
Q
1.592 10
=
f 0C
C
(11.13)
R3
R
= 3
2 H 0 20
(11.14)
R3
R3
=
4Q 2 2 H 0 80
(11.15)
R1 =
R2 =
1.592 10 3 1.592 10 3
=
= 7.96nF
C=
200 103
R3
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0 =
f0 =
I=
Vi
j L + 1 / ( j C ) + R
(11.16)
Vo = RI
(11.17)
j RVi
Vo =
2 L + j R + 1 / C
Av ( j ) =
Vo
j R
=
Vi 2 L + j R + 1 / C
(11.20)
(11.21)
2 LC
Quality factor
Q=
0 L
(11.22)
At the resonance
(11.18)
(11.19)
0 L =
1
0C
(11.23)
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(11.24)
Av ( j ) =
j ( / 0 )
2
Q 1 ( / 0 ) + j ( / 0 )
(11.25)
Figure 11.18 Voltage transfer function for the series resonant circuit.
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Circuit Bandwidth
B = fH fL =
f H f L = f 02
f0
Q
(11.28)
(11.29)
(11.30)
f H f0 + B / 2
(11.31)
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Exercise 11.7
Find resonant frequency, Q, the bandwidth, and half - power frequencies of a series resonance
circuit having L=5 H, C=100 pF, and R=10 .
Solution:
f0 =
1
2 LC
= 7.12MHz
2 5 10 100 10
2f 0 L 2 7.12 106 5 10 6
=
= 22.4
Q=
R
10
f 0 7.12 106
=
= 318kHz
B=
Q
22.4
6
12
B
318 103
6
= 6.96MHz
f L f 0 = 7.12 10
2
2
318 103
B
6
= 7.28MHz
f H f 0 + = 7.12 10 +
2
2
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1
0C
Q = 0 RC
Z ( j ) = R
Z ( j ) =
1
1 / R + 1 / ( jL ) + jC
f0 =
1
2 LC
(11.32)
(11.33)
(11.35)
j ( / 0 )
2
Q 1 ( / 0 ) + j ( / 0 )
B = fH fL =
(11.36)
f0
Q
f H f L = f 02
f L f0 B / 2
Q=
R
0 L
(11.34)
f H f0 + B / 2
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Vo = g mVgs Z ( j )
Av =
11. Active Filters and Tuned Circuits
Vo
= g m Z ( j )
Vin
(11.57)
(11.58)
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Neutralization
Input Impedance
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11.9 LC Oscillators
The Hartley Oscillators
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1
V1 j CV2 = 0
j C j
L1
(g m j C )V1 + j C j
(11.62)
1
1
+ V2 = 0
L2 R
(11.63)
1
j C j
V1
+ j C (V1 V2 ) = 0
j L1
V
V
g mV1 + j C (V2 V1 ) + 2 + 2 = 0
j L2 R
( g m j C )
(11.60)
(11.61)
( jC )
1
1
j C j
+
L2 R
C C
1
+ 2
+
L1 L2 L1 L2
=0
(11.64)
+ Cg m = 0
j
R RL1
(11.66)
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C C
1
+ 2
+
L1 L2 L1 L2
+ Cg m = 0
j
R RL1
(11.66)
From zeroing of the real part of (11.66):
1
C (L1 + L2 )
(11.68)
L2
RL1
(11.71)
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