Appendix M

RED FLAGS, WARNING SIGNS AND INDICATORS

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 APPENDIX M. RED FLAGS, WARNING SIGNS AND INDICATORS

RED FLAGS, WARNING SIGNS AND INDICATORS

By Roger Depue, Ph.D.

Experts who evaluate possible indicators that an individual is at risk of harming

himself or others know to seek out many sources for clues, certain red flags that merit
attention. A single warning sign by itself usually does not warrant overt action by a
threat assessment specialist. It should, however, attract the attention of an assessor
who has been sensitized to look for other possible warning signs. If additional warning
signs are present then more fact-finding is warranted to determine if there is a
likelihood of danger.
Some warning signs carry more weight than others. For instance, a fascination with,
and possession of, firearms are more significant than being a loner, because possession
of firearms gives one the capacity to carry out an attack. But if a person simply
possesses firearms and has no other warning signs, it is unlikely that he represents a
significant risk of danger.
When a cluster of indicators is present then the risk becomes more serious. Thus, a
person who possesses firearms, is a loner, shows an interest in past shooting situations,
writes stories about homicide and suicide, exhibits aberrant behavior, has talked about
retribution against others, and has a history of mental illness and refuses counseling
would obviously be considered a significant risk of becoming dangerous to himself or
others. A school threat assessment team upon learning about such a list of warning
signs would be in a position to take immediate action including:
• Talking to the student and developing a treatment plan with conditions for
remaining in school
• Calling the parents or other guardians
• Requesting permission to receive medical and educational records
• Checking with law enforcement to ascertain whether there have been any
interactions with police
• Talking with roommates and faculty
• Suspending the student until the student has been treated and doctors indicate
the student is not a safety risk
Following are some warning signs (indicators and red flags) associated with school
shootings in the United States. Schools, places of employment, and other entities that
are creating a threat assessment capability may want to be aware of these red flags:
Violent fantasy content –
Writings (Stories, essays, compositions),
Drawings (Artwork depicting violence),

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 APPENDIX M. RED FLAGS, WARNING SIGNS AND INDICATORS

Reading and viewing materials (Preference for books, magazines, television,

video tapes and discs, movies, music, websites, and chat rooms with violent
themes and degrading subject matter), and role playing acts of violence and
degradation.
Anger problems –
Difficulty controlling anger, loss of temper, impulsivity,
Making threats
Fascination with weapons and accoutrements –
Especially those designed and most often used to kill people (such as machine
guns, semiautomatic pistols, snub nose revolvers, stilettos, bayonets, daggers,
brass knuckles, special ammunition and explosives)
Boasting and practicing of fighting and combat proficiency –
Military and sharpshooter training, martial arts, use of garrotes, and knife
fighting
Loner –
Isolated and socially withdrawn, misfit, prefers own company to the company of
others
Suicidal ideation –
Depressed and expresses hopelessness and despair
Reveals suicidal preparatory behavior
Homicidal ideation –
Expresses contempt for other(s)
Makes comments and/or gestures indicating violent aggression
Stalking –
Follows, harasses, surveils, attempts to contact regardless of the victim’s
expressed annoyance and demands to cease and desist
Non-compliance and disciplinary problems –
Refusal to abide by written and/or verbal rules
Imitation of other murderers –
Appearance, dress, grooming, possessions like those of violent shooters in past
episodes (e.g. long black trench coats)
Interest in previous shooting situations –
Drawn toward media, books, entertainment, conversations dealing with past
murders

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 APPENDIX M. RED FLAGS, WARNING SIGNS AND INDICATORS

Victim/martyr self-concept –
Fantasy that some day he will represent the oppressed and wreak vengeance on
the oppressors
Strangeness and aberrant behavior –
Actions and words that cause people around him to become fearful and
suspicious
Paranoia –
Belief that he is being singled out for unfair treatment and/or abuse; feeling
persecuted
Violence and cruelty –
A history of using violence to solve problems (fighting, hitting, etc.), abusing
animals or weaker individuals
Inappropriate affect –
Enjoying cruel behavior and/or being able to view cruelty without being
disturbed
Acting out –
Expressing disproportionate anger or humor in situations not warranting it,
attacking surrogate targets
Police contact –
A history of contact with police for anger, stalking, disorderly conduct;
Past temporary restraining orders (or similar court orders),
A jail/prison record for aggressive crimes
Mental health history related to dangerousness –
A history of referral or commitments to mental health facilities for
aggressive/destructive behavior
Expressionless face/anhedonia –
An inability to express and/or experience joy and pleasure
Unusual interest in police, military, terrorist activities and materials
Vehicles resembling police cars, military vehicles, surveillance equipment,
handcuffs, weapons, clothing (camouflage, ski masks, etc.)
Use of alcohol/drugs –
Alcohol/drugs are used to reduce inhibitions so that aggressive behaviors are
more easily expressed

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